Does Organic Matter Really Matter? Jodi DeJong-Hughes Regional Extension Educator, Willmar x 2006
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1 Does Organic Matter Really Matter? Jodi DeJong-Hughes Regional Extension Educator, Willmar x 2006 dejon003@umn.edu
2 Soil health affects the resiliency of the soil or the ability of a soil to resist adverse changes and return to a new equilibrium Photo blueprintmasonry.com
3 Specific to each soil type Doran and Parkin, 1994
4 Dynamic - producer can change soil health with management Doran and Parkin, 1994
5 Components of Soil Health Biological Chemical Physical Image Etecllc.com
6 Biological Components Organic matter (OM) Microorganisms (MO s) Plant roots Large and small flora and fauna Abbey Wick, NDSU
7 Soil Organic Matter Food for soil organisms Decreases bulk density Plant nutrient source
8 Soil Organic Matter Buffers soil ph Enhances biological diversity Improves soil structure Approx 50% carbon
9 SOM in the United States Hargrove and Luxmoore
10 65% of mo s live in top 12 of soil Bacteria Nematodes Actinomycetes Soil Biology Primer, NRCS, 1999 Fungi
11 In One Cup of Soil There Are Over 9 billion mo s 600 million bacteria (over 4,000 species) 5T of biomass/acre E. Ingham (
12 Functions Store and release nutrients Improve soil aggregation Biological and physical protection of diseases And much more Photo bmcdb.wordpress.com
13 Mycorrhizae Aerobic fungi need: Soil moisture at field capacity Soil ph around 6.5 to 7.0 Sunlight Nutrients
14 Photo Carinbondar.com Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) Can convert insoluble nutrients, mainly phosphorus, into biological form Form a physical barrier around the root Bring in nutrients and water
15 Chemical Components ph Nutrient holding capacity Nutrient availability Salts Abbey Wick, NDSU, photo globalhealingcenter.com
16 CEC Major source of nutrients like K, Ca, Mg, NH 4, Zn, and Cu The higher the CEC: Longer the soil will hold the nutrients Protect from nutrients leaching ph will remain consistent over longer periods of time (buffered)
17 CEC based on: Soil texture Organic matter percent
18 Nitrogen Cycle - Inputs N Fertilizer, NH 3, NO 3 - Legume N 2 Fixation Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) Plant residue and manure
19 Nitrogen Cycle N Fertilizer, NH 3, NO 3 - Legume N 2 Fixation Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) Plant residue and manure Mineralization Immobilization NH 4 + Nitrification NO 3 -
20 Nitrification (aerobic) a. Nitrosomonas NH O 2 NO H + + H 2 O Ammonium to Nitrite b. Nitrobacter NO O 2 NO - 3 Nitrite to Nitrate
21 Temperature and Leaching Potential Date Applied Soil Temp at 6 Converted to NO 3 in 2 weeks (lb/ac) Oct (~50%) Oct (~15%) Oct lb/a Urea applied Averaged over no-till, chisel and moldboard Schmitt, Illinois
22 Nitrogen Cycle - Outputs N Fertilizer, NH 3, NO 3 - Legume N 2 Fixation Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) Plant residue and manure Crop removal NH 4 + NH 3 Volatilization Plant Uptake Mineralization Immobilization NH NO 3 - NH 4 + Nitrification NO 3 - Denitrification NO 3 - N 2 + N 2 0 Leaching
23 Denitrification (anaerobic) 13 different bacteria: NO 3 - NO 2 -, NO, N 2 O, N 2 Nitrate to gaseous forms of N (nitrite, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, N gas) Can lose up to 2-4 pounds/acre/day
24 Nitrogen Mineralization in MN Organic matter stores 1,000 # of N/ac Only a small percent is mineralized each year*: NW 10 #/ac per percent WC 15 #/ac SW 20 #/ac SE 25 #/ac *based on temperature and precipitation
25 What is the Nutrient Value of Soil Organic Matter?? Assumptions: 2,000,000 lbs. soil in top 6 in. 1% organic matter = 20,000 lbs.
