Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Grant Contract #

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1 Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Grant Contract # Project Title: Calibration of Soil Test Interpretations and Nutrient Recommendations for Major Commodities Grown Across Florida as a Best Management Practice for Sustainable Agriculture Final Project Report - July, Gainesville Report 2. Homestead Report 3. Belle Glade (Sandland) Report 4. Belle Glade-(Muck soils) Report 5. Online Training Modules on Soil Phosphorus Control Strategies in Florida Report Principal Investigators Rao Mylavarapu, George Hochmuth, Vimala Nair, Professors, Soil & Water Science Department, Gainesville Mabry McCray, Agronomist, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade Alan Wright, Assoc. Professor, Indian River Research and Education Center, Ft. Pierce Yuncong Li, Professor, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead IFAS, University of Florida Contact: raom@ufl.edu;

2 Calibration of Soil Test Interpretations and Nutrient Recommendations for Major Commodities Grown Across Florida as A Best Management Practice for Sustainable Agriculture Final Project Report Background: Proper fertilizer recommendations for agricultural crops based on a calibrated soil test can lead to efficient uptake of nutrients by crops, resulting in effective agricultural BMPs and minimize negative impacts on environmental quality. Adoption of new calibrated soil test methods will achieve long-term agronomic and environmental sustainability. Fundamentally speaking adoption and implementation of agricultural BMPs begins with a credible soil test. Continuous calibration of the existing standard soil test methods and interpretations is critical for ensuring that both agronomic and environmental goals are met. Currently, the IFAS Extension Soil Testing program has identified Mehlich-3 as the most appropriate soil test extractant for a wide range of mineral soils of Florida (Mylavarapu, et al., 2014). Objectives: 1) Scientifically defensible Mehlich-3 soil test calibrations for phosphorus and potassium conducted on a range of soils for major commodity crops, and 2) Scientifically defensible phosphorus and potassium fertilizer rates recommended based on the results of field tests. The proposed multi-season field and complementary greenhouse studies aim to improve P and K recommendations based on Mehlich-3 soil tests, guiding BMP implementation and minimizing water quality impacts due to excessive nutrient applications. Complementary greenhouse studies will be conducted at most locations where facilities exist for creating controlled and simulated soil test levels to help determine plant uptake and dose response. This field calibration work will be conducted in a multi-year and multi-location format to cover the major agricultural production regions and crops in the state of Florida. Gainesville Greenhouse study- IFAS Plant Science Research and Education Unit, Citra Rao Mylavarapu, George Hochmuth, Letuzia de Oliveira, IFAS Soil & Water Science Department, Gainesville, FL Based on the project objectives, two greenhouse studies were conducted in consecutive seasons using four different soil categories- a) Melrose soil- a native previously 2

3 unmanaged acid-mineral soil screened for extractable nutrients testing Low from Ordway-Swisher Biological Station near Melrose, b) Homestead soil- calcareous rock soil from Homestead area, c) Belle Glade soil- organic muck soil from the vegetable production site from IFAS Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade, and d) Clewiston soil- an organic muck sands (mineral) soil from sugarcane production field from Clewiston. These soils are assembled to compare nutrient requirements as assessed by using Mehlich-3 extractant among the four pre-dominant soil categories across the state used for intensive vegetable crop and sugarcane production. As soils in agriculturally managed areas predominantly test High in soil nutrients based on any extractant procedure, a soil that is testing Low had to be screened and identified for this study specifically as a reference site as well as for documenting a response to added phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer based on the Mehlich-3 soil test. This soil had to be brought in from a native and a previously agriculturally unmanaged site in the north Florida region. Therefore, the greenhouse study was laid out using these four categories of soils, each soil with four replications and four P and K rate combinations compared individually against a control set. Soil samples were collected and analyzed prior to the beginning of the study to record the background ph, P and K concentrations in the soils. Bush beans (var. Roma) seeds were planted in the pots as per the lay out on October 2 nd, Subsequently both soil and complementary plant leaf tissue samples were collected and analyzed to monitor the nutrient levels in the soils and plants at 30 and 60 days after planting (DAP). Methodology A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Plant Science Research and Education Unit, University of Florida, Citra, Florida in Bush beans were planted October 2, 2015 and the final harvest was completed on December 2, The pots were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. Fertilizer treatments included two rates of P2O5, two rates of K2O and a control (Table 1). Table 1. Treatments showing rates of phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) applied Treatment P2O5 lb acre -1 K2O Control 0 0 P1K P1K P2K P2K

