Seed Health and Quality Test of Three Rice Varieties for the Detection of Fungi Associated with Seed Sample

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1 Universl Journl of Plnt Science 1(2): 37-42, 2013 DOI: /ujps Seed Helth nd Qulity Test of Three Rice Vrieties for the Detection of Fungi Associted with Seed Smple Mnsur Ahmed 1, Mehbub Hossin 1, Kmrul Hssn 2,*,Chndr Knt Dsh 2 1 Deprtment of Plnt Pthology, Bngldesh Agriculturl University, Mymensingh Deprtment of Entomology, Sylhet Agriculturl University, Sylhet-3100 *Corresponding Author: shishir244@gmil.com Copyright 2013 Horizon Reserch Publishing All rights reserved. Abstrct The experiment ws crried out t the Seed Pthology Centre (SPC) nd MS Lortory of the Deprtment of Plnt Pthology, Bngldesh Agriculturl University (BAU), Mymensingh during the period of Augt, 2008 to October, 2009 to detect the fungi ssocite with the seed smples nd to record the germintion of seed smples of Prshurm upzil of Feni district. Three rice vrieties re collected for the studies were BR6, Pjm nd Joy (Locl) from Prshurm upzil of Feni district to determine the seed helth nd qulity. For determining the seed helth nd qulity, Dry inspection nd blotter tests were performed. Apprently helthy seeds ( %), spotted seeds ( %), discoloured seeds ( %), deformed seeds ( %), vrietl mixtures ( %) nd chffy grins ( %) were found mong the three rice vrieties. The germintion of rice seeds of the vriety BR6 ws 54.67%, while the vrieties joy nd Pjm showed 58.00% germintion respectively. Nine seed-borne fungi were detected from these seed smples. The identified fungi were oxysporum, F. me, Bipolris, Alternri pdwickii, Curvulri lunt, flv, niger, Penicillium sp. nd Nigrospor. Seeds of rice vriety Joy nd Pjm crried the lower infection of ll the seed-borne fungi thn the vriety BR6. Keywords Seed Helth nd Qulity, Dry Inspection, Identifiction of Fungi 1. Introduction Rice (Oryz stiv) is the stple food of Bngldeshi people nd it constituted out 90% of the totl food grin production [1]. It covers out 75 percent of the totl cultivle lnd in Bngldesh [2]. The verge world yield of rice is 3.84 tons/h [2], but the verge yield of rice in Bngldesh is only 2.52 t h- 1 [3]. So the verge per hectre production of rice in Bngldesh is extremely low s compred to other rice growing countries of the world. In Bngldesh, out of 16% nnul crop losses due to plnt diseses, t lest 10% loss is incurred due to seed-borne diseses [4]. In our country frmer s sved seeds re the min source of seeds for rice cultivtion, but the frmers do not mintin the seed helth properly tht resulting hevy infesttion by the fungi, prticulrly during hot nd humid sesons nd ce deteriortion of qulity nd viility of seeds. These seeds results in reduced germintion rte nd trnsmit pthogens from seed to seed bed nd ultimtely ce field diseses. Reduction in yield nd qulity loss of grins of rice rnges from trce to totl crop loss depending on the inoculum density, pthogen ggressiveness, environmentl conditions, cultivr sceptibility nd interction with other culturl prmeters [5].Consedering ove sitution the present study ws under tken to detect the fungi ssocite with the seed smples of Prshurm upzil of Feni district nd record the germintion of seed smples. 2. Mterils nd Method The experiment ws crried out t the Seed Pthology Centre (SPC) nd MS Lortory of the Deprtment of Plnt Pthology, Bngldesh Agriculturl University (BAU), Mymensingh.Three rice vrieties selected for the study were BR6, Pjm nd Joy.The experiment ws conducted following Completely Rndomized Design (CRD) with three replictions. A totl of 36 rice seed smples were collected from frmers of Porshurm Upzil of Feni District. Twelve seed smples were collected from different prt of the upzil for ech rice vriety. The smples were enclosed in pper bgs with proper leling, brought to the SPC lortory nd kept in the refrigertor t 5 ± 1 C until ed for subsequent studies Dry Inspection of Seed Smples 400 seeds from ech smple were visully inspected nd grded into six ctegories. The ctegories were: (1) Apprently helthy seeds, (2) Spotted seeds, (3) Discoloured seeds, (4) Deformed seeds, (5) Vrietl mixture nd (6) Chffy grin. Seprtion of different ctegories of seeds ws

