ON FARM UTILIZATION OF SOLID MANURE:DIFFERENCES IN

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1 ON FARM UTILIZATION OF SOLID MANURE:DIFFERENCES IN PLANT SPECIES NUMBER AND DRY MATER YIELD OF SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FERTILIZED WITH MINERAL FERTILIZER AND SOLID MANURE Faculty of Agriculture, UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB Improving Nitrogen Efficiency on Dairy Farms Improving efficiency at Farm scale REDNEX, Zagreb,

2 GRASSLAND RESEARCH CENTRE

3 STAJA Education and research Research activities: different grazing systems, sward reaction on different management, grass/clover persistency, in vitro/in vivo forage analysis, chemical analysis of forage (NIR spectroscopy), forage conservation, energy crops Barn capacity 40 productive heads (around 80 animals), 20 sheep Cow-calf system Annual manure production up to 900 m 3

4 NATURA 2000 IN CROATIA New rules but also opportunities in livestock production! Ecological network of protected areas in European Union (Croatia almost 40% of the territory!)

5 AGRICULTURE AS A TOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

6 ± ± pregon 23 Legenda prisutnost zaštićenih svojta metara strogo zaštićene zaštićene pregon Endangered and protected plant species metara

7 EXPERIMENTAL SITE Grassland Research Centre Faculty of agriculture 650 m above sea level Ass. Arrenatheretum medioeuropeum <-> Ass. Lolio- Cynosuretum

8 LONG TERM EXPERIMENT Experiment set 2002 Random block design 10 fertilization treatments 4 repetitions 40 plots mowed 3 times per year Measurement of dry matter (DM) yield Botanical composition (late May)

9 FERTILIZATION INTENSITY solid manure SM N= 0,5 % P = 0,3% K = 0,7% DM = 20% Treatment code fertilizer type&amount application time application frequency intensity 5 SM 30 t ha -1 spring every 3rd year 1 7 SM 30 t ha-1 autumn every 3rd year 2 6 SM 50 t ha-1 spring every 3rd year 3 8 SM 50 t ha-1 autumn every 3rd year 4 1 SM 30 t ha-1 spring every year 5 nitrogen based mineral fertilizer KAN 600 kg ha -1 Nitrogen:Phosporus:Potassium (8:26:26)mineral fertilizer NPK 500 kg ha -1 3 SM 30 t ha-1 autumn every year 6 2 SM 50 t ha-1 spring every year 7 4 SM 50 t ha-1 autumn every year 8 9 KAN(3/3)+NPK spring every year 9 10 KAN(3/3)+NPK autumn every year 10

10 - -Plots were harvested 3 times a year at specific grass development stage ( boot stage ) -Optimal forage nutritivechacteristics (DMyield, protein, ADF:NDF fibre ratio) boot stage Edward B. Rayburn, Ph.D West Virginia University Extension Forage Agronomist December 1993

11 RESULTS Expected, strong positive correlation between FI and DM yield 12,00 10,00 DM yield t ha^-1 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00 y = 0,2136x + 5,8088 R 2 = 0, fertilization intensity

12 35 Medium negative correlation between fertilization density and number of species 49 species recorded (20 30 per plot) 30 number of species y = -0,3788x + 25,733 R 2 = 0, fertilization intensity

13 Determinated plant species listed by relative cover index and abundancy 1 Poa pratensis 2 Trifolium repens 3 Arrhenatherum elatius 4 Dactylis glomerata 5 Achillea millefolium 6 Poa trivialis 7 Veronica chamaerdrys 8 Ranunculus bulbosus 9 Centaurea jacea 10 Holcus lanatus 11 Festuca rubra 12 Lolium perenne 13 Galium mollugo 14 Trisetum flavescens 15 Alopecurus pratensis 16 Taraxacum officinale 17 Trifolium pratense 18 Cerastium caespitosum 19 Festuca arundinacea 20 Stellaria graminea 21 Plantago lanceolata 22 Ranunculus acris 23 Bellis perennis 24 Veronica serpyllifolia 25 Convolvulus arvensis 26 Rumex acetosella 27 Stenactis annua 28 Hypericum perforatum 29 Agrostis capillaris 30 Rumex obtusifolius 31 Festuca pratensis 32 Avena pubescens 33 Phleum pratense 34 Rumex acetosa 35 Veronica officinalis 36 Anthoxanthum odoratum 37 Stellaria media 38 Lolium multiflorum 39 Leuchanthemum praecox 40 Potentilla reptans 41 Rumex crispus 42 Ajuga reptans 43 Mentha pulegium 44 Pastinaca sativa 45 Cruciata laevipes 46 Cirsium lanceolatum 47 Medicago lupulina 48 Sisymbrium officinale 49 Vicia sepium

14 12,00 10,00 yield t ha^-1 DM 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 y = -0,1748x + 11,118 R 2 = 0,1188 0, number of species Medium negative correlation between number of species and DM yield Extrapolation says that in monoculture DM yield could be close to 11 t ha^-1???

15 Higher fertilization intensity promotes species with higher and faster capacity of nutrient utilization which are folowed by higher DM yield Medium correlation coefficients are a probable outcome of interspecies relationships, microbial activity and nutrient circulations in soil

16 CONCLUSION AND SOLUTION Higher fertilization intensity on semi-natural grassland which is managed in a manner of optimal grass forage production is positively correlated to the grassland dry matter yield and negatively to the number of species. Solid manure application on grasslands can reach productivity simmilar as fertilized with mineral fertilizers (organic production!)

17 ± Segregation of High Nature Value sites and sites with high productivity in order of protection of nature and economic justification of the production kg N ha kg N ha-1 23 pregon metara 90 kg N ha-1

18 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Das große Rasenstück (1503) Albrecht Dürer