Apple Cultivation in Bhutan - Past Trends and Future Potential. Jigme Choden 1 and Shahnawaz 2

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1 Apple Cultivation in Bhutan - Past Trends and Future Potential Jigme Choden 1 and Shahnawaz 2 1 College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Lobesa, Bhutan Correspondence: zigmechodengyeltshen@gmail.com 2 Interfaculty Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Austria. Abstract: Bhutan has an advantage of growing apples in its relatively pristine environment. Apples provide higher economic returns which will help in poverty alleviation of the farmers and achieving food security for themselves. The climatic conditions in the three Dzongkhags in the western Bhutan namely Thimphu, Paro and Haa support apple cultivation. There were 1633 Hectares under apple trees in these Dzongkhags in The physical factors like elevation, slope and aspect as well as land use land cover were considered for identifying the areas suitability for cultivation of apples in these Dzongkhags. The results show that 2452 Hectares in the three Dzongkhags are suitable for further expansion of apple cultivation which is 59% increase over the total area under apple orchards in Thimphu Dzongkhag has the highest potential of expansion and Haa the lowest. Key Words: Apple Cultivation, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Horticulture in Bhutan, Land Use Land Cover, Suitability Analysis. Introduction Horticulture contributes a significant part in the cash crops of Bhutan and plays an important role in food and nutritional security of the farmers (Sharma and Panigrahy, n.d). In the past, fruit production was limited to self-consumption by the farmers due to the constraints imposed by non-availability of transportation facilities and market inaccessibility. The expansion of road network and improvements in the transportation facilities have enhanced the accessibility to market. As a result, the apple growing farmers have received higher returns on their fruit products. The demand of apples is increasing in the market and this has motivated many farmers to plant apple trees. As a result, the area under apple cultivation has increased much faster than the cereal production in Bhutan (Nkonya et al., 2014). Bhutan has potential of producing high quality apples in a clean environment and the apple growing season in Bhutan is different as compared to the neighbouring countries. This provides an opportunity of promoting a brand of Bhutanese fresh apples in otherwise off-season for apples in the surrounding regions and fetch higher economic returns from export. This requires identification of the suitable areas for expanding apple cultivation in Bhutan. However, it requires a field based study and experimentation on testing plots in all the areas which is not feasible due to the lack of time, capital and human resources. Alternatively, Geospatial Information System (GIS) has been used as a cost cutting and effective approach for identification of the areas suitable for apple cultivation in the western Bhutan. Horticulture in Bhutan began in 1960s during the reign of the Father of the Nation, the third King of Bhutan Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. He saw the agro-ecological variations in the Kingdom as a great scope for horticulture development and envisaged that different fruits can be grown at different altitudes and different climatic conditions prevalent in different regions of Bhutan (MoA, 1994 and 1996). That is the time when the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivation 65

2 was first introduced in Bhutan. The initial cultivars of apples were imported from the two apple growing Northern Indian States i.e. Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. The new improved cultivars from Japan were brought to Bhutan only in 1980s (Dorji, n.d; Rai, 2014). About 1,737 Hectares were under 477,787 apple trees in 2011 out of which 378,326 were in fruit bearing stage. This means there are about 275 apples trees per hectare and fruit bearing tress are about 79 percent. The total apple production was 7,374 metric tons with an average yield of 19 kilogrammes per fruit bearing tree (YREP, 2012 p.38). The three Dzongkhags in the western Bhutan i.e. Thimphu, Paro and Haa have emerged as the major apple growing areas and these contribute about 90 percent of total apples production in the country. The main cultivars of apple are red delicious, royal delicious and golden delicious and these account for over 80 percent of the total apple trees in Bhutan (MoA, 1996). The harvesting season starts from August in the lower parts of these Dzongkhags and extends up to October in the higher parts (Dorji, n.d). The major apple export markets of Bhutan are India and Bangladesh (Chhetri, 2009). Apples have emerged as an important cash crop in Bhutan and this has enhanced the food security of the farmers. Food security depends mainly on three factors i.e. food availability, food accessibility and food utilization. The availability and accessibility of food is influenced by the economic conditions of the people. The export of apples has increased the income of the apple growing farmers which in turn has increased their food security. Therefore, the expansion of apple cultivation will not only improve food security of the farmers but also enhance the livelihood and employment opportunities for many others as well as contribute to the national income (Sharma and Panigrahy, n. d.). Study Area The three major apple producing Dzongkhags in Bhutan, i.e. Thimphu, Paro and Haa (Map 1) have been selected as the focus area in this study. The combined geographical area of these Dzongkhags is 5003 km 2 (NSB, 2014) and their population is 1819, 1285 and 1899 persons respectively (OCC, 2006). The study area is situated in the temperate zone and its elevation ranging from 500 to 7500 m. The average daily temperatures vary from 5 0 C in January to 25 0 C in July (MoA, 1994) and this range is considered very suitable for apple cultivation. Thimphu and Paro Dzongkhags have good road network and convenient means of transportation which facilitate easier access to market as well as to other relevant facilities such as research centres, agriculture-related corporations and financial institutions. Map 1. Location of Study area in the Western Bhutan 66

3 Geospatial Data This study is based on 2 types of spatial datasets i.e. Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) of 30 meter ground resolution and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) data of 1994 and All the three datasets have been obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. - ASTER GDEM has been used for deriving the physiographic parameters suitable for apple cultivation in the three Dzongkhags i.e. elevation, slope and aspect. - LULC data has been used to identify the areas under apple cultivation in 1994 and 2010 as well as to cross check if the physiographically suitable areas can be brought under the expansion of apple cultivation or not due to its overlap with other LULC types. Suitability Criteria The criteria used for identifying the suitable physiographic parameters i.e. elevation, slope, and aspect as well as the potential LULC available for expansion of apple cultivation, i.e. Shrub Areas, is given in Table 1. Parameter Suitability Definition Elevation 1800 to 3000 meters Slope 2 to 30 degrees Aspect South Facing Land use land cover Shrub Areas Table 1. Suitability Criteria for Apple Cultivation A very large proportion (i.e. 80%) of the apple varieties grown in Bhutan are royal delicious, red delicious and golden delicious. These varieties require hours of chilling below 7 0 C during winter to break the rest period. These conditions in Bhutan are found between 1800 and 3000 meters amsl. which falls in the temperate zone (Dorji, 1999; Tshering et al., 2011). Slope is a crucial factor influencing the rate of water infiltration and