Country fact sheet. Land cover Slovakia. September Photo: Toni García, My City/EEA

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1 Country fact sheet Land cover 2012 Slovakia September 2017 Photo: Toni García, My City/EEA

2 Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change With the overall land cover change rate of 0.3 of total area, Slovakia is a country with a relatively high dynamics of landscape development. This rate is safely above the European average, comparable with Ireland or Finland. Obviously, the pace of the land cover exchange was in decline during the previous period (with an annual change rate of 0.25%); however, it was even significantly higher in the period (0.5) than now. The landscape development in the country is driven mainly by internal conversions of ed land, which intensity significantly increased, compared to the previous period and is comparable with the period Comparing with the extent of these conversions, intensities of other land cover flows in the country are significantly lower. The agricultural internal conversions, which were the second most powerful driver of land cover change in both previous periods, are much less frequent in the period. Also exchanges between agricultural and natural land in both directions show similar trend, with a continuously decreasing intensity. On the other hand, the artificial sprawl rapidly accelerated, compared to both periods and. The annual artificial land take rate of 0.4 is slightly above the European average and twice as high as in the previous period. The urban development in the country is driven mainly by the extension of economic sites and infrastructures, namely by construction of highways, but also by accelerated residential and commercial/industrial sprawl. All these types of artificial surfaces are formatted also through the conversion of sites which were under construction already in the period. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1: scale across Europe over more than decade between see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Slovakia: 6 Semi nat Land cover 2012 [% of total] 0, Open sp. 0, Wet. Water 6% Net change in land cover [ha] Net change in land cover [% of initial year 2006] 45% 33% % A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary balance table Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

3 Land cover trends comparison vs Annual land cover change [ha/year, % of total area] % 0.3 Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land 2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year] Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary trend figures Annual land cover change [ha/year] Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.24% 0.3 Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] Net uptake of s and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from ed & natural land to agriculture lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes 2

4 Artificial surfaces sprawl () 3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year, % of initial year] % 0 Accelerated sprawl driven by highway construction A comparison with the period shows rapid increase of the artificial land take rate in Slovakia. The annual land take rate in the is two times higher than in the previous period. The sprawl in the country is driven mostly by the construction of the highway network, in particular of the highway which connects the north-western and the north-eastern part of the country. This highway was under construction already during the previous period. There is also visible another new segment of highway, located near the Nitra city in the south-western Slovakia. The other major driver of urban development in the country is the extension of residential fabric, which, after significant decline in the previous period, appears with higher intensity again now. This trend is rather unusual in Europe, while the residential sprawl seems to have slowed down in most European countries in the latest period. As a result of these flows, a significant formation of residential area, industrial, commercial and transportation sites and also of sport and leisure facilities can be observed in Slovakia. Geographically, there is a dense concentration of the sprawl around the capital city Bratislava; however, patches of the sprawl are distributed over the whole country Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area] Artificial land take [ha/year] % Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year] Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 3

5 Agriculture () Forest conversions The dynamics of agricultural development in Slovakia has significantly slowed down, compared to both previous periods and. This slow down involves all main agricultural flows internal changes and external exchange with natural land in both directions. Concerning the net change, both arable/crop land and pastures show negative balance, with prevailing consumption of land. This consumption is caused firstly by accelerated urban sprawl, and secondly by withdrawal of farming with woodland creation, which, however, shows half lower intensity compared to the previous period. The internal agricultural development lost most of its intensity from previous periods and it is currently driven mostly by conversions between arable land and orchards/vineyards, with prevailing formation of arable; however, also these conversions were more frequent in the period Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area] Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] 242 3% % % -0.38% 0.90% % -5.46% % % 0.10% -0.20% % Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Consumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-ry areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land 212 Permanently irrigated land 213 Rice fields 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations 223 Olive groves 231 Pastures 241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-ry areas Non-irrigated arable land Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-ry areas 4

6 Forest & nature () Open sp Forest & nature areas 2012 [% of total area] 0, Wetl. Forest 96% Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Forest creation through withdrawal of farming slows down The intensity of the main type of natural land exchange in Slovakia - internal conversions - is significantly higher, compared to the period and similar to the period In the long term, this change is by far the strongest driver of the land cover development in the country. Although the intensity of conversion from transitional woodland to has more than doubled compared to the previous period, the opposite flow of recent felling and transition is still more frequent in Slovakia. External exchange of ed land with other land cover types is represented mostly by the withdrawal of farming with creation, in particular transitional woodland and shrub formation over former pasture land. This flow currently shows considerably lower intensity, compared to the period. The resulting net change balance shows significant formation of transitional woodland areas and consumption of mainly coniferous on the other hand. This situation was similar in the previous period Development of & nature areas detailed balance [ha] % % 0.67% % -8.45% % % Consumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Broad-leaved Coniferous Mixed Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean Mean annual & nature change by class [ha/year] Broad-leaved Coniferous Mixed Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 5