2 38 Seed Helth nd Qulity Test of Three Rice Vrieties for the Detection of Fungi Associted with Seed Smple done with unided eyes. The different seed ctegories were expressed in percentge. 2.2 Detection of seed-borne fungi All the seed smples were ssyed for the presence of fungl pthogens by the Stndrd Blotter Method following the rules of Interntionl Seed Testing Assocition [6] Plting of seeds To detect the seed-borne fungl pthogens ssocited with the seeds in seed smples the Blotter method ws ed by following interntionl rules for seed testing (ISTA, 1976). In this method, three lyers of blotting ppers (Whtmn No. 1) were soked in sterile wter nd plced t the bottom of 9 cm dimeter petridishes. Four hundred seeds from ech smple were tken rndomly nd then plced on the moist filter pper t the rte of 25 seeds per plte. The petridishes with seeds were then incubted t 22 ± 2 C under 12/12 lternting, cycles of Ner Ultr-Violet (NUV) light nd drkness in the incubtion room of the SPC, BAU, Mymensingh for seven dys. Time to time wtering ws done to keep the filter pper moist. After incubtion, the seeds were exmined under the stereo-microscope for the presence of seed-borne fungi. Dt were expressed in percentge. The rice vriety of the prticulr smple showing highest incidence of seed-borne infection ws selected for seed tretment Identifiction of fungi Ech individul seed ws observed under stereo-microscope t X16 nd X25 mgnifiction in order to identify the seed-borne fungi. Most of the ssocited fungi were detected by observing their growth chrcters on the incubted seeds following the keys outlined by [7] [8] [9] [10]. Temporry slides were lso prepred nd observed under compound microscope for proper identifiction. The fungi were identified to species level, wherever possible, following the keys of [11] [12] [13] [14]. The results were presented s percent incidence for individul pthogen Sttisticl Anlysis The dt collected from the experiment were nlyzed for test of significnce nd compred the tretment mens following Completely Rndomized Design (CRD) by ing Duncn's Multiple Rnge Test (DMRT) t 5% level of probility. 3. Result nd Discsion 3.1. Dry inspections Dry inspections of 400 seeds of ech of 12 smples for three vrieties were done nd they were ctegorized in six components, they were pprently helthy seed, spotted seed, discoloured seed, deformed seed, vrietl mixture nd chffy grin. In cse of vriety Pjm, the smples contined to 78.00% pprently helthy seeds, 6.15 to 9.45% spotted seeds, 4.80 to 9.25% discoloured seeds, nd 2.85 to 7.25% deformed seeds nd 2.45 to 8.70% vrietl mixtures nd 1.05 to 5.14% chffy grins (Figure 1). These results vried from vriety to vriety nd loction to loction. In cse of vriety BR6, pprently helthy seeds rnged from to 70.50%. The highest 70.50% pprently helthy seeds were recorded in S8 smple. It hs been recorded tht the collected seed smples contined 8.58 to 11.90% spotted seeds, 5.60 to 10.68% discoloured seeds, nd 2.00 to 6.85% deformed seeds, 2.20 to 9.80% vrietl mixtures nd 1.79 to 4.45% chffy grins (Figure 2). Rice seeds ville in different prts of Bngldesh contin deformed nd discoloured seeds s found in the present investigtion ws supported by the reports of [13] who recorded to 24.44% discolored nd 8.46 to 15.50% deformed seeds of rice in Rjshhi, Rngpur nd Bogr districts. This vrition my be due to the vritions of frmers knowledge regrding the seed production & processing. [14] nd [15] who reported 4.35 to 79.82% discolored nd to 14.14% spotted seeds in rice seeds. During the present investigtion nine species of fungi were identified on the seeds of three vrieties. The identified fungi were oxysporum, F. me, Bipolris, flv, Alternri pdwickii, Curvulri lunt, niger, Penicillium sp. nd Nigrospor. Highest seed infection, ws recorded for Bipolris followed by tht of Alternri pdwickii, Curvulri lunt, oxysporum, F. me, flv, Penicillium sp., Nigrospor nd the lowest percentge of niger.percent seed-borne infection in rice vriety BR6 ws higher nd it yielded most of the fungi t higher percentge thn Joy nd Pjm (Tle 4). The incidence of Alternri pdwickii ws 12.67% in BR6, 10.00% in seeds Joy nd 6.667% in Pjm. The incidence of Alternri pdwickii ws significntly different from Joy nd Pjm. The incidence of Bipolris in the seeds of three rice vrieties BR6, Joy nd Pjm were 13.00%, 12.33% nd %, respectively. There is no sttisticlly significnt difference mong three vrieties in cse Bipolris. Incidence of Curvulri lunt in seeds of BR6 (11.00%) ws significntly different from Joy (5.333%) nd Pjm (4.667%). Percentge of niger ws significntly higher in seeds of Pjm (3.00%) nd BR6 (2.667%) thn Joy (0.00%). Seeds of Pjm showed significnt difference in the incidence of flv thn Joy nd BR6 nd it ws 8.667%, 5.333% nd 4.667% in Pjm, BR6 nd Joy, respectively. Incidence of oxysporum in the seeds of three rice vrieties Joy, BR6 nd Pjm ws 9.333%, 7.000% nd 6.333%, respectively. The difference ws sttisticlly significnt. Incidence of me in the seeds of three rice vrieties Joy, BR6 nd Pjm ws 6.333%, 6.333% nd 4.667%, respectively. Incidence of Nigrospor in the