4 Results and Discussion: The background soil test results for all the four soils are given in Table 2. Table 2. Background Mehlich-3 soil test results of the Belle Glade, Clewiston, Homestead and Melrose soils Parameters Belle Glade Clewiston Homestead Melrose ph Phosphorus (Soil mg Kg -1 ) Potassium (Soil mg Kg -1 ) Magnesium (Soil mg Kg -1 ) Calcium (Soil mg Kg -1 ) a). Melrose soil: Treatments were applied to this soil as detailed in Table 1. The background soil ph and soil P and K levels prior to the study as well as at 30, 60 and 90 DAP and the corresponding leaf tissue levels are given in Table 2 and 3, respectively. At 30 and 60 DAP, both soil P and K levels were significantly higher in plots that received any application of P and K compared to control plots, while P2K2 recorded the highest P and P2K1 recorded the highest K at 60 DAP. Among the treatments at 30DAP did not yield a definite trend due to the active growth phase of the crop, which will result in soil nutrient levels dynamically fluctuating during the entire active vegetative growth period. At 60DAP, control treatment was the lowest while P2K2 recorded highest P level in the soil. In the leaf tissue, at 30, 60 and 90 DAP, the P and K concentrations were significantly higher in pots that received any P and K applications compared to control while within the treatments the differences were non-significant (Table 4). This data implies that additional applications of P and K (P2 and K2 rates) did not result in any increased uptake of the soil applied nutrients implying that the current recommended doses were adequate to meet the crop requirements thru season in this soil. Yield data was estimated by integrating multiple harvests spread over four weeks (Fig 1). Treatments that received any rate of P and K fertilizers have recorded highest yields compared to control that did not receive any P or K applications. However, within the P and K treatments, yields were not significantly different, implying that applications of P and K over and above the IFAS recommended rates will not result in any yield increases and that the current recommendation using M3 extractant method is adequate in meeting the crop requirements of P and K. 4

5 Table 3. Soil ph and M3 P and K levels in the soils at 30, 60 and 90 DAP Treatment ph ph ph P K (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) Soil (mg kg -1 ) Soil (mg kg -1 ) Control 5.7a 6.2 a 5.9a 2.7c 6.2 b 10.7 a 12.7b 7.5 b 8.2 b P1K1 5.7a 5.9a 5.9a 20.2 ab 32.2 ab 23.7 a 33.2 a 13.2 ab 15.2 ab P1K2 5.8a 5.7a 5.9a 11b c 41.5 ab 28.7 a 29.5 ab 21.5 ab 18 a P2K1 5.65a 5.7a 6.2a 31 a 47.2 ab 35 a 26.2 ab 25 a 18.2 a P2K2 5.8a 5.8a 6.17a 21.2 ab 63.5 a 33.5 a 32.2 a 21.2ab 17.5a Table 4. P and K concentrations in bush bean leaf tissue at 30, 60 and 90 DAP Treatment P (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (%) (%) Control 0.11 b 0.17 a 0.28 b 0.96 b 0.42 b 0.54 b P1K a 0.30 a 0.47 a 3.02 a 1.5 a 1.70a P1K a 0.32 a 0.37ab 2.93 a 1.41 a 1.76 a P2K a 0.35 a 0.43 a 3.18 a 1.5 a 1.50 a P2K a 0.39a 0.44 a 2.68 a 1.36 a 1.29a K Figure 1. Bush beans yields in Melrose soil 5

6 b). Homestead soil: Treatments were applied to this soil as detailed in Table 1. The soil ph was high in the alkaline range as expected for calcareous soil signifying the predominance of CaCO3 in the soil profile. The P level was Low resulting in a recommendation of 100 lb P2O5 application to the soil (P1) while 25 lb/a P2O5 of additional rate was applied towards P2 treatment, bringing the rate to 125 lb/a. The soil ph and soil P and K levels at 30, 60 and 90 DAP and the corresponding leaf tissue levels are given in Table 5 and 6, respectively. Soil P was lowest in control plots at both 30, 60 and 90 DAP, while no specific trend emerged for the mobile K nutrient. Leaf tissue concentrations showed no difference at either 30, 60 or 90 DAP for both P and K. Similarly, yield data was found to be similar across all treatments. Table 5. Soil ph and Mehlich-3 P and K levels in the soils at 30 and 60 and 90 DAP. Treatment ph ph ph P K (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) Soil (mg Kg -1 ) Soil (mg Kg -1) Control 8.3a 7.2a 8a 29.7 a 72 a 55.2 a 14.2a 16 a 14 b P1K1 8.1a 7.1a 7.9a 25.2a 61.7 a 53. a 33.7a 28.2a 23.5ab P1K2 8.1a 7.2a 7.7a 24 a 59.5 a 49.2a 36.7a 26 a 27 a P2K1 8a 7.1a 7.8a 31.2 a 73.2 a 48.7a 35.5a 37.7 a 23.5 ab P2K2 8a 7.1a 7.7a 34.7a 61.5 a 49.7a 35. a 21.2a 25.2 a Table 6. P and K concentrations in bush bean leaf tissue at 30 and 60 and 90 DAP P K Treatment (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (%) (%) Control 0.32 a 0.28 a 0.35 a 1.4 b 0.39 b 0.36b P1K a 0.22a 0.33 a 3.12 a 1.17a 1.11 a P1K a 0.19 a 0.30 a 2.9 a 1.4 a 1.39 a P2K a 0.23 a 0.35 a 2.6 a 1.0 a 1.25a P2K a 0.23 a 0.35 a 2.8 a 1.2a 1.49a 6

