Country fact sheet. Land cover Czech Republic. September Photo: Toni García, My City/EEA

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1 Country fact sheet Land cover 2012 Czech Republic September 2017 Photo: Toni García, My City/EEA

2 Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change According to the annual change rate (0.40%), the overall intensity of the land cover development in the Czech Republic in this period slightly increased, compared to the with an annual change rate of 0.33%. It has to be mentioned, that both these rates are more than twice lower in comparison with the period , which shows a certain stabilization of the landscape in the country over the last two decades. However, the overall change dynamics of Bohemian landscape is still significantly above the European average. In the long term, internal agricultural conversions represent the main change driver in the country they are more extensive than internal conversions of ed land, which is rather rare phenomenon in the frame of European countries. The frequent conversion of arable land to pasture or set aside fallow land is the most typical change for the Czech landscape (this was the main conversion already in the period ). The intensity of internal agricultural development is significantly higher, compared to previous period, but circa twice lower than in This conversion from arable land to pasture, together with artificial land take, leads to extensive consumption of arable land in the country. On the other hand, significant formation of pasture and set aside land can be observed, in both periods and. Urban sprawl, which seemed to accelerate during previous period, continues with comparable intensity. With 0.44% of annual artificial land take rate, sprawl in the Czech Republic is slightly faster than the European average. The land take is driven mostly by the sprawl of commercial and industrial sites as well as diffuse residential sprawl. On the other hand, there can be observed frequent conversions of dump sites to agricultural use, which document effort for landscape revitalization. Another significant driver of land cover development in the country are the internal conversions of ed land, where a significant tendency of transition from vulnerable spruce monocultures (which still creates a majority of Czech ed land - about 6) to more resistant mixed or broad-leaved cultures can be observed. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1: scale across Europe over more than decade between see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for the Czech Republic: 6 Seminat. 0,3% 1.1. Land cover 2012 [% of total] Open sp./ b.s. 0,003 % Wet. 0, Water 7% Net change in land cover [ha] Net change in land cover [% of initial year 2006] 35% 37% % A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary balance table Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

3 Land cover trends comparison vs Annual land cover change [ha/year, % of total area] % 0.40% Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land 2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year] Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary trend figures Annual land cover change [ha/year] Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.32% 0.40% Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] Net uptake of s and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from ed & natural land to agriculture lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes 2

4 Artificial surfaces sprawl () 3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year, % of initial year] % 0.43% Commercial and residential sprawl at the same level The intensity of artificial land take is almost identical to the period and slightly higher than in the period. Artificial development composed mainly of residential and commercial/industrial areas extensions both of them more frequent than in previous period, as well as the sprawl of mines and quarrying areas. Also, the recycling of developed urban areas has been a bit stronger, represented by conversion of former construction sites into commercial/industrial, transportation or urban fabric units. An overall decrease of construction sites area has been registered, which can indicate a slowdown of artificial development in the future. Agricultural land, mainly arable (7), remains the main source of the land take; while natural surfaces represent only 10% of the whole area taken by sprawl. Most of the sprawl is situated in the surroundings of the capital city of Prague, as well as in the northern part of the country. The internal structure of sprawl shows a domination of the residential one mainly around Prague and the second largest Czech city Brno. Sprawl in other localities is driven more by the extension of economic sites and infrastructures. The last segment of the motorway connecting the capital city (and also the major highway in the Czech Republic D1) with the southern country border has been finished, which is important for the transport connection to Austria Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area] Artificial land take [ha/year] 2% 5% 0.4% const % 79% Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year] Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 3

5 Agriculture () Extensification of agriculture As mentioned above, internal development of agricultural land is the main driver of land cover change in the Czech Republic. There occurs a long term trend of conversion of arable land to pasture or fallow land. Concerning the geographical distribution, this phenomenon occurs in all regions, with the exception of lowland regions with intensive agricultural land use, where the use of arable land is substantial. The opposite trend of pasture conversion to arable seems to be quite typical for north-western part of the country. There also occurs withdrawal of farming with or without woodland creation, which accompanies the general tendency of the agri-natural land use extensification. The overall decrease of arable land area is also driven by the sprawl of commercial/industrial sites and residential areas. The consumption of agricultural land is compensated by conversion of dump, mineral extraction or construction sites to agricultural land use, mainly pastures, which shows an efforts for landscape revitalization in the country. The result of all these processes can be observed in the overall balance of agricultural land cover types as a significant consumption of arable land and formation of pasture Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area] Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] % % % % 7.40% % 0.16% 0.36% % % -1.19% % -1.53% -0.84% -0.28% % % % % Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Consumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-ry areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land 212 Permanently irrigated land 213 Rice fields Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 221 Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves 231 Pastures 241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-ry areas Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-ry areas 4

