Agro-Science Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension Volume 7 Number 1 January 2008 pp ISSN

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1 Agro-Science Journl of Tropicl Agriculture, Food, Environment nd Extension Volume 7 Numer 1 Jnury 28 pp ISSN URL: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF JUTE PLANT (CORCHORUS OLITORIUS L.) ON HOME GARDEN SOIL, FARMLAND AND COCOA PLANTATION SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY VARYING LEVELS OF N- FERTILIZER 1 Olleye, A. O. 2 Nduuku, U. M. nd * 2 Dd, O. A. 1 Deprtment of Soil Science nd Frm Mechniztion, 2 Deprtment of Crop Production, Fculty of Agriculturl Production nd Renewle Resources, Olisi Onnjo University, Yew Cmpus, Ayetoro, Ogun Stte, Nigeri ABSTRACT This experiment ws crried out in the green house t the College of Agriculturl Sciences, Olisi Onnjo University, Yew Cmpus, to ssess the performnce of jute plnt (Corchorus olitorius L.) on three soil-use types (viz; frmlnd soil, coco plnttion soil nd residentil or home grden soil) treted with five nitrogen (N) levels:, 2,, 7, nd kg/h respectively. The tril ws lid out in splitplot design rrnged in rndomized complete lock formt with three replictions. Dt collected were nlyzed using Anlysis of Vrince (ANOVA) nd the significnt mens were compred with Lest Significnt Difference (LSD) nd Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test (DMRT) t 1 or % proility. The results of the investigtion showed tht jute plnt ( Corchorus olitorius L.) performed est in coco plnttion soil, with ppliction of kg/h N. Among the interction effects, comined ppliction of kg/h of N- fertilizer on coco plnttion soil gve the est vegettive growth nd dry mtter yield. Key words: N- fertilizer, Jute plnt ( Corchorus olitorius L.), Frmlnd soil, Coco plnttion soil, Home grden soil. INTRODUCTION Jute plnt (Corchorus olitorius L.) is lefy vegetle, grown in Nigeri nd in mny other tropicl countries for its nutritious leves. It is used for soup nd eten with strchy stple foods, especilly in Southwestern Nigeri (Epenhuijsen, 1974; Fyemi, 1999 nd Schrippers, 2). According to Asomni-Boteng et l (1996), it is common vegetle grown in the urn cities of Western Nigeri y house wives. Sometimes, it is grown round the riverside for commercil resons. As result of intensive cultivtion, most home grden soils re lrgely deficient in mjor soil nutrients, consequently resulting to low crop yields. However, dequte fertiliztion of the soils with orgnic nd inorgnic fertilizers will rejuvente the soils for optimum productivity of crops (Agool nd Soulo, 1981; Keit, 1983; Dudl nd Byrnes, 1983). AVRDC, (1991) nd Fyemi, (1999) reported tht lefy vegetles such s Corchorus olitorius nd Celosi genti performed est on well-drined lluvil soils with dequte reserve of orgnic mtter nd soil moisture. Lefy vegetles hve een found to perform well in pet soils, very rich in orgnic mtter (Siemonsm, 1991). They require lot of nitrogen for protein synthesis in the leves (Akni nd Togun, 22). 28 Fculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeri, Nsukk