7 Figure 2. Bush beans yields for Homestead c). Belle Glade soil: The soil ph of the Belle Glade soil always remained above 7.5 throughout the growth cycle of the crop (Table 7). Mehlich-3 extractable soil phosphorus was equal among treatments at 30 and 60 DAP. However, the soil phosphorus level at 90 DAP was lower with P2K2 compared to other treatments. The soil phosphorus with unfertilized control at 90 DAP was equal with P1K1 and P1K2 but was significantly higher than P2K1 and P2K2. Mehlich-3 extractable soil potassium was equal among all the treatments throughout the crop cycle. Similarly, yield data was found to be similar across all treatments (Table 8). Table 7. Soil ph and Mehlich-3 P and K levels in the soils at 30, 60 and 90 DAP Treatment ph Phosphorus Potassium (30 DAP) (60DAP) (90DAP) (30DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) Soil (mg kg -1 ) Soil (mg kg -1 ) Control 7.6b 7.8a 7.55a 20.2a 45a 72a 254.5a 177.7a 183.5a P1K1 7.7ab 7.8a 7.6a 41.7a 66.5a 62.2ab 209.7a 159a 134.2a P1K2 7.9a 7.8a 7.6a 42a 79.5a 60.2ab 187a 148.2a 133.7a P2K1 7.8ab 7.8a 7.5a 40a 74.2a 58.5b 238.5a 152a 170a P2K2 7.9a 7.7a 7.5a 24.2a 83a 46c 185.7a 168.2a 136.5a 7

8 Table 8. P and K concentrations in bush bean leaf tissue at 30 and 60 and 90 DAP Treatment Phosphorus Potassium (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (%) (%) Control 0.16a 0.23a 0.33a 2.95a 2.78a 3.04a P1K1 0.19a 0.24a 0.32a 2.89a 2.45a 2.53a P1K2 0.32a 0.23a 0.33a 3.68a 2.13a 2.42a P2K1 0.29a 0.23a 0.30a 3.83a 2.01a 2.22a P2K2 0.35a 0.235a 0.33a 3.80a 2.32a 2.46a Figure 3. Bush beans yields for Homestead d). Clewiston soil: Details of the P and K treatments are detailed in Table 1. The initial soil test K level was Low resulting in a recommendation of 100 lb K2O application to the soil (K1) while 25 lb/a K2O of additional amount was applied towards K2 treatment, bringing the rate to 125 lb K2O/A. Soil levels of P and K did not show any differences across treatments either at 30, 60 or 90 DAP (Table 9). While leaf tissue concentration of P at 30, 60 and 90 DAP were similar across all treatments, at 60 DAP, K was significantly lower in Control pots compared to the treatments that received any K fertilizer amount (Table 10). However, yield data was found to be similar across all treatments (Fig. 4). 8

9 Table 9. Soil ph and Mehlich-3 P and K levels in the soils at 30, 60 and 90DAP Treatment ph ph ph P K (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) Soil (mg kg -1 ) Soil (mg kg -1 ) Control 7.9a 7.5b 7.5b 23.5b 56b 59.5b 115b 111 ab 94 ab P1K1 7.7a 7.7a 7.7a 66.2 a a 70.2 b 111.7b 91.5 b 99.5 ab P1K2 7.8a 7.6ab 7.7a 47.7ab 130 a 78.7b 141 ab 169.7a a P2K1 7.8a 7.7a 7.7a 52.2ab ab 77.2b ab 90.2b 109.2b P2K2 7.7a 7.7a 7.7a 58.7 a a 76.b a 144.2a 85.7b Table 10. P and K concentrations in bush bean leaf tissue at 30, 60, and 90 DAP Treatment P P P k k k (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (30 DAP) (60 DAP) (90 DAP) (%) (%) Control 0.30 a 0.28 a 0.37 a 3.16a 1.19a 1.7 a P1K a 0.25 a 0.35a 3.09a 1.39 a 1.5 a P1K2 0.28a 0.24 a 0.35a 3.2 a 1.63a 1.7 a P2K a 0.23 a 0.37a 3.2 a 1.18a 1.4 a P2K a 0.22 a 0.36a 3.4 a 1.4a 1.5 a Figure 4. Bush beans yields for Clewiston soil 9

10 e) Bush beans yields across the four different soils The fresh bush bean yields in Homestead, Clewiston and Melrose soils were similar but were significantly higher than Belle Glade soil (Fig 5). High organic matter in the Belle Glade soil has resulted in poor drainage and generally saturated conditions for the roots to proliferate suppressing yields. This preliminary data suggests that unless better drainage is created for these soils (using water pumps, etc. as done in the fields in Belle Glade) the yields may not be optimized. Nutrients may not be the limiting factor. Figure 5. Bush bean yield among four different soil types Gainesville: Greenhouse study Season 2- IFAS Plant Science Research and Education Unit, Citra, 2016 The study was repeated in 2016 at IFAS Plant Science Research and Education Unit, Citra, Florida. The study lay out, treatments and soils used are similar to Season 1. The background soil ph, P and K levels are shown in Table 11. The pots were planted to Bush beans on 05/13/2016. All the P2O5 and one third of K2O were applied at planting. Second and third K2O fertilizations were done on 6/3/2016 and 6/24/2016. Soil samples were collected at 30 day intervals. Irrigation was applied thru drip tapes. Proc GLM procedure of SAS was used to analyze the data. Tukey mean separation method was used to differentiate the treatments. 10