7 Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows Consumption of land cover [% of total change area] 0, Seminat. 9% 3% Formation of land cover [% of total change area] 0, Open sp. 0, Water 10% 86% 87% A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lcf8 0. lcf9 0. lcf1 lcf2 lcf3 7% lcf4 lcf5 0. lcf6 lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 A griculture internal conversions lcf5 C onversion from ed & natural land to agriculture lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf7 86% lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes 6

8 Artificial areas Consumption by artificial land take [% of total] Formation by artificial land take [% of total] Pastures & mosaics 1 Forested land 1 Sport/ leisure 1 Disc. urban fabric 14% Constr. 36% Industrial/ commerc. 18% Arable land & permanent crops 78% Dump sites 0.4% Mineral extraction 8% Road/rail network 13% Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year] Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] % 0.40% lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial sites lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

9 Agriculture LC consumed by agriculture [% of total] Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture [% of total] Mixed 5% Transition. woodland/ shrub 6% Industrial/ commercial 6% Coniferous 14% Mineral extraction 29% Agriculture with natural veg. 4 Broadleaved 18% Construct. 1 Dump sites 10% Pastures 58% Consumption of agricultural land by non-agriculture [% of total] Formation of non-agricultural land from agriculture [% of total] Pastures 17% Fruit trees/berry plantations Vineyards Complex cultivation patterns Agriculture with natural veg. 9% Nonirrigated arable 68% Mixed Coniferous 0.3% Broadleaved Sport/ leisure 5% Transition. wood. 20% Construct. 29% Water bodies Disc. urban fabric 1 Mineral extraction 5% Dump sites 0,3% Industrial/ commercial 15% Road/rail network Main annual conversions between agriculture and s & semi-natural land [ha/year] Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year] Conversion from to agriculture Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to agriculture Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow land Conversion from wetlands to agriculture Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation 8

10 9.31. Mean annual agriculture internal conversions [ha/year] Mean annual conversions between agriculture and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable land to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable land lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from to agriculture lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent crops to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable land lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent crops to arable land lcf451 Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards lcf452 Conversion from arable land to olive groves lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable land to permanent crops lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable land and permanent crops lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops lcf512 Diffuse conversion from to agriculture lcf521 Intensive conversion from seminatural land to agriculture lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf47 Extension of agrory lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.)

11 Forest & nature LC consumed by & nature [% of total] Formation of & nature land from non- /nature [% of total] Agriculture with natural veg. 15% Complex cultivation patterns Mineral extraction Dump sites Nonirrigated arable 9% Vineyards Fruit trees/berry plantations 5% Water bodies 6% Broadleaved 4% Coniferous Mixed Pastures 64% Transition. woodland/ shrub 86% Consumption of & nature land by non-/nature [% of total] Formation of non-/nature land from & nature [% of total] Transition. woodland/ shrub 20% Broadleaved 19% Pastures 8% Industrial/ commerc. Road/rail network Mineral extraction 2 Mixed 30% Coniferous 3 Sport/ leisure 4 Construct. 25% Mixed 20% Forested land 2012 [% of total area] Transit. woodland shrub 9% Broadleaved 48% Main trends in woodland & s consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of land by urban sprawl Conversion from to agriculture Recent fellings and transitions Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conifer. 2 Forest creation, afation Conversion from transitional woodland to s Forest creation over wetlands 10

12 Bare rock Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area] Sparsely vegetat. areas 10% Burnt areas Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of dry semi-natural land cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural land cover to agriculture Moors and heathl. 28% Natural grassland 5 Forest creation, afation over dry semi-natural land Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Water bodies 55% Wetlands & water 2012 [% of total area] Inland marshes 10% Peatbogs Water courses 34% Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl Conversion of wetlands to agriculture Forest creation and afation over wetlands Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Net water bodies creation 0 20 Net wetlands creation Mean annual conversions of & other woodland [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from to agriculture lcf512 Diffuse conversion from to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

13 Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf82 Water bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

14 CLC Changes CLC Changes 13

15 Drivers of change Drivers of change 14

16 Artificial sprawl Artificial sprawl 15

17 Agriculture Agriculture 16

18 Forest and nature Forest and nature 17

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