NEMATODE RESEARCH IN BERRY CROPS INGA A. ZASADA USDA-ARS HORTICULTURAL CROPS RESEARCH LABORATORY, CORVALLIS OR

Transcription

1 NEMATODE RESEARCH IN BERRY CROPS INGA A. ZASADA USDA-ARS HORTICULTURAL CROPS RESEARCH LABORATORY, CORVALLIS OR

2 Presentation outline Production-limiting nematodes in berry crops Limitations of current management practices Research into the management and biology of nematodes in berry crops Conclusions

3 Production-limiting nematodes Root-knot (Meloidogyne hapla) Root lesion (Pratylenchus penetrans) Stubby root (Paratrichodorus allius) Dagger (Xiphinema spp.) Pin (Paratylenchus spp.) Foliar (Aphelenchoides spp.) Raspberry NO YES NO YES NO NO Blackberry NO NO NO YES NO NO Blueberry NO NO YES YES NO NO Strawberry YES YES NO YES NO YES IN THE PNW: 40-90% reduction in raspberry establishment and yield by root-lesion nematode 25-40% reduction in blueberry establishment an yield by stubby root nematode

4 All commonly planted raspberry varieties are damaged by root-lesion nematode 18 months after planting Meeker Willamette

5 Blueberry Chippewa damaged by stubby root nematode 15 months after inoculation average P. renifer population densities across plot was 108,000/plot (added 1,500/pot) Reproduction factor = 17 (>1 is a good host for nematodes) Berry yields significantly lower (P < 0.02) in plots with P. renifer (116 kg) than in plot without (175 kg) 34%

6 Production-limiting nematodes Sedentary Endoparasite Root-knot nematode Migratory Endoparasite Root-lesion nematode Ectoparasites Dagger nematode Stubby root nematode Pin nematode

7 Why are nematodes difficult to manage? Wide host ranges Unique survival strategies Few fumigant and nonfumigant nematicides are available Available fumigants come with many regulations Lack of plant resistance Crop rotation often not economically-viable

8 How can we better manage nematodes? Bio-cultural management: - crop rotation/non-host covers - antagonistic cover crops - biofumigation (gm, vfa s) - solarization - biocontrol agents - organic nematicides Chemical - fumigation - postplant nematicides Limited utility for perennials Genetic resistance/tolerance Cultural management: soil health / suppressiveness enhancement? minimize population buildup, enhance crop resilience water & nutrient management

9 Modification of the current fumigation system Can current fumigation systems be modified to reduce the amount and/or type of product used and still achieve control? Reduced rates Tarps Bed application Combinations Drip applied

10 Modification of the current fumigation system

11 Bed Fumigation P. penetrans/g root Bed vs. broadcast fumigation Broadcast fumigation no tarp Bed fumigation no tarp Bed fumigation tarp * * Spring '11 Fall '11 Spring '12 Fall '12 Spring '13 Fall '13

12 Evaluation of post-plant nematicides Soft chemistries Multiguard (furfural) Nimitz (fluoroalkenyl) Movento (spirotetramat) Plant growth products Root Power Bioforge Stimulate Plus Fungal-derived products DiTera (M. verrucaria) Melocon (P. lilacinus) Check labels for specific uses in berry crops Plant-derived products Nema-Q (extract of Quilaja saponaria) BWE1000 (extract of Jugulans spp.) Promax (thyme oil) Neem products Traditional nematicides Lannate (methomyl) Vydate (oxamyl) Cordon/Inline (1,3-dichloropropene) Enzone (Na tetrathiocarbonate) Abemectin

13 Evaluation of post-plant nematicides Experiment 1 # root lesion nematode/pot * * Means are the average of 8 observations. P < 0.05 # root lesion nematode/pot Experiment 2 * *

14 Plant resistance Rubus spp. Total P. penetrans/pot RF R. coreanus 648 cde 0.36 cd R. crataegifolius 2,629 ab 1.46 b R. idaeus Meeker 1,753 abc 0.97 bcd R. innominatus 4986 a 2.77 a R. leucodermis 213 ef 0.12 d R. niveus 188 f 0.11 d R. odoratus 1,214 bcd 0.68 bcd R. parviflorus 2,246 ab 1.25 bc R. parvifolius 1,138 bcd 0.63 bcd R. pungens 1670 abc 0.93 bcd R. spectabilis 2,157 ab 1.21 bc R. sumatranus 413 de 0.67 cd Red raspberry

15 Plant resistance Blueberry Host status of blueberry varieties for stubby root nematode (Paratrichodus renifer) Variety Species Reproduction factor Bluecrop V. corymbosum 10.1 Powderblue V. ashei 0.2 Brunswick V. angustifolium 14.8 Duke V. corymbosum 3.6 Misty V. corymbosum 4.0 O Neal V. corymbosum 3.4

16 Insights into root-lesion nematode biology Longevity of P. penetrans in old raspberry root material Vertical distribution of P. penetrans in raspberry fields Occurrence of P. penetrans in winter cover crops established after fumigation

17 Longevity in root material Objective: Evaluate population densities of P. penetrans in roots either treated or not with herbicide over time

18 Longevity in root material Treated Untreated * Washington P < 0.05 Dec 2013 Feb 2014 April 2014 June 2014 Aug 2014 Oct 2014 P. penetrans/ g dry root Starting population October 2013 = ~225 P. penetrans/g root

19 Longevity in root material * * Treated Untreated Oregon P < 0.05 Dec 2013 Feb 2014 April 2014 June 2014 Aug 2014 Oct 2014 P. penetrans/g dry root Starting population October 2013 = ~225 P. penetrans/g root

20 Vertical distribution Objective: Determine the vertical distribution of P. penetrans preand post-fumigation and pre- and post-plant

21 Vertical distribution loamy sand 0-15 Pratylenchus penetrans/100 g dry soil Sampling depth (cm) Pre-fumigation Post-fumigation At planting

22 Vertical distribution silt loam 0-15 Pratylenchus penetrans/100 g dry soil Sampling depth (cm) Pre-fumigation Post-fumigation At planting

23 Occurrence in winter cover crops Objective: Investigate the role of cover crops in maintaining population densities of P. penetrans in the raspberry production system Prevent erosion Increased organic matter Incorporated prior to replanting raspberry

24 Occurrence in winter cover crops Field Treatment Postfumigation (P. penetrans/g wheat root) 1 Telone C-35, roller packed and water 161 seal 2 Not fumigated, fallow year and 250 brassica cover crop 3 Telone C-35 nontarped 3,467 4 Dominus 710 Vapam 626 Telone C-35 nontarped 5,141

25 Conclusions Plant-parasitic nematodes reduce the establishment and yield of many berry crops Options to manage nematode are limited Nematode management in the future will require more information about nematode biology Combination of management practices will be required to manage nematodes