11 Table 11. Background Mehlich-3 soil test result of soils collected from Belle Glade, Clewiston, Homestead and Melrose Parameters Belle Glade* Clewiston Homestead Melrose Soil ph Phosphorus (mg kg -1 ) Potassium (mg kg -1 ) Magnesium (mg kg -1 ) Calcium (mg kg -1 ) Result and discussion Soil Nutrient Levels All the soils were extracted with Mehlich-3 soil extractant. Soil P and Soil K soil concentrations are provided in Tables 12 and 13, respectively. In Belle Glade soil at 30 DAP, both soil P and soil K were not different among treatments (Table 12 and 13). However, in the other soils, the soil P in unfertilized control pots were either lower or equal to fertilized treatments, which indicated the effect of plant uptake in reducing the soil P level. The treatment effect in Belle Glade soil was not evident because the soil P in Belle Glade soil was already High, amounting nearly twice higher than that of Clewiston and Homestead soils. Overall, control soils had equal P compared to most of the fertilized treatments indicating the effect of plant uptake in minimizing the soil P level after fertilization. Table 12. Soil potassium (K) in various soils at 30 DAP in greenhouse grown bush bean at Citra, Florida, 2016 Soil K (mg kg -1 ) Treatments Belle Glade Clewiston Homestead Melrose Control 79.4 a 24.8 b 61.2 b 97.9 a P1k a 58.7 ab 65.9 ab 97.2 a P1K a 43.4 ab a a P2K a 34.1 ab 55.6 b 98.7 a P2K a 63.7 a 51.8 b a Values followed by same letter in the columns are not different at p

12 Table 13. Soil Phosphorus (P) in various soils at 30 days after planting in a greenhouse grown bush bean at Citra, Florida, 2016 Soil P (mg kg -1 ) Treatment Belle Glade Clewiston Homestead Melrose Control 35.3 a 66.7 b 51.1 ab 25.2 b P1K a 95.2 a 88.6 a 34.8 ab P1K a 79.0 ab 50.9 ab 39.2 ab P2K a 88.6 ab 57.1 ab 45.5 a P2K a 78.3 ab 32.1 b 33.1 ab Values followed by same letter in the columns are not different at p Bush beans yields Bean yields from two harvests are presented in Table 14. The phenological development of the bush bean plants might have been affected by the soil type. Plants in the Homestead soils flowered and fruited earlier compared to Belle Glade soil. Therefore, yields may have been influenced by the soil type. Both the soil and treatment effect on bush bean yield was observed. However, interaction effect of soil type and treatments was non-significant. The harvest data indicated that Homestead soil produced the greatest fresh bush bean yield followed by Clewiston, Melrose and Belle Glade soils. When the treatments were compared, treatments P1K1, P1K2 and P2K1 had equal but higher yields than both control and P2K2. Possibly the additional application rates of P and K may not have resulted in yield any increases. Table 14. Treatment effect on yield of greenhouse grown bush bean various soils in Citra, Florida in 2016 Bush bean yield (Kg ha -1 ) Treatment Belle Glade Clewiston Homestea Melrose Mean (rows) d Control a a a ab b P1K a a a a a P1K a a a ab ab P2K a a a a a P2K a a a b b Mean (column) Values followed by same letter in the columns are not different at p

13 Conclusions The results of the first season study demonstrated that the yields were not significantly different among the fertilizer treatments. Both P and K in leaf tissue of bush beans plants in Melrose soil was mostly lower (except for P in 60 DAP) in unfertilized control compared to the fertilized treatments. In contrast, both P and K content of the plants in Homestead soil was equal for fertilized and unfertilized control. The leaf tissue P content in Clewiston soil was equal among all the treatments; however, the K content was lower in unfertilized plants compared to fertilized plants. The P and K concentrations in Melrose and Homestead soils were not consistent. However, general trend was that the P and K contents in unfertilized soils were either lower or equal to the fertilized soils. In contrast, soil P in Clewiston soil was equal at all three soil sampling dates. Except for the 90 DAP, the soil K content in the Clewiston soil was equal in all treatments. The second season results are generally consistent with the first season. The highest bush bean yield in the first season was found in Homestead soil followed by Clewiston, and Melrose soils, which is similar to the second season. However, the overall yield levels in the second year were significantly higher compared to the first season. 13

