Vegetable Gardening and Season Extension

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1 Vegetable Gardening and Season Extension Vern Grubinger

2 Overview Introduction Soil Health: fertilizers, cover crops, compost Pest Management: insects, diseases, weeds Season Extension: transplants, mulch, covers Resources

3 my gardens: intensive vs. extensive

4 working with what I have

5

6

7 at the office: youth agriculture project

8 and cover crop demonstrations

9 in the field: commercial growers

10 soil health is a key to success

11 Three Aspects of Soil Health Soil Health Chemical Biological Physical

12 Standard soil tests measure chemical health

13 Soil biology is important but mostly invisible

14 Soil physical condition is important

15 permanent beds on compact or thin soils

16 many benefits and many sources of OM: manure, compost, cover crops, residues

17 organic matter: living, dead, or very dead fuel for soil microbes and their benefits

18 compost if a little is good, is a lot better?

19 Cover crops make sense in the garden, too. Winter rye is reliable but can be hard to kill.

20 Oats are easy; sow Aug - Sept

21 October 31, 2010

22 buckwheat is a good summer cover crop

23 grow legume cover crops for Nitrogen

24 Canada field pea spring crop

25 not enough nitrogen (N)

26 not enough phosphorus (P)

27 not enough potassium (K)

28 not enough magnesium

29 Common Organic Fertilizers N: dried blood, Chilean nitrate*, seed meals (alfalfa, soy, peanut) P: rock phos., bone meal, bone char K: potassium sulfate, sul-po-mag, greensand, wood ash Ca: lime, gypsum Mg: lime, sul-po-mag, epsom salts Blends: pelletized poultry manure, etc. Micros: borax, chelates, sulfates

30 Compost ~ (plus micros)

31 50# bag has 2 lb N, 1.5 lb P &K

32 soy meal 7-1-2

33 no P or K

34

35 Conventional N fertilizers Ammonium nitrate Urea Ammonium sulfate

36 Sul-Po-Mag % Mg mined mineral, source of K and Mg If no Mg is needed, use potassium sulfate epsom salts for Mg if K, lime not needed

37 soil health questions? See: Managing Garden Soil Fertility on UVM Ag Testing Lab home page

38 pest management insects diseases weeds wildlife

39 IPM Prevention (based on lifecycle) Monitor / scout for pest Apply least toxic control (or not )

40 pest prevention crop rotation sanitation / exclusion cultural practices tolerant / resistant crops or varieties

41 crop rotation by families primarily

42 garden rotation over time, not just space 2009

43 from perennial to annual crops; from some families of crops to others 2010

44 plus cover crops in strips over winter

45 prompt clean-up shortens rotation cycle

46 pest-specific scouting and monitoring

47 CPB

48

49 TPB

50

51 PLH hopperburn

52 crucifer flea beatle

53 green peach aphids

54 purchased beneficial insects

55 beneficial insects are abundant

56 insect control strategies exclude with a barrier trap with lure or crop confuse deter / kill (insecticide)

57 row covers flea beetle, etc.

58 straw mulch for potato beetle

59 kaolin clay for cuke beetle

60 zea-later (Johnny s) for corn ear worm

61 Take a break

62 Weeds: perennials (quackgrass)

63 Weeds: annuals (hairy galinsoga)

64 weed control strategies suppress with a barrier hoe or cultivate deny resources kill with flame or herbicide

65 mulches affect weeds, temperature moisture

66 drip irrigation has many advantages

67 even old time tools have been improved

68 diseases

69 sun scald (abiotic disease)

70 blossom end rot

71 viruses

72 root disease Phytophthora

73 leaf disease powdery mildew

74 post harvest disease Rhizoctonia

75 late blight

76 disease control strategies avoid environments that promote avoid susceptible hosts deter / kill with fungicide / bactericide

77 mulches minimize soil splash stake & prune for air movement

78 raised beds on heavy soils

79 remove dead canes & inoculum promote good air flow

80 wildlife control strategies deterrents/repellents: hair, dogs, soap exclusion: fencing, netting trapping or killing

81

82

83

84

85

86 problem ID = detective work symptoms? holes, spots, wilt, etc. (close examination / low magnification) distribution on plant and in field soil conditions OK? environmental event? roots healthy?

87 season extension

88 why season extension? extend frost-free growing period speed up plant growth protect from weather = improve quality

89 season extension techniques greenhouse high tunnel low tunnel cold frame row cover plastic mulch transplants

90 season extension in a greenhouse

91 high tunnels low tunnels caterpillar tunnels

92 row covers: promote growth, exclude pests

93 floating row cover

94 winter growing

95 cold frames

96 hot frames

97 many types of plastic mulch

98 IRT mulch: between clear and black

99 black plastic warms soil by contact

100 transplants extend the season

101 many other benefits of transplants

102

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