Universl Journl of Plnt Science 1(2): 37-42, 2013 39 seeds of three rice vrieties Joy, BR6 nd Pjm ws 4.00%, 6.667% nd 4.00%, respectively.

3 Universl Journl of Plnt Science 1(2): 37-42, seeds of three rice vrieties Joy, BR6 nd Pjm ws 4.00%, 6.667% nd 4.00%, respectively. Incidence of Penecillium sp in the seeds of three rice vrieties Joy, BR6 nd Pjm ws 5.00%, 4.667% nd 4.667%, respectively. There ws no significnt difference in cse of me, Nigrospor nd Penicillium sp. 4. Conclion The results of this study indicte tht there is significnce vrition for seed helth nd qulity mong the three vrieties of rice. The present findings will help the reserchers for further investigtions nd ultimtely our frmers to e helthy nd qulity seed. Figure 1. Grphicl representtion of rice seed smple (Vriety: pjm) fter dry inspection Figure 2. Grphicl representtion of rice seed smple (Vriety: BR6) fter dry inspection

4 40 Seed Helth nd Qulity Test of Three Rice Vrieties for the Detection of Fungi Associted with Seed Smple Smple S 1= Shhebngr Germint ion Figure 3. Grphicl representtion of rice seed smple (Vriety: Joy) fter dry inspection Tle 1. The germintion percentge nd prevlence of fungi ssocited with seeds of Vriety Pjm Alternri i Bipolris Curvulri lunt oxysporum Nigrospor fl Penicilliu m sp g de b cde de b b b S 2= Gutum d d b b c b c S 3= Klibzr S 4= Kthrng S 5= Chithli S 6=Jongol ghun S 7= Choygori S 8= Mirzngr S 9= Nijklikpur h cde d b cde c d de f c b c ef de c cd e cde de d b de e c d d b c cd cde e d ef d c cd cde i g d b c cde de c cd S 10= Beloni ef d d d b c b e S11= Prshurm def cde c f e c d cde S 12=Dhoniku nd de d d cde c cd cde