26 Nutrients Nitrogen: 1,000 lbs x.63/lb $630 Phosphorus: 100 lbs x.60/lb $ 60 Potassium: 100 lbs x.42/lb $ 42 Sulfur: 100 lbs x.45/lb $ 45 Carbon: 10,000 lbs or 5 ton $ 0 Value of 1% SOM Nutrients/Acre ~$775
27 Physical Components Aggregation Porosity Bulk density Water movement, availability and storage
28 Water Dynamics and OM 1% of OM can hold 27,000 gallons of water per acre Decreases evaporation USDA-NRCS Beman Hudson, photo- fanpop.com
29 Leave some residue intact
30
31 Many Benefits from Soil Structure
32 #1 Natural Defense Against Soil Compaction And Tillage Structure!
33 Water Stable Aggregates 25 yrs of conventio nal corn 20 yrs of bluegrass, then 5 yrs conventional
34 Recap Soil health is the lifeline for your soil
35 Many Factors Affect Soil Health Texture Topography Climate Organic matter Aggregation Water holding capacity Drainage Bulk density We can manage
36 Management #1 Provide a Longer and More Diverse Food Source Will Affect Biological and Chemical and Physical
37 Satellite Images of Vegetative Activity April 20 May 3 May Don Wyse presentation, UMN
38 Satellite Images of Vegetative Activity June July Don Wyse presentation, UMN
39 Satellite Images of Vegetative Activity October 5-18 Don Wyse presentation, UMN
40 Cover Crops
41 Crop Rotation
42 Ia.state.edu Manure
43 Carbon in Manure Specie Liq./Dry Carbon Dairy Dry 35 #/T Liq. 39 #/1000 gal Beef Dry 30 #/T Swine Liq. 39 #/1000 gal Poultry Dry 34 #/T Samples taken in 2004, AgVise Analysis
44 MO Plate Counts Trt MO Biomass Fungi Bacteria (ug/g) (cfu/g) (x1,000) Manured ,920 Non-manured ,670 Samples taken at the WCROC on July 18 th, 2002 on soybean fields. ARS analyzed soil samples
45 Management #2 Reduce Tillage Will Affect Biological and Chemical and Physical
46 Soil Organic Matter (%) Effect of Tillage on Organic Matter Mold Board Plow Deep Tillage 3.5 No-Till Sod 2 G. Hoyt, INCH DEPTH
47 ARS Morris, MN MR. GEM
48 OM lost as CO2 in 19 days (lb/ac) Tillage-Carbon Study ,829 2,844 lb. organic matter/ac from residue of previous wheat crop ,991 1,640 1, MP MP + DH2 DH CP NT Reicosky and Lindstrom, 1993
49 Tillage and Microbes Buried residue is exposed to greater MO activity Decrease the density of the soil = faster warm-up Break-up of soil aggregates exposes organic matter to MO activity
50 By Maysoon Mikha Kansas State University
51 Soil Loss (Mg/ha) Percent Residue Water Erosion Wind Erosion 30% 30% Adapted from Dickey at al., 1984
52 The Value of Snirt
53 Nutrient Accumulated Nutrients Value in a Ditch Acre Average of 6 Samples $/lbs Lbs of Nutrient Lost/Acre Money Lost/Acre T Nitrogen $ $34.65 T Potassium $ $15.54 T Phosphorus $ $ 7.80 Total $57.99/ac Ave - 9T/ac of soil accumulated in ditch (2-33 T/ac) TN #/ac, TP 2-47 #/ac, TK #/ac
54 Residue Makes a Difference
55 SOM Benefits to Farmer Get into the fields sooner after rainfall Less plant stress during dry months
56 Potential for higher N mineralization Break up pest cycles Photo sciencedaily.com
57 Less compaction Less fuel, labor and parts
58 Less erosion Soil and nutrients stay in field Photo by Dorian Gatchell
59 Tillage Economics ($/acre) $60.00 $50.00 $55.10 $56.65 $40.00 $45.65 $30.00 $29.80 $20.00 $10.00 $13.05 $- NT ST CP DR MBP UMN 2008 Custom Rate Survey
60 Equals Photo rapgenius.com
61 Bottom Line You manage this resource
62 Any Questions?
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