14 Homestead Site: Qiang Zhu 1,2, Monica Ozores-Hampton 2, Yuncong Li 1 1 University of Florida/IFAS, TREC, Homestead, FL. 2 University of Florida/IFAS, SWFREC, Immokalee, FL. Abstract There is no soil testing calibration and fertilizer recommendations for potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) available for crops grown on calcareous soils in Florida. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of P and K rates on plant uptake, fruit yield, and postharvest quality of tomato grown on calcareous soil and develop soil testing calibrations for calcareous soils. The experiment was conducted at University of Florida/Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL. Tomatoes were grown with six rates (0, 60, 100, 160, 200, and 240 lb/ac) of P 2O 5 and K 2O for two seasons during The responses to application rates of P and K were analyzed using regression models of linear, quadratic, linear-plateau, and quadratic-plateau. In the first year P applications did not significantly affect crop yield. Based on two seasons data, the critical Mehlich-3 soil test K level was predicted at 162 mg/kg for tomato grown on calcareous soils. The K fertilizer recommendation was 200 lb/acre when Mehlich-3 soil K was below 162 mg/kg. For the year 2, tomato yields were significantly affected by P, but the analyses of soil and tissue samples are still in the progress. In conclusion, Mehlich-3 methods can be used for soil testing of calcareous soils in Florida and more experiments should be conducted on other crops grown on these soils. Introduction Agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) are designed to improve water quality by reducing the amount of nutrients and other pollutants while maintaining agricultural production. The vegetable BMPs have adopted all current University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) recommendations, including those for fertilizer and irrigation management. Utilizing soil testing to determine crop nutrient requirements is an important part of vegetable crops BMPs. The objective of the soil testing is to provide fertilizer recommendation that is sound considering both economic and environmental impacts. Until now, due to the lack of research data and non- official extractant for calcareous soils, no nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and other nutrients recommendations can be provided for vegetable production in Miami-Dade County. UF/IFAS Extension Soil Testing Laboratory (ESTL) received more and more samples which classified as calcareous soils (high ph and high calcium carbonate content) throughout Florida. Objectives This study was conducted to 1) evaluate four soil extractants (water, M-3, Olsen and AB-DTPA) and determine the relationship between plant nutrient uptake, marketable yield, postharvest quality of tomato and the amount of nutrient extracted by a particular soil test method; 2) determine crop response at different fertilizer rates; and 3) develop nutrient application recommendations for tomato based on soil tests. 14

15 Materials and Methods A field with the lowest concentration of soil P and medium concentration of K was selected based on analyses of soil samples collected throughout the research farm at UF/IFAS/Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC). Field trials were conducted during winter season of The fertilizer application rates were 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 lb N/acre; 0, 60, 100, 160, 200, 240 lb P 2O 5/acre; and 0, 60, 100, 160, 200, 240 lb K 2O/acre. Nitrogen, P, and K were supplied at 200, 160, and 160 lb/acre, respectively, if they were not treatment factors. Treatments were arranged in a randomized split plot design with four replications. All cultural practices except fertilizer application were managed according to the UF/IFAS recommendations for tomato production, including irrigation and pest management (Table 1). Tomato fruits were harvested from ten plants in each plot at the mature-green stage and were graded for marketable size categories in the field using portable grading table and USDA standards. A subsample of ten fruits from each plot at the first harvest were collected, treated with ethylene and ripened at 20 C with 85 to 90% relative humidity. After 10 to 15 days of ripening, fruit color, firmness, soluble solids content, ph were measured. Samples of soils, leaves, and biomass were collected four times throughout the season. Leachates in lysimeters were also collected and analyzed for ammonium, nitrate and orthophosphate. Data were analyzed using SAS (version 9.3; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). Four models (quadratic, quadratic-plateau, linearplateau, and linear) were tested to predict the relationships between tomato marketable yields and N, P and K application rates. The model with P < 0.05, the lowest mean square error, and the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was selected as the best fit regression model. Results Average air temperatures were 71.1 o F and total rainfall was 22.4 inches during tomato growing season (October February 2016) (Table 2). Two leaching rainfall events (three inches in three days or four inches in seven days) were recorded in December of In tomato total season harvest, only medium fruit yield was significantly affected by N rates, and the relationship was described well by linear regression model (Table 3); In the P rates study, linear-plateau models fitted well for the yields of both extra-large and medium fruits with critical rates at 100 lb/acre of P 2O 5; In the K rates study, linear-plateau models were also fit well for the yields of large fruit and total marketable with critical rates at 163 and 191 lb/acre of K 2O, respectively. Based on two seasons filed trial, the amount of K fertilizer needed to produce maximal tomato yield was calibrated using a multiple regression model (Fig. 1; Table 4). The multiple regression model was significant (P < 0.05) and had R 2 of The relationship predicted relative yields of 75 and 90% when no K fertilizer was applied and Mehlich-3 soil test K was 162 and 193 mg/kg, respectively. 15