5 Universl Journl of Plnt Science 1(2): 37-42, Tle 2. The germintion percentge nd prevlence of fungi ssocited with seeds of Vriety BR6 Smple Germinti on Altern ri pdwic kii niger Bipolri s Curvulri lunt me oxysporu m Nigrospor flv Penicillium sp. S 1= Shhebngr S 2= Gutum c c b d d cde d d d c b b c c S 3= Klibzr f S 4= Kthrng c c d S 5= Chithli b c d S 6=Jongol ghun S 7= Choygori S 8= Mirzngr e b d e b d c S 9= Nijklikpur b 6.667c d S 10= Beloni c d S11= Prshurm c c d cde d de de d de cd c c d f d c cd e cd b d d d c d b c cd d c d e d b cd cde d c c c S 12=Dhonikund d c d e b c c Tle 3. The germintion percentge nd prevlence of fungi ssocited with seeds of Vriety Joy Smple Germint in Alternri pdwickii niger Bipolris Curvulr i lunt me oxysporum Nigrospor flv Penicillium sp. S 1= Shhebngr d d S 2= Gutum ef S 3= Klibzr S 4= Kthrng S 5= Chithli S 6=Jongol ghun S 7= Choygori S 8= Mirzngr S 9= Nijklikpur f cd cd cd d c b cd c cd cd c c d c c d cd b c d g ef d d d c d b de b d d de d e c d S 10= Beloni cd b c c d S11= ef cd cde cd c c c d Prshurm S 12=Dhonik und ef d d c d

6 42 Seed Helth nd Qulity Test of Three Rice Vrieties for the Detection of Fungi Associted with Seed Smple Tle.4. Effect of vriety on percent seed borne infection of rice seeds smple (bsed on lowest germintion nd highest prevlence of fungi) Vriety Joy ( S 6) BR6 (S 3) Pjm (S 8) Alternri pdwickii niger Bipolris Curvulri lunt me oxysporum Nigrospor flv Penicilliu m sp b b b b b c b b Totl fungi of mung ben (Phseol ure Roxb.) from Indi nd their significnce. Proc. Int. Seed Test. Asso. 35: REFERENCES [1] Hud, M. Z Regionl development of irrigtion technologies nd its impct on food grin production in Bngldesh. M.S. Thesis, Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics, BAU Mymensingh, Bngldesh. [2] BBS Sttisticl Yer Book of Bngldesh, Bngldesh Bureu of Sttistics, Sttistics Division, Ministry of plnning, Government of People's Republic of Bngldesh, Dhk, [3] FAO Production yer Book. Food nd Agriculture orgniztion. Rome, Itly. [4] BBS Hndbook of Agriculturl Sttistics. Bngldesh Bureu of Sttistics, Sttistics Division,Ministry of plnning, Government of the people's republic of Bngldesh. [5] Fkir, G. A Teching, Reserch nd Trining Activities on Seed Pthology in Bngldesh. Seed Sci. & Tech. 11: [6] Ou, S. H Rice diseses. Commonwelth Mycologicl Institute, Kew, Surrey. Englnd.p [7] ISTA Interntionl Rules for Seed Testing Assocition. Int. Seed test. Assoc. 31: [8] Rmnth, S. B. Mthur nd P. Neergrd Seed-borne [9] Kulshresth, D. D., S. B. Mthur nd P. Neergrd Identifiction of seed-borne species of Colletotrichum freesi. 11: [10] Mlone, G. P. nd A. E. Mkette Seed-borne fungi Description of 77 fungl species. Proc. Int. Seed Test. Asso. 29(2): [11] Booth, C The gen Commonwelth Mycol. Inst. Kew, Surrey, Englnd. p.236. [12] Ellis, M. B Demticco Hypomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, Englnd. p.507. [13] Fkir, G. A., I. Hossin, M. U. Ahmd, M. Asd-ud-Doullh nd M. Alm Qulity of frmer s Boro nd T. Amn rice seeds collected before sowing from Bogr, Rjshhi nd Rngpur Districts of Bngldesh. A pper presented in the Review nd plnning meeting of the rice seed helth improvement (PETRRA) project, held on April t BRRI, Gzipur, Bngldesh. [14] Shrm, O. P., A. Vid, S. C. Sfi, J. Sxen nd R. C. Dubey Mycoflor of discoloured rice grins nd its pthogenic potentil in Himchl Prdesh. Himlyn Micro. Diver. Prt-1: [15] Rhmn, M. M Effect of frmers storing processes in reltion to seed qulity nd seed-borne fungi of rice (BR11). M.S. Thesis, Dept. of Plnt Pthology, BAU, Mymensingh.p.52.

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