Vegetable Gardening and Season Extension
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1 Vegetable Gardening and Season Extension Vern Grubinger
2 Overview Introduction Soil Health: fertilizers, cover crops, compost Pest Management: insects, diseases, weeds Season Extension: transplants, mulch, covers Resources
3 my gardens: intensive vs. extensive
4 working with what I have
5
6
7 at the office: youth agriculture project
8 and cover crop demonstrations
9 in the field: commercial growers
10 soil health is a key to success
11 Three Aspects of Soil Health Soil Health Chemical Biological Physical
12 Standard soil tests measure chemical health
13 Soil biology is important but mostly invisible
14 Soil physical condition is important
15 permanent beds on compact or thin soils
16 many benefits and many sources of OM: manure, compost, cover crops, residues
17 organic matter: living, dead, or very dead fuel for soil microbes and their benefits
18 compost if a little is good, is a lot better?
19 Cover crops make sense in the garden, too. Winter rye is reliable but can be hard to kill.
20 Oats are easy; sow Aug - Sept
21 October 31, 2010
22 buckwheat is a good summer cover crop
23 grow legume cover crops for Nitrogen
24 Canada field pea spring crop
25 not enough nitrogen (N)
26 not enough phosphorus (P)
27 not enough potassium (K)
28 not enough magnesium
29 Common Organic Fertilizers N: dried blood, Chilean nitrate*, seed meals (alfalfa, soy, peanut) P: rock phos., bone meal, bone char K: potassium sulfate, sul-po-mag, greensand, wood ash Ca: lime, gypsum Mg: lime, sul-po-mag, epsom salts Blends: pelletized poultry manure, etc. Micros: borax, chelates, sulfates
30 Compost ~ (plus micros)
31 50# bag has 2 lb N, 1.5 lb P &K
32 soy meal 7-1-2
33 no P or K
34
35 Conventional N fertilizers Ammonium nitrate Urea Ammonium sulfate
36 Sul-Po-Mag % Mg mined mineral, source of K and Mg If no Mg is needed, use potassium sulfate epsom salts for Mg if K, lime not needed
37 soil health questions? See: Managing Garden Soil Fertility on UVM Ag Testing Lab home page
38 pest management insects diseases weeds wildlife
39 IPM Prevention (based on lifecycle) Monitor / scout for pest Apply least toxic control (or not )
40 pest prevention crop rotation sanitation / exclusion cultural practices tolerant / resistant crops or varieties
41 crop rotation by families primarily
42 garden rotation over time, not just space 2009
43 from perennial to annual crops; from some families of crops to others 2010
44 plus cover crops in strips over winter
45 prompt clean-up shortens rotation cycle
46 pest-specific scouting and monitoring
47 CPB
48
49 TPB
50
51 PLH hopperburn
52 crucifer flea beatle
53 green peach aphids
54 purchased beneficial insects
55 beneficial insects are abundant
56 insect control strategies exclude with a barrier trap with lure or crop confuse deter / kill (insecticide)
57 row covers flea beetle, etc.
58 straw mulch for potato beetle
59 kaolin clay for cuke beetle
60 zea-later (Johnny s) for corn ear worm
61 Take a break
62 Weeds: perennials (quackgrass)
63 Weeds: annuals (hairy galinsoga)
64 weed control strategies suppress with a barrier hoe or cultivate deny resources kill with flame or herbicide
65 mulches affect weeds, temperature moisture
66 drip irrigation has many advantages
67 even old time tools have been improved
68 diseases
69 sun scald (abiotic disease)
70 blossom end rot
71 viruses
72 root disease Phytophthora
73 leaf disease powdery mildew
74 post harvest disease Rhizoctonia
75 late blight
76 disease control strategies avoid environments that promote avoid susceptible hosts deter / kill with fungicide / bactericide
77 mulches minimize soil splash stake & prune for air movement
78 raised beds on heavy soils
79 remove dead canes & inoculum promote good air flow
80 wildlife control strategies deterrents/repellents: hair, dogs, soap exclusion: fencing, netting trapping or killing
81
82
83
84
85
86 problem ID = detective work symptoms? holes, spots, wilt, etc. (close examination / low magnification) distribution on plant and in field soil conditions OK? environmental event? roots healthy?
87 season extension
88 why season extension? extend frost-free growing period speed up plant growth protect from weather = improve quality
89 season extension techniques greenhouse high tunnel low tunnel cold frame row cover plastic mulch transplants
90 season extension in a greenhouse
91 high tunnels low tunnels caterpillar tunnels
92 row covers: promote growth, exclude pests
93 floating row cover
94 winter growing
95 cold frames
96 hot frames
97 many types of plastic mulch
98 IRT mulch: between clear and black
99 black plastic warms soil by contact
100 transplants extend the season
101 many other benefits of transplants
102
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