16 Table 1. Summary of cultural practices used for the tomato trial in Homestead, FL. Experimental design RCBD (4 replications) Irrigation Drip Plot size 30 ft * 3 beds = 90 ft Harvest unit 10 plants Total area 90 ft * 64 plots = 5,760 ft or 0.8 acre Plastic laying and fertilization Oct. 14, 2015 Plastic mulch White on black (T-Systems International, Inc. CA) Transplanting date Oct. 23, 2015 Variety Ridge Runner (Syngenta Corporation, DE) Fumigation No Linear ft per acre 7,260 Bed spacing (center to center) 6 ft Bed height 8 inches Bed width 36 inches Plant spacing 18 inches Plant population 6,120 ft/1.5 ft = 4,080 Row run East West Band (fertilizer) width 2 inches Band (fertilizer) height 3 inch Band (fertilizer) width (between 6 inches band and the center of the bed) Harvest date 1 st Jan. 19, nd Feb. 2, rd Feb. 16, 2016 Planting to 3 rd harvest 116 days 16

17 Table 2. Summary of average, minimum (Min) and maximum (Max) temperature and total rainfall in Homestead, FL during tomato winter season of 2015 z. Period Temperature (ºF) Total rainfall Number of Average Min. Max. (inches) leaching rainfall y October November December January February Average/Total z Weather data obtained from Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) from University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agriculture Science (IFAS), Tropical Research and Education Center in Homestead, FL. y A leaching rain is defined as a rainfall amount of 3 inches in 3 days or 4 inches in 7 days. 17

18 Table 3. Effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) rates on the total season (first, second, and third harvest combined) marketable and unmarketable tomato yield. Rate (lb/acre) Marketable yield 5/6 z 6/6 6/7 Total (25-lb boxes/acre) Unmarketable yield N , , , , , , Significance NS y NS ** NS NS Regression - - L x - - P 2O , , , , , , Significance *** NS * NS Regression LP - LP - L Critical rate K 2O , , , , Significance NS * ** * NS Regression - LP L LP - Critical rate z Tomato fruit categories: extra-large (5/6), large (6/6), and medium (6/7); y NS = Non-significance; *, **, and *** = significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 or 0.001, respectively. x L = Linear regression; LP = Linear-plateau regression. 18

19 Figure 1. Calibration of potassium (K) rate using a multiple regression model where the relative tomato yield is predicted from K rate and Mehlich-3 soil test K. Coefficient values for each regression equation are listed in Table 4. Table 4. Regression coefficients for calibration of potassium (K) rate using a multiple regression model (R 2 = 0.84, P < 0.05) with Mehlich-3 K (M3K, mg/kg), K rate (KR), and relative tomato yield (RY, %). Source z Coefficient Standard Error Intercept Linear M3K Linear KR Quadratic M3K Quadratic KR Linear M3K * KR z RY = M3K KR M3K KR M3K * KR 19

20 Belle Glade site Alan Wright, Associate Professor, IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center, Ft. Pierce. Snap Beans study: Background: Current soil test recommendations for snap beans are made by the Everglades Soil Testing Laboratory, University of Florida, at the Everglades Research & Education Center in Belle Glade, FL. Current soil test guidelines for muck soils use a water extraction procedure (Pw) to determine plant-available P concentrations in soils, then give a recommendation as to the amounts of P2O5 to add to soil to bring the plant-available P concentrations in soil to a desired concentration, which varies for different crops. For snap beans, the soil test Pw value for which no additional P fertilization is recommended is 8 lb P2O5/acre. This experiment was designed to test a wide range of soil plant-available P concentrations, as measured using the standard Pw test (official method for vegetable crops used by ESTL for muck soils) and comparing results with a Mehlich 3 extraction method recommended currently for sandy soils and muck soils growing sugarcane. Soil test values were then related to snap bean yield. The field experiment was arranged using a randomized block design on Dania soil series, with average soil ph of 7.6, in Fall Higher or lower soil ph values have been demonstrated to affect relationships between soil test extraction methods on muck soils, so this experiment represents sites only at a similar ph range. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of snap beans each 20 feet in length. Nitrogen, K, and micronutrients were applied at similar rates across treatments, but P as triple superphosphate was applied at variable rates to generate a wide range of soil test P values. Soils were sampled at planting, and again at harvest from 0-6 inch depths, with two cores collected in the plant row per plot and homogenized. Leaf tissue samples were also collected for nutrient analysis. Only soil test values at planting are reported as others are currently in the process of being analyzed. Soil Pw and Mehlich 3 showed a very strong linear relationship, with r 2 =0.81 at the ph range at this site. Snap bean yield showed a logarithmic response to soil Mehlich3 P values, with r 2 =0.81. Similarly, snap bean yield a logarithmic response to soil Pw, with r 2 =0.80. Based on the results at this site, there appears to be a good correlation between the two extraction methods, and a similar yield response curve. Optimal yield appeared to occur at approximately mg P/kg using the Mehlich 3 test, and at around lb P2O5/ac using the Pw test. 20

21 Snap Bean Yield Snap Bean Yield Pw test (lb P/acre) y = 0.07x R² = Mehlich 3 P Test (mg P/kg) y = 18.95ln(x) R² = Mehlich 3 P Test (mg P/kg) y = 21.50ln(x) R² = Pw test (lb P/acre)

