Opportunities to Re-establish Native Pastures in

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1 Opportunities to Re-establish Native Pastures in Saskatchewan and Extend our Grazing Season Dr. Alan D. Iwaasa Forage and Grazing Research Program Semiarid-Prairie Agricultural Research Centre 2007 Saskatchewan Beef Symposium, February 7-8, 2007 Travelodge Hotel, Circle Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

2 Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre Forage & Grazing Program SPARC is the only AAFC research centre that is located in the semiarid prairies and encompasses over 20% of the arable land in Canada; SPARC was established in 1920; Since 1930 s research with native species in the area of range management and ecology has occurred; The forage research team at AAFC-SPARC is the largest in Western Canada. 2

3 Northern extremity of the Great Plains of North America. Precipitation is 360 mm 14 in.).

4 30% of 30% of Canada s beef cattle resided in Saskatchewan.

5 Semiarid and in the Brown Soil Zone Saskatchewan alone 2.0 M ha on marginal land (5.0 M ac) Alberta = 1.6 M ha (4.0 M ac) Saskatchewan = 4.0 M ha (10 M ac) Total = 5.6 M ha Semiarid brown soil = 2.2 M ha (5.5 M ac)

6 Cultivated land in crops economically & environmentally unsustainable over 7.5 acres Biofuels

7 Some people are weather wise, but most are otherwise. Benjamin Franklin You can t fight NATURE Can not predict the weather! Temperatures rising?

8 Projections for the future climate of the Prairie Provinces Temperature Precipitation Evaporation Increasing, greater in winter than summer, greater at night than during day Uncertainty, annually small decrease to significant increase Significant increase Soil Moisture Growing season Water Resources Extreme events decrease Increased length Increased variability, earlier peak flows Increased frequency and magnitude

9 The Present Climate semiarid humid Source: Dave Sauchyn Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative 2005

10 semiarid The Future Climate? humid Source: Dave Sauchyn Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative 2005

11 Work with MOTHER NATURE SPARC native pastures SPARC native pastures in July and August

12 2003, 04, 05 & 06 GCP Acreages Requested Potential native acres Potential tame acres Over 5X Alberta Saskatchewan MB & BC Alberta Saskatchewan MB

13 Native species advantage Difficult to envision a selection of tame grasses that could provide the tolerance and ability to adjust to changing environmental conditions i from one extreme to another. Native species are generally long-lived lived and contribute to make a more sustainable ecosystem. Between 60 to 80% of the native plant, by weight, typically grows below ground.

14 So what do you think Are not natives more difficult to establish & not very yp productive? What about costs & seed? I have never worked with natives? Natives and tame can complement each other! What will the neighbors think?????

15 In 2001: Two native seed mixtures Simple (7 Complex (14 species) species) - Canadian WR - Western WG - Needle & Thread + - Northern WG - Little Bluestem - Green NG - Prairie Sandreed - Awned WG - Blue Grama - June G - Winterfat - Slender WG - Nuttallii Saltbush - Purple PC

16 Different seed mixes Simple mixture: 4 WG, GNG, JG & 1 forb Different root systems (environmental sustainability) Complex mixture: 4 WG + more CS, 3 WS, 1 forb & 2 shrubs

17 Mixed native grassland re-establishmentestablishment Herbicide id treatment t t (Roundup) in the fall & spring. Good seed now available. Air seeder (Bourgault double disk) used to seed into standing stubble (9 row spacing & ¼ depth).

18 Re-establishment establishment of a Mix Native Seeded in May cm row spacing (9 in) kg ha -1 (simple) - 9 kg ha -1 (complex) Total Monthly Precipitation Grassland wet year 2003 hot summer Millimetre es drought September Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Mean

19 Available grazing production 2500 b Grazing gproductions of two native mixtures aa Simple 1000 Complex Avg. Product ion years Simple native mix Complex native mix

20 Available grazing production 4000 r acre lbs pe RWR CWG SB MB 0 Tame forages Studies have reported that unfertilized tame species actually yield less than unfertilized native range species (Knowles 1987).

21 Grazing performances Yearling cattle grazing performance from 2002 to 2004 & avg Simple Complex Avg. Product ion years

22 Cattle performances Yearling cattle total live production from 2002 to 2004 & avg Avg. Product ion years Simple Complex

23 Seeding native species Species Growth Habits Growth Distribution Persistence SWG Bunch type Spring to mid-summer Short lived overgrazing NWG GNG Slender short rhizomes Bunch type Spring to midsummer Spring to fall Very high grazing tol Very high quality good WWG Rhizomatous sod forming Spring to fall if moisture good Moderate grazing tol PPC Deep taproot Late spring and fall Moderate fix s N

24 Average Forage Qualities OMD(%) Complex Simple CP(%) Complex Simple 35 Spring Summer Fall 2.5 Spring Summer Fall ADF(%) Simple Complex ND DF(%) Simple 68 Complex Spring Summer Fall Spring Summer Fall

25 Remember dietary selectivity by beef cattle CWR Little Blue stem

26 Seeding native species Good curing ability Needle and thread Blue grama grass Western wheatgrass Northern wheatgrass June grass Warm Season Grasses

27 DEFERRED ROTATIONAL GRAZING vs. CONTINUOUS GRAZING ( ) 2006) Total live production over two years Continuous (3-2 steers) (June to Aug.) vs. Deferred rotational grazng systems (5 steers) (June to Oct.) Warm season grasses bs/ac) Total live production (l Simple Complex Purple PC Continuous Spring Summer Grazing systems Fall

28 AAFC-SPARC current research projects SEEDING NATIVES & MIXTURES Native grasses: WWG, NWG, GNG, LBS, BG, AWG, & CWR. Native grasses + PPC. Native grasses + tame legume (alfalfa). Meadow brome + alfalfa. Forage production, grazing, N cycling, soil microbial ecology etc.

29 Native grasses are highly evolved and able to cope with extreme climatic uncertainties (e.g., droughts) WWG, June grass and blue grama can roll up the edges of their leaves during drought times to conserve water. Blue grama can revive from dormancy, green up and grow on as little as 5 mm or 0.2 in of rainfall. Root depth can be over 2 m or 6 feet down.

30 Take Home Message Developing sustainable grazing systems Work with Mother Nature

31

32 Who needs a Ford, GMC or Dodge Truck Saskatchewan Ranchers & Farmers are Great Adaptors

33 Thank you for your attention Get a copy of our reports at our poster display

34 Forage Diet Selectivity & Nutrition started this year Evaluation of native and tame forages to extend the grazing season, 16 difference native and tame species grown as monocultures.

35 Desertification: Source: Dave Sauchyn Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative 2005 Source: Dave Sauchyn Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative

36 Source: Source: Dave Sauchyn Dave Sauchyn Prairie Prairie Adaptation Adaptation Research Research Collaborative Collaborative

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