Biology, Ecology and Management of Onion Thrips in Onion

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1 Biology, Ecology and Management of Onion Thrips in Onion Updated March 2007 Brian A. Nault Department of Entomology Cornell University NYSAES Geneva, NY

2 Onion Production in New York Dry bulb onions, Allium cepa L. Value of crop $45 to 55 million 13,600 acres Gross value per acre is $3,700 Among fresh-market vegetable crops in NY, onion crop value ranks between 2 nd and 5 th

3 Major Onion Producing Regions in New York Orleans Co. Oswego Co. Wayne Co. Geneva Yates Co. Ithaca Orange Co.

4 Elba, NY (Orleans Co.)

5 Potter, NY (Yates Co.)

6 Prattsburg, NY (Steuben Co.)

7 Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman Adult Larva

8 Onion Thrips Damage Sodus, NY 2005 Protected with insecticides Not protected

9 Onion Thrips Damage Reduces Yield Untreated Treated 30 to 50% yield loss at harvest

10 Iris Yellow Spot Virus Transmitted by onion thrips First detection in NY occurred in June 2006 (onion cull pile in Elba) Onion fields sampled using DAS ELISA in 2006 (37 of 41 fields tested positive!) IYSV detected in the following hosts: onion, burdock, dandelion, goldenrod, pigweed, purslane, ragweed, and red raspberry C. Hoepting 2006

11 Onion Thrips Life Cycle Adult - All female populations - Mating is not necessary for reproduction! PARTHENOGENESIS - In NY, all female AND male + female populations in NY - Live for 13 to 47 d

12 Onion Thrips Life Cycle Adult Egg - 60 to 200 eggs/female - Deposited singly in leaves - Hatch in 4-10 days

13 Onion Thrips Life Cycle Adult Egg Hatch in 4-10 days Larva (2 instars) Lasts 7-14 days

14 Onion Thrips Life Cycle Adult Prepupa + Pupa Do NOT feed In soil for 5-7 days Egg Hatch in 4-10 days Larva (2 instars) Lasts 7-14 days

15 Onion Thrips Life Cycle * Adult *17-30 days total Prepupa + Pupa In soil for 5-7 days Egg Hatch in 4-10 days Larva (2 instars) Lasts 7-14 days

16 Onion Thrips Survival, Fecundity and Generation Times (Days) at Various Temperatures Days Factor 68 0 F 77 0 F 86 0 F Survival Eggs laid/ female Generation time Murai (2000)

17 Onion Thrips Population Growth Date 68 0 F July 1 1 July 8 July 15 July 22 July 29 August 5 August 12 August August 26 September 2 Number generations 1 Number of Females

18 Onion Thrips Population Growth Number of Females Date 68 0 F 77 0 F July July 8 July 15 July 22 July August 5 August 12 August August 26 September 2 27,225 Number generations 1 2

19 Onion Thrips Population Growth Number of Females Date 68 0 F 77 0 F 86 0 F July July 8 July July 22 July ,969 August 5 August ,047 August August 26 15,752,961 September 2 27,225 Number generations 1 2 4

20 Onion Thrips Ecology Adults overwinter on culls and in soil within onion and other crop fields onion cull pile volunteer onion

21 Onion Thrips Ecology Overwintering thrips emerge from soil in May and June Mean number of adults/emergence trap Potter, NY Onions planted 2005 Date E. Larentzaki Cornell Univ.

22 Onion Thrips Ecology Colonize onion in late June to July Four to six generations per season Mean number adults/trap Potter, NY /22 6/5 6/19 7/3 7/17 7/31 8/14 8/28 9/11 Date E. Larentzaki Cornell Univ.

23 Onion Thrips Ecology Thrips migrate into onion fields in spring from soil, culls, weeds, other crops, imported transplants Thrips migrate into onion fields in summer from transplanted fields and early-maturing fields onion onion Imported plants alfalfa

24 Onion Thrips Resistance Detection Using Thrips Insecticide Bioassay System (TIBS) Expose thrips to insecticides in the lab to avoid issues such as (1) inadequate spray coverage (2) environmental conditions that could affect control insecticide 20 larvae water + sugar

25 Onion Thrips Resistance to λ-cyhalothrin (Warrior) in New York LC 50 (ppm) fl oz/a Shelton et al. (2003) OR1 OR3 OR4 WA1 WA2 PO1 PO3 PO4 EL1 EL2 EL4 OS1 OS2 ST1 ST2 ST6 Population