22 Lettuce study Current soil test recommendations for romaine lettuce are made by the Everglades Soil Testing Laboratory, University of Florida, at the Everglades Research & Education Center in Belle Glade, FL. Current soil test guidelines for muck soils use a water extraction procedure (Pw) to determine plant-available P concentrations in soils, then give a recommendation as to the amounts of P2O5 to add to soil to bring the plant-available P concentrations in soil to a desired concentration, which varies for different crops. For romaine lettuce, the soil test Pw value for which no additional P fertilization is recommended is 27 lb P2O5/acre. This experiment was designed to test a wide range of soil plant-available P concentrations, as measured using the standard Pw test (official method for vegetable crops used by ESTL for muck soils) and comparing results with a Mehlich 3 extraction method recommended currently for sandy soils and muck soils growing sugarcane. Soil test values were then related to romaine lettuce yield. The field experiment was arranged using a randomized block design on Dania soil series, with average soil ph of 7.2. Higher or lower soil ph values have been demonstrated to affect relationships between soil test extraction methods on muck soils, so this experiment represents sites only at a similar ph range. However, romaine lettuce is produced primarily in the northern Everglades Agricultural Area which consists mostly of Dania soil series, which is characterized by shallow soil conditions and ph values above 7.0. Thus, the site location used for this study is representative of soil conditions typically used for commercial romaine lettuce production. Each plot was 12 by 25 feet in length and consisted of 4 beds with 2 rows of lettuce per bed. Nitrogen, K, and micronutrients were applied at similar rates across treatments, but P as triple superphosphate was applied at variable rates to generate a wide range of soil test P values above the unfertilized control (background 4 lb P2O5/ac). Soils were sampled before planting to determine amounts of P fertilizers needed, and again at harvest from 0-6 inch depths, with three cores collected in a plant row per plot and homogenized. Soil samples were then analyzed for plant-available P concentrations using the Pw and the Mehlich 3 test. Soil Pw and Mehlich 3 extractable P concentrations showed a strong relationship at the lower range, when Pw was below 65 mg/kg and Mehlich 3 was below 300 mg/kg. Above these concentrations, the relationship of Pw to Mehlich 3 deteriorated. Mehlich 3 concentrations averaged 9 times higher than the Pw, as the more acidic nature of the Mehlich 3 extractant was able to capture P from more recalcitrant soil P forms than the water extractant. Overall, the relationship between Mehlich 3 and Pw best fit a linear model with r 2 =0.91. Relationships between soil extraction methods and romaine lettuce yield produced similar results, with both soil tests being good predictors of crop response. Yield response to variable rate P application was linear from background soil P concentrations to 60 mg P/kg, then yields 22

23 Mehlich 3 P plateaued at soil P concentrations above 60 mg P/kg, indicating that there was no benefit of P fertilizers above this threshold. The Mehlich 3 produced a similar response to the Pw test in terms of crop response, with a linear increase in romaine lettuce yield with increasing Mehlich 3 P concentrations up to a threshold of 250 mg P/kg. At Mehlich 3 P concentrations above this threshold, there was no yield response to increasing soil P concentrations. Yield response curves for the Pw test and the Mehlich 3 test below the threshold values produced similar r-squared values of 0.84 and 0.83, indicating that both tests were suitable for predicting yield response y = 3.29x + 52 R² = Pw P 23

24 Romaine Yield Romaine Yield Y = 688x Pw P y = 194x Mehlich 3 P 24

25 Clewiston site Mabry McCray, Agronomist, IFAS Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade Sugarcane Field Trials on Mineral Soils - Mabry McCray Plots with no P fertilizer at Site 1 had relative sugar yields of 83, 73, and 79% for the plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon crops (Figure 1), although no significant differences were determined with the F-test using analysis of variance (Table 1). Relative yield is calculated by dividing tons sugar/acre (TSA) of the zero P treatment mean by the highest yielding treatment mean for each crop at each location. Relative yield is used to allow comparison among crop years and test locations. Relative yield for zero P treatments at Sites 2-5 were 94% or higher for crops through 2015 (Figure 1). A relative yield value near 100% for zero P plots indicates little or no response to fertilizer P. Also, no significant differences were determined for TSA among P treatments for these locations (Table 2). Sugar yields appeared to be reduced without fertilizer P at Site 1 with initial Mehlich 3- extractable P < 60 g P/m 3 (Figure 1). However, plant cane TSA at Site 4 was not increased with fertilizer P with an initial Mehlich 3-extractable value of 49 g P/m 3. Sugarcane leaf P during the grand growth period (June-mid October) is usually a good indicator of P sufficiency for the crop. The lower end of the optimum range for leaf P is 0.22% and 0.19% is the critical value at which a 5-10% yield loss is expected. All plots for plant cane crops at Sites 1 and 2 were within the optimum range, but leaf P in the first ratoon crop at Site 1 ranged well below optimum with one zero P plot having 0.17% leaf P concentration. These leaf P data confirm that soil P availability at Site 1 was insufficient without added P fertilizer for the first ratoon crop. These data also indicated that leaf P values for the first ratoon crop decreased substantially compared to the plant cane crop at Site 1, although Mehlich 3-extractable soil P values remained similar for many plots. Results suggest that the Mehlich 3 P calibration for sugarcane grown on mineral soils will be substantially different than the calibration for organic soils. More information is required to establish the calibration for sugarcane on mineral soils. A new test location was planted in October This study is planned to continue for another 3-4 years. 25