2 Comprtive Study of the Performnce of Jute Plnt (corchorus olitorius l.) on Home Grden Soil, Frmlnd The present study ws imed t compring the growth of jute plnt (Corchorus olitorius L.) on home grden soil nd two other griculturl soils t different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl site The experiment ws conducted in the green house t the college of Agriculturl Sciences, Olisi Onnjo University, Yew Cmpus, locted on ltitude 6 / W nd longitude 3 4 / E. The site is situted in the humid forest zone of Western Nigeri with soils developed from sedimentry rocks. The mjor soil type in the re is clssified s Oxic Pleustlf of Iwo series. Soil smpling nd nlysis Soil smples were rndomly collected from cm depth, from different portions of ech of the selected soil-use types (frmlnd, coco plnttion nd residentil or home grden) in Ago-Iwoye, Ogun stte. The soil smples from ech soil-use type were mixed together to get representtive smple. One kilogrm of ech of the three smples ws ir-dried nd crushed to pss through 2mm sieve nd ws tken to the lortory for physicl nd chemicl nlyses. The smples were nlyzed for ph (1:2 soil: wter rtio), prticle size distriution (Gee nd Buder, 1986), totl N using the micro-kjeldhl method (Bremner nd Molvney, 1982) nd exchngele ctions (K, C, Mg nd N). After extrction with 1N NH 4 OAC (ph 7), K in the filtered extrcts ws determined with flme photometer, wheres C, Mg nd N were determined with n tomic sorption spectrophotometer. Aville P (Bry - 1-P) ws determined y colorimetry using Bry 1 method (Bry nd Kurtz, 194). The results of the soil nlyses re shown in Tle 1. The experimentl design ws split-plot design, rrnged in rndomized complete lock formt, with three replictes. The min-plot fctor ws lnd-use types (Frmlnd, coco plnttion nd home grden soils) while the su-plot consisted of the five nitrogen levels (O, 2,, 7 nd kgh -1 ). Five kilogrms (kg) of ech soil smple were plced in litre- plstic uckets (nursery uckets) nd moistened to field cpcity. Seeds of jute plnt (Corchorus olitorius), (NHCO-2 cultivr collected from the Ntionl Horticulturl Reserch Institute, (NIHORT), Idn), were tied in clen cloth, steeped into oiling wter for out seconds (to rek dormncy) nd were lter sown in the nursery uckets to germinte. One hundred nd eighty lck polythene gs, ech contining kg of soil, were rrnged in three tches, ech representing replicte. Ech replicte consisted of sixty gs, twenty of which represented soil type. Ech of the five levels of ure (46% N) fertilizer ws pplied to four gs in the tch of twenty gs representing soil type. Two weeks fter sowing ( WAS), t three to four lef emergence stge, the seedlings were trnsplnted into the pots t the rte of two seedlings/pot. At three weeks fter trnsplnting (WAT), ure fertilizer ws pplied t the rtes stted ove. Tle 1: Physico-chemicl properties of the soil-use types (SUT) Soil property *SUT I *SUT 2 *SUT 3 Men Stndrd devition LSD (P=.) ph (H 2O) Orgnic cron gkg Totl N gkg C: N rtio Aville P mg kg Exchngele ction C mol kg -1 C Mg K N Extrctle micronutrients mg kg -1 Cu Zn Mn Fe Extrctle cidity C mol kg Texture Sndy cly Sndy lom Snd *SUT1: Frmlnd soil, SUT2: Coco plnttion soil SUT3: Hom grden soil

3 Olleye, A. O. Nduuku, U. M. nd Dd, O. A. Prmeters mesured The following prmeters were mesured per plnt; plnt height (cm), numer of leves nd lef re (cm 2 ) t 3, 4 nd WAT. At mturity, plnt smples were crefully uprooted nd the fresh lef weights s well s the totl dry mtter were mesured. All dt collected were sttisticlly nlyzed using Sttisticl Anlysis Systems (SAS) with PROC GLM procedure (SAS Institute, 1996). RESULTS Soil type nd growth prmeters The result of the soil chemicl nlysis in Tle 1 showed tht coco plnttion soil hd the highest vlue of C:N rtio (2.) nd lest vlues of micronutrients (.3 mg/kg Cu, 1. mg/kg Zn, 28.9 mg/kg Mn nd 26.6 mg/kg Fe respectively). The frmlnd soil hd the highest vlues of ville P nd N (13.6 mg/kg P nd 2. Cmol/kg N). The home grden soil hd the highest vlues of C nd Mg (. Cmol/kg nd 2. Cmol/kg) followed y the coco plnttion soil (6.3 Cmol/kg nd 1.4 Cmol/kg); while the two soil use types hd equl levels of K (.2 Cmol/kg ech). There were significnt differences (P<.) in the levels of the different elements in the three soil-use types. The soil texture of the frmlnd soil ws sndy cly while tht of the coco plnttion soil ws sndy lom nd sndy for the home grden soil. Jute plnt (Corchorus olitorius L.) recorded the est performnce in coco plnttion soil in terms of stem height, lef numer, lef re, totl fresh lef yield nd totl dry mtter yield (Figs. 1-4). Soil- use types hd significnt effect (P<.) on the morphologicl growth prmeters nd the dry mtter yield. The crop differed significntly (P<.) in the three lnd-use types in terms of stem height nd lef numer (Figs. 1 nd 2). There were no significnt differences (P>.) in the lef re, totl fresh lef nd dry mtter yields in coco plnttion nd frmlnd soils ut the performnce differed significntly (P<.) etween the forementioned lnd-use types nd residentil or home grden soil. Generlly, soil from coco plnttion gve the est performnce in ll the prmeters followed y the frmlnd soil. Frmlnd soul Coco plnttion soil Residentil soil Stem Height (cm) Fig. 1: Height (cm) of Corchorus olitorius s influenced y three soil- use types. Mens with the sme letter re not significntly (P>.) different Frm lnd soil Coco plnttion soil Residentil soil No. of leves 2 Fig. 2: Numer of leves of Corchorus olitorius s influenced y three soil-use types. Mens with the sme letter re not significntly (P>.) different.

