The Agricultural or (Agrarian) Revolution

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2 The Agricultural or (Agrarian) Revolution What was the Agrarian Revolution? An increase in food production from a change in the methods of farming. Enclosure Movement Taking over and fencing off land that once had been shared by peasant farmers. Made small strip farms into larger farms. Population Explosion Agrarian Revolution brought better diet, woman had healthier and stronger babies. Also improved medical care and sanitation helped people live longer. As a result, during the 1700 s, Europe s population increased from 120 million to about 190 million.

3 Agrarian Revolution Pictures Early farming methods Crop Rotation Enclosure Movement

4 Result: Land & farm labor productivity increased Increase in English food supply, didn t need as many farmers to produce it Released farm labor for other jobs Some stayed as hired men Some worked as spinners/weavers Some moved to cities & got factory jobs

5 Industrial Revolution Characteristics Start of Revolution Began around 1750 It was a period in which the means of production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machines and from human and animal power to steam power. Period also saw technology develop rapidly and production increased.

6 Industrial Revolution Characteristics (Con t) Factory System and Mass Production Textile industry first to be Industrialized. Prior to Revolution, families spun cotton thread and made their own clothes. By 1700 s, new machines were too big for homes. spinners and weavers began to work in long sheds. These sheds brought workers and machines together and became the first factories. The first factories were near water for power, later factories were powered by steam engines, which were fueled by coal. Factory system promoted mass production. Goods produced in huge quantities at lower cost.

7 Industrial Revolution

8 Early water powered factory.

9 Why did Industrial Revolution begin in England? Geography of England Lots of natural coal and iron ore. As island, they had many harbors for trade. Natural rivers served both as means of transportation and as source of power for factories. Population Growth and Change Major population growth led to more workers. Enclosure movement, fewer farmers needed. More people move to cities to work in factories.

10 Why did Industrial Revolution begin in England? (Con t) Capital for Investment British overseas empire made economy strong. Result: middle class had capital to invest in mines, railroads, and factories. Energy and Technology Britain experiences energy revolution. Power goes from giant water wheels to coal power steam engines to power new machines.

11 Maps of England During Industrial Revolution

12 18th, 19th, 20th Centuries More Industrialized Nations 18th & 19th: England, W. Europe, & U.S. 20th: Russia & China

13 Social Consequences Industrial Revolution brought about many economic and social changes. Past trade problems called for government regulation to create a favorable balance of trade. BUT, a theory called Laissez-Faire Economics called for little or no government interference into business operations. The book The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith promoted the laissez-faire ideas, which became the basis of the economic system during the Industrial Revolution.

14 Social Consequences Cont. Living & Working Conditions Drab & blackened w/ soot Housing: packed in & short supply Lived in 1 room & life poor Treatment of Workers Jobs only for unskilled workers Low wages-too low to support families Worked long hrs up to 14-16/day Jobs tedious & oppressive Few Holidays Unemployment greatest fear layoffs often Had to bargain individually employers no sympathy (competing w/ other industries) Dangerous jobs

15 Social Consequences Cont. Changing Social Roles The roles of men, women, and children changed in the new industrial society. Farming families worked together, now the workplace became separated from the home. Social class had impact on family life Middle-Class Men worked in the public world of business and government. Women worked at home, where they maintained the dwelling and raised the children, including their moral instruction. Children had high standard of living and better chance of education. Working- Class Both men and women had to work long hours in factories for very little pay and women received much less pay then men. Children had to work long hours to help support families. Family life suffered as women worked 12 hours or more in a factory and then came home to care for their families.

16 British Led the Way W/ Textile Industry - Inventions Jon Hay: Flying shuttle Spinners couldn t keep up James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny Mechanized spinning machine Spinning Jenny

17 Steam Engines Steam Engine: worked to develop it for 100 yrs 1st used wood then coal = too costly Used to get water out of mines Thomas Newcomen Built 1st economical steam engine Still inefficient & expensive (still used in mines)

18 Steam Engines James Watt Improved steam engine Manufactured them for Britain & export Considered most important invention of Ind. Rev. Successful for use in factories to power machines

19 Watts Steam Engine Newcomen Steam Engine

20 James Watt s Steam Engine Coal and Iron

21 Transportation Inventions Robert Fuller Commercial river steamboat George Stephenson Steam locomotive Eventually led to invention of steamship

22 Changes in transportation

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