26 Table 1. Least squares means for tons sugar/acre for Site 1 (3324BF) of the sugarcane P rate study. P Rate Plant 1 st Ratoon 2 nd Ratoon lb P 2 O 5 /ac tons sugar/acre b 3.84a 3.78a ab 4.23a 4.48a ab 4.38a 4.30a ab 5.12a 4.76a a 5.28a 4.13a P>F Within columns, means for tons sugar/acre followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey-Kramer at P<0.10. Table 2. Least squares means for tons sugar/acre for Site 2 (3006AE), Site 3 (2112M), Site 4 (3313IM), and Site 5 (0920FJ) of the sugarcane P rate study. Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 P Rate Plant 1 st Ratoon Plant Plant Plant lb P 2 O 5 /ac tons sugar/acre a 6.73a 8.76a 8.76a 9.32a a 6.38a 8.62a 8.78a 9.09a a 6.21a 8.96a 8.27a 9.00a a 7.15a 7.63a 8.36a 9.15a a 6.36a 8.80a 8.97a 8.86a a 6.67a 8.22a 8.33a 8.49a P>F Within columns, means for tons sugar/acre followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey-Kramer at P<

27 Zero P Plots Relative Tons Sugar/Acre Mehlich 3-Extractable Soil P (g/m 3 ) Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Figure 1. Relationship between relative tons sugar/acre and Mehlich 3-extractable soil P in the sugarcane P calibration study Leaf P Concentration (%) Mehlich 3-Extractable Soil P (g/m 3 ) Site 1 - Plant Site 1-1st Ratoon Site 2 - Plant Figure 2. Relationship between leaf P concentration and Mehlich 3-extractable soil P in the sugarcane P calibration study. 27

28 Sugarcane Mehlich 3 Validation Trial on Organic Soil A sugarcane field trial was established in fall 2013 to evaluate the new Mehlich 3 P fertilizer recommendations for organic soils in terms of the current Mehlich 3-extractable P calibration and the previous water-extractable P calibration. Pre-plant water-extractable P index at this site was 4 which using the previous calibration corresponded to a recommendation of 60 lb P2O5/acre for plant cane and 40 lb P2O5/acre for ratoon crops. Pre-plant Mehlich 3-extractable P index at this site was 34 which corresponds to no P fertilizer for plant cane and first ratoon crops, 20 lb P2O5/acre for second ratoon, and 30 lb P2O5/acre for third ratoon and later crops. In the plant cane (Table 3) and first ratoon crops (Table 4) there was no yield response to P fertilizer in terms of tons cane/acre or tons sugar/acre. In each of these crops the relative sugar yield with no P fertilizer was greater than 95% which also confirms the lack of a response to P fertilizer. We are continuing this trial through the second ratoon crop, but so far results confirm that the Mehlich 3 calibration is valid under the conditions of this trial. Table 3. Least squares means for harvest data for the Wedgworth 38IJ32N P rate sugarcane trial on organic soil for the plant cane crop in 2014/15. Relative tons sugar/acre (TSA) yields are also included. P Rate lb P 2 O 5 /ac Tons Cane/Acre Tons Sugar/Acre % Sugar Yield Relative TSA Yield a 11.75a 12.49a a 11.76a 12.38a a 12.12a 12.52a a 11.92a 12.30a P>F Within columns, means for each treatment followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey-Cramer at P < Table 4. Least squares means for harvest data for the first ratoon crop of the Wedgworth 38IJ32 phosphorus rate trial on organic soil. Relative tons sugar/acre (TSA) yields are also included. P Rate lb P 2 O 5 /ac Tons Cane/Acre Tons Sugar/Acre % Sugar Yield Relative TSA Yield a 8.85a 12.42a a 8.95a 12.30a a 9.19a 12.12a a 8.87a 12.09a P>F Within columns, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey-Kramer at P<

29 Online Training Modules on Soil Phosphorus Control Strategies in Florida Vimala Nair The online training module on Soil Phosphorus Control Strategies in Florida for the FDACSsupported project is now complete. An outline of the various modules is as follows: 1. Conventional Techniques for Evaluating Phosphorus Storage and Release from Soils, e.g., water soluble P, soil test P, total P, isotherm parameters, fractionation procedures. 2. How Florida Soils Interact with Phosphorus (Florida soils distribution and morphology as related to P storage in soils) 3. Use of Conventional Techniques for Evaluating Phosphorus in Soils 4. Recent Developments in Techniques for Evaluating Phosphorus Storage and Release from Soils (PSR and SPSC concepts) 5. Phosphorus Application and Water Quality (legacy P, wetland soils, edge-of-field monitoring) 6. Applications of the PSR and SPSC Concepts for Managing Soils on a Site-specific Basis. Each module with five lectures of approximately 15-minute duration have been completed. The course, Phosphorus in Florida Watersheds: Science and Applications is available at: 29

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