4 Comprtive Study of the Performnce of Jute Plnt (corchorus olitorius l.) on Home Grden Soil, Frmlnd Frmlnd soil Coco plnttion soil Residentil soil Lef re (cm2)/ plnt Fig. 3: Lef re (cm 3 ) of Corchorus olitorius s influenced y three soil-use types. Mens with the sme letter re not significntly (P>.) different. Frmlnd soil Coco plnttion soil Residentil soil Yield (g/h) 3 2 Dry mtter yield Lef yield Yield components Fig. 4 Yield components (g/h) of Corchorus olitorius s influenced y three soil-use types. Mens with the sme letter re not significntly (P>.) different Nitrogen level nd growth prmeters Appliction of kg/h of N fertilizer gve the est performnce in stem height, lef re nd numer of leves. Other levels like 2, 7 nd kg/h N lso enhnced the stem height while 7 nd kg/h N gve considerle increse in the lef re of the plnt. However, there ws no significnt difference (P>.) in the morphologicl growth of the plnt in ll the fertilizer levels. Interction effects of lnd-use types nd different levels of fertilizer on growth prmeters of jute plnt (Corchorus olitorius L.) The ppliction of kgh -1 N- fertilizer gve the highest increse in the plnt stem height, lef re numer of leves nd totl fresh lef yield in the three lnd-use types. The control tretment (kg/h N) gve the lest vlues of ll the prmeters in the soils. Coco plnttion soil treted with kg/h N recorded the gretest vlues of the growth prmeters, followed y frmlnd soil treted with kg/h N. Other levels, such s 2, 7 nd kg/h, pplied to oth coco plnttion nd frmlnd soils lso incresed the growth considerly. Amongst the three lnd- use types, ll the fertilizer levels pplied to the residentil or home grden soil recorded the lest vlues in ll the growth mesures (Figs -8).

5 Olleye, A. O. Nduuku, U. M. nd Dd, O. A. kg/h 2 kg/h kg/h 7 kg/h kg/h height/ plnt 2 Frmlnd soil Coco plnttion soil Residentil soil Fig : Height (cm) of Corchorus olitorius on three soil-use types nd vrying levels of N- fertilizer. Ech r is the men of three replictes ± the stndrd error. kg/h 2 kg/h kg/h 7 kg/h 1o kg/h 2 2 Lef re Frmlnd soil Coco plnttion soil Residentil soil Fig.6: Lef re (cm 3 ) of Corchorus olitorius on three soil- use types nd vrying levels of N- fertilizer. Ech r is the men of three replictes ± the stndrd error. kg/h 2 kg/h kg/h 7 kg/h kg/h Numer of leves Frmlnd soil Coco plnttion soil Residentil soil Fig. 7: Numer of leves of Corchorus olitorius on three soil-use types nd vrying levels of N- fertilizer. Ech r is the men of three replictes ± the stndrd error.

6 Comprtive Study of the Performnce of Jute Plnt (corchorus olitorius l.) on Home Grden Soil, kg/h 2 kg/h kg/h 7 kg/h kg/h 2 Fresh lef yield Frmlnd soil Coco plnttion soil Residentil soil Fig. 8: Fresh lef yield (g/h) of Corchorus olitorius on three soil-use types nd vrying levels of N- fertilizer. Ech r is the men of three replictes ± the stndrd error. DISCUSSION The poor performnce of jute plnt (Corchorus olitorius L.) on residentil or home grden soil is quite expected; i. ecuse of the sndy nture of the soil nd ii. most of the residentil or home grden soils re mixed with peles, stones, snd, cement nd pint. Comintion of these mterils my destroy the originl structure of the soil nd to some extent hve n inhiitory effect on plnt growth. The peles, stones nd snd would hve cused excessive dringe, of the soil, which would led to leching of the soil nutrients, nd the pplied fertilizers, to the susoil. They could lso cuse ostruction to free prolifertion of plnt roots to soil wter level for dequte moisture sorption. Coco plnttion soil (t -cm) is usully rich in orgnic mtter s result of decomposition of the high deposits of lef litter on the plnttion ed, thus the excellent performnce of the vegetle in this soil. Comintion of high orgnic mtter content nd vilility of dequte mcronutrients in the soil enhnced vegettive growth nd incresed totl fresh lef nd dry mtter yields in coco plnttion soil. This ws in ccordnce with the findings of Siemonsm (1991) who oserved tht high level of orgnic mtter in comintion with other essentil soil nutrients incresed vegettive growth for mximum lef yield in okr. The frmlnd hd een cultivted for mny yers ut ws still resonly sufficient in essentil nutrients, thus it recorded second in its ility to sustin the plnts. Siemonsm (1991) oserved high positive correltion nd liner reltionship etween nutrient vilility in the soil nd photosynthte ccumultion nd prtitioning from the leves to the storge orgns (source to sink). The etter performnce of fertilized plnts over the control suggested the need for fertiliztion of the soils for optimum yield. It lso suggests tht most of our griculturl soils re impoverished ecuse of intensive cultivtion nd use s indicted y Akni nd Togun (22). Shortge or unvilility of nitrogen my hve pronounced negtive influence on most physiologicl processes such s production of certin orgnic compounds like protein, nucleic cids, phenol s lso pointed out y Akni nd Togun (22). The interction effect of lnd-use type nd N- fertilizer ppliction reveled tht ddition of kgh -1 N on the coco plnttion soil, gve the est performnce in terms of morphologicl growth prmeters nd optimum fresh lef nd dry mtter yields. This possily ws due to the presence of reltively high orgnic mtter in the