26 Onion Thrips Resistance to λ-cyhalothrin (Warrior) in New York % Mortality Shelton et al. (2003) *3.2 fl oz/acre OR2 OR3 EL3 EL6 OS1 PO5 Population Mid Season Late Season Late Season PO6 PR1 WA3 WA4 Mid Season

27 Biological Attributes that make Onion Thrips a Pest of Onion Short developmental time Parthenogenic (do not need to find a mate) Mobile Wide host range Overwinter where onions are grown Capable of developing resistance to insecticides Transmit Iris Yellow Spot Virus

28 Plant Resistance Chemical Control Onion Thrips Management Cultural Control Biological Control

29 Objectives To determine efficacy of: 1) insecticide seed treatments 2) foliar-applied insecticides 3) action thresholds

30 Insecticide Seed Treatments Evaluated for Onion Thrips Control Trade Name Active Ingredient Class Regent fipronil Phenylpyrazole Entrust spinosad Spinosyn Poncho clothianidin Neonicotinoid Note: None of these products are labeled on onion.

31 Insecticide Seed Treatments Evaluated for Onion Thrips Control - Sodus, NY - Variety Millennium - Planted April 15, 2005

32 Onion Thrips Control Using Insecticide Seed Treatments Sodus, NY 2005 Mean number larvae/plant Untreated Entrust Poncho Regent Planting Plants have 7-8 leaves on July 9th 4/15 4/29 5/13 5/27 6/10 6/24 7/8 Date ns a a ns ab b

33 Summary Seed Treatments Insecticide seed treatments had a minimal to no impact on onion thrips control in NY Bulb onion production - thrips often colonize > 2 months after planting - populations build quickly at time seed treatments have run out of gas Onion seed production - onion seeds planted in late summer/fall could be protected by seed treatments (e.g., fipronil)

34 Foliar-Applied Insecticides Evaluated in New York in 2006 Product Active Ingredient Rate (amnt/acre) Warrior lambda-cyhalothrin 3.8 fl oz Lannate LV methomyl 48 fl oz SpinTor 2SC spinosad 6 fl oz *Carzol SP formetanate hydrocloride 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 lb Radiant SC spinetoram 7 fl oz Agri-Mek 0.15EC abamectin 10 fl oz Note: Products highlighted in yellow are labeled on onion in NY; *In 2006, Carzol was permitted for use in NY under a Crisis Exemption; Products in white are not labeled on onion.

35 Foliar-Applied Insecticides for Onion Thrips Control Potter, NY Variety Barrage Planted 3 April 2006 First spray July 18 3 applications total 90 GPA; 40 psi Visual estimates of thrips damage (0= high; 11=none) Rating= 2 Rating= 10

36 Foliar-Applied Insecticides for Onion Thrips Control a a b Potter, NY August 5, 2006 c bc Mean number of larvae/plant Untreated Warrior Lannate SpinTor Agri-Mek Radiant Carzol (low) Carzol (medium) Carzol (high) Plots sprayed on 7/18, 7/24 and 7/31. Treatment d d d d

37 Foliar-Applied Insecticides for Onion Thrips Control *Plots sprayed on 7/18, 7/24 and 7/31. Potter, NY August 7, 2006 ab acceptable e e d cd b-d a a Average Leaf Damage Rating Untreated Warrior Lannate SpinTor Agri-Mek Radiant Carzol (low) Carzol (medium) Carzol (high) Treatment a-c

38 Summary Foliar-Applied Insecticides Onions were best protected from onion thrips damage using Carzol and Radiant SpinTor, Agri-Mek and Lannate provided adequate to nearly adequate levels of protection Warrior failed to control thrips

39 What action threshold should be used to time sprays for thrips?

40 Action Thresholds Evaluated in 2006 Product Action Threshold Rate (amnt/acre) Warrior 1 larva/leaf 3.8 fl oz Warrior 3 larvae/leaf Warrior 5 larvae/leaf Lannate LV 1 larva/leaf 48 fl oz Lannate LV 3 larvae/leaf Lannate LV 5 larvae/leaf Carzol SP 1 larva/leaf 0.75 lb Carzol SP 3 larvae/leaf Carzol SP 5 larvae/leaf

41 Criteria for Identifying a Successful Action Threshold Season average thrips density is equal to or below the action threshold evaluated Visual damage rating near harvest should be an 8 or above