6 Forest & nature () Open s./b.s. 0,01 % Seminat Forest & nature areas 2012 [% of total area] Wet. 0,4% 2% Forest 97% Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies From spruce monocultures to mixed or broad-leaved The situation in the natural landscape is stabilized in the long term in the Czech Republic, with no occurrence of radical conversions. Internal conversions are the main driver of the natural land development. The area of coniferous is decreasing, in contrast to formation of broad-leaved or mixed. This trend has not been observed in the previous period and is clearly induced by the fact that coniferous monocultures, which were earlier widely preferred in the Czech Republic, are much more vulnerable and therefore endangered by natural hazards like windstorms, as well as by infesting species, especially the bark beetle. Such natural calamities already led to destruction of large ed areas in the Czech mountains. Therefore, there is a tendency to improve the overall sustainability of the ed land, which, among others, can be achieved by replacing coniferous monocultures by mixed or broadleaved cultures Development of & nature areas detailed balance [ha] % 0.46% 2.55% 0.39% % 0.17% 2.16% % -1.44% -0.18% -2.75% % -2.67% -0.04% Broad-leaved Coniferous Mixed Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Consumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Estuaries Sea and ocean Mean annual & nature change by class [ha/year] Broad-leaved Coniferous Mixed Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 5

7 Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows Consumption of land cover [% of total change area] Seminat. 0,4% Wet. 0, 3% Formation of land cover [% of total change area] Seminat. 0, Water 8% 30% 3 9% 7% 59% A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lcf7 29% lcf8 lcf9 0. lcf1 lcf2 2% lcf3 5% lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 A griculture internal conversions lcf5 C onversion from ed & natural land to agriculture lcf6 3% lcf5 2% lcf4 57% lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes 6

8 Artificial areas Consumption by artificial land take [% of total] Formation by artificial land take [% of total] Forested land 9% Seminatural vegetation Water bodies 0.0 Constr. 1 Green urban 0. Sport/ leisure 9% Disc. urban fabric 27% Pastures & mosaics 19% Dump sites 3% Arable land & permanent crops 7 Mineral extraction 18% Airports 0.2% Road/rail network 5% Industrial/ commerc. 27% Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year] Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] % 0.30% lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial sites lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

9 Agriculture LC consumed by agriculture [% of total] Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture [% of total] Transition. woodland shrub 12% Mixed Coniferous Construct. 12% Natural grass. 4% Water b. 0,4% Disc. urban fabric Industrial/ commer. Road/rail network 3% Mineral extraction 15% Agriculture with natural veg. 4% Nonirrigated arable 23% Fruit trees/berry plantations Dump sites 49% Pastures 72% Consumption of agricultural land by non-agriculture [% of total] Formation of non-agricultural land from agriculture [% of total] Pastures 15% Fruit trees/berry plantations 3% Complex cultivation patterns 2% Agriculture with natural veg. 9% Nonirrigated arable 7 Natural grass. 0, Broadleaved Sport/ leisure 6% Green urban 0. Conifer. 0, Construct. 9% Transition. woodland shrub 20% Dump sites 2% Mineral extraction 10% Water bodies 3% Disc. urban fabric 23% Industrial/ commercial 22% Road/rail network 4% Airports 0.2% Main annual conversions between agriculture and s & semi-natural land [ha/year] Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year] Conversion from to agriculture Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to agriculture Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow land Conversion from wetlands to agriculture Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation 8

10 9.31. Mean annual agriculture internal conversions [ha/year] Mean annual conversions between agriculture and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable land to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable land lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from to agriculture lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent crops to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable land lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent crops to arable land lcf451 Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards lcf452 Conversion from arable land to olive groves lcf512 Diffuse conversion from to agriculture lcf521 Intensive conversion from seminatural land to agriculture lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable land to permanent crops lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable land and permanent crops lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops lcf47 Extension of agrory lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.)

11 Forest & nature LC consumed by & nature [% of total] Formation of & nature land from non- /nature [% of total] Complex cultivation patterns Pastures 20% Agriculture with natural veg. 1 Mineral extraction 23% Dump sites 2% Water bodies 23% Broadleaved 3% Coniferous 0.2% Mixed 0.2% Natural grassland 0.4% Construct. 0.2% Fruit trees/berry plantations 8% Nonirrigated arable 35% Transition. woodland/ shrub 74% Consumption of & nature land by non-/nature [% of total] Formation of non-/nature land from & nature [% of total] Transition. woodland/ shrub 54% Water bodies Broadleaved 4% Natural grassland 13% Coniferous 19% Mixed 10% Pastures 23% Nonirrigated arable 4% Sport/ leisure 8% Agriculture with natural veg. 3% Construct. 4% Dump sites 4% Disc. urban fabric Industrial/ commer. 13% Road/rail network Mineral extraction 39% Mixed 23% Forested land 2012 [% of total area] Transit. woodland shrub 6% Broadleaved 10% Main trends in woodland & s consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of land by urban sprawl Conversion from to agriculture Recent fellings and transitions Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conifer. 6 Forest creation, afation Conversion from transitional woodland to s Forest creation over wetlands 10

12 Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area] Moors and heath. 7% Bare rock Sparsely vegetate d areas 0.4% Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of dry semi-natural land cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural land cover to agriculture Forest creation, afation over dry semi-natural land Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Natural grassland 94% Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Wetlands & water 2012 [% of total area] Inland marshes 9% Peatbogs 6% Water courses 7% Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl Conversion of wetlands to agriculture Forest creation and afation over wetlands Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Water bodies 78% Net water bodies creation Net wetlands creation Mean annual conversions of & other woodland [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from to agriculture lcf512 Diffuse conversion from to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

13 Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf82 Water bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

14 CLC Changes CLC Changes 13

15 Drivers of change Drivers of change 14

16 Artificial sprawl Artificial sprawl 15

17 Agriculture Agriculture 16

18 Forest and nature Forest and nature 17

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