7 Olleye, A. O. Nduuku, U. M. nd Dd, O. A. soil which enhnced the efficient use of N- fertilizer y the plnt s suggested y Nymngr et l. (23). CONCLUSION This study reveled tht, of the three soil-use types, jute plnt (Corchorus olitorius L.) performed est in coco plnttion soil with ppliction of kgh -1 N- fertilizer ecuse of the high orgnic mtter content. Production of vegetles in the urn cities will require soils rich in orgnic mtter. Use of orgnic mnures or fertilizers will e the est option. REFERENCES Agool, A. A. nd Soulo, R. A. (1981). A review of soil fertility in southwestern zone, Nigeri. FDALR. Kdun Report 6: 1. Akni, W. B. nd. Togun, A. O. (22). Productivity nd influence of mize stover compost on growth nd nutrient uptke of Amrnth. Scienti Horticulture 93: 1 8. Asomni- Boteng, R., Hight, M. nd Furedy, C. (1996). From dump to hep: Community composting in West Afric. Biocycle.. pp AVRDC (1991). Vegetle reserch nd development in the 199s A strtegic plns. Asin Vegetle Reserch Development Council Pu. 61pp. Bry, R. H. nd Kurtz, L.T. (194). Determintion of totl orgnic nd ville forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 9:39 4. Bremner, J. M. nd Molvney, C. S. (1982). Nitrogen totl. In Method of Soil Anlysis, Prt 2. (ed. A. Z. Pge et l.) Americn Society of Agronomy (ASA), Mdison, NJ, pp Dudl, R. nd Byrnes, B. H. (1983).The effects of fertilizer use on the environment. In: The role of plnt nutrients for sustinle food crop production in su- Shrn Afric. Eds: Von Reuler, H. nd Prins, W.H. Posen nd Looigen, Netherlnds pp Epenhuijsen, C. W. Vn (1974): Growing ntive vegetles in Nigeri. FAO, Rome, pp 4-47 Fyemi, P. O. (1999). Nigerin Vegetles. Heinemnn Eductionl Books, Nig. Plc. Idn, pp Gee, G. W. nd Buder, J. W. (1986). Prticle Size Anlysis. In. Methods of Soil Anlysis, Prt 1 (ed. A. Klote) 2 nd edition, Agronomy Monogrph, ASA, Mdison, Wisconsin, pp Kiet, H. (1983). The potentil of low externl input griculture in su-shrn Afric. In: The role of plnt nutrients for sustinle food crop production in su- Shrn Afric. Eds: Von Reuler, H. nd Prins, W.H. Posen nd Looigen, Netherlnds. pp Nymngr, J., Berggstrom, L.F., Pih, M. I. nd Giller, K. E. (23). Fertilizer use efficiency nd nitrte leching in tropicl sndy soil. Journl of Environmentl Qulity. 32: Schrippers, R. R. (2). Africn indigenous vegetles. An overview of the cultivted species. U.K. S Ntionl Resources Institute. Technicl Report. Chtm. 6pp. Siemonsm, J. S. (1991). Aelmoschus esculentus txonomicl nd cytogenicl overview: In reports of Interntionl workshop on okr genetic resources, New Delhi, Indi, Oct Int. Crop Network Series. IBPGR. Rome. Sttisticl Anlysis Systems (SAS) Institute Inc. (1996). SAS User s guide: Sttistics Version, 6th Edition. Cry, North Crolin.