42 Action Thresholds in 2006 Potter, NY Variety Barrage Planted 3 April 2006 Thrips density in plots determined visually by counting all larvae per plant Action thresholds of 1, 3 and 5 larvae/leaf met on 7/18, 7/24 and 7/31, respectively

43 Onion Thrips Control Using and an Action Threshold of 1 larva/leaf Mean number larvae/plant Untreated 20 1 larva/leaf harvest action threshold 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 Date

44 Onion Thrips Control Using and an Action Threshold of 3 larvae/leaf Mean number larvae/plant Untreated 20 3 larvae/leaf harvest action threshold 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 Date

45 Onion Thrips Control Using and an Action Threshold of 5 larvae/leaf Mean number larvae/plant Untreated 20 5 larvae/leaf harvest action threshold 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 Date

46 Onion Thrips Control Using Lannate and an Action Threshold of 1 larva/leaf Mean number larvae/plant Untreated 15 1 larva/leaf harvest action threshold 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 Date

47 Onion Thrips Control Using Lannate and an Action Threshold of 3 larvae/leaf Mean number larvae/plant Untreated 20 3 larvae/leaf action threshold harvest 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 Date

48 Onion Thrips Control Using Lannate and an Action Threshold of 5 larvae/leaf Mean number larvae/plant Untreated 20 5 larvae/leaf harvest action threshold 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 Date

49 Onion Thrips Control Using Carzol and an Action Threshold of 1 larva/leaf Mean number larvae/plant Untreated 15 1 larva/leaf harvest action threshold 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 Date

50 Onion Thrips Control Using Carzol and an Action Threshold of 3 larvae/leaf Mean number larvae/plant Untreated 3 larvae/leaf 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 Date action threshold harvest

51 Onion Thrips Control Using Carzol and an Action Threshold of 5 larvae/leaf Mean number larvae/plant Untreated 20 5 larvae/leaf harvest action threshold 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 Date

52 Action Thresholds in 2006 Action No. of Season Avg. No. Mean Damage Product Threshold Sprays Larvae/Leaf Rating on 7 Aug Untreated ab 2.8 e Warrior 1 larva/leaf ab 3.0 e Warrior 3 larvae/leaf b 3.8 de Warrior 5 larvae/leaf a 2.5 e Lannate LV 1 larva/leaf e 6.3 c Lannate LV 3 larvae/leaf 2 4.1c 5.3 cd Lannate LV 5 larvae/leaf cd 3.5 de Carzol SP 1 larva/leaf f 10.0 a Carzol SP 3 larvae/leaf e 8.3 b Carzol SP 5 larvae/leaf de 6.3 c

53 Summary Action Thresholds Action threshold is highly dependent on efficacy of product Warrior failed, regardless of the action threshold Lannate sprayed at 1 and 3 thrips/leaf reduced infestation, but not to an acceptable level Carzol sprayed at 1 and 3 thrips/leaf provided excellent control; *only 1 spray required at the 3 thrips/leaf threshold Spraying at 5 thrips/leaf allowed too much damage

54 Reasons why insecticides may work better for controlling onion thrips in eastern US compared with western US Shorter duration of onion thrips pressure Thrips do not attack onions until late June/early July, which occurs > 1 to 1.5 months later than out west Lower thrips pressure Often more rain and cooler temperatures, which may suppress populations Better insecticide coverage Sprays using ground rigs provide better coverage than sprays made by airplane

55 Guidelines for Managing Onion Thrips in Onion (1 of 3) Scout fields before making a control decision largest plants will be infested first (e.g., transplanted fields, early-maturing varieties) field edges are often first colonized (consider nearby crops) spray hot spots rather than entire field Use most appropriate action threshold 0.5 to 1 thrips per leaf for Lannate, SpinTor and pyrethroids 3 thrips per leaf for Carzol

56 Guidelines for Managing Onion Thrips in Onion (2 of 3) Rotate insecticides (insecticide classes if possible) Two successive applications of one product (targets a single generation) Avoid tank mixing insecticides when possible Don t use your best product too early

57 Guidelines for Managing Onion Thrips in Onion (3 of 3) Maximize insecticide deposition on leaves use high volume of water use relatively low pressure use flat fan, twin cap or twin jet nozzles rather than hollow cone Make sure sprayer is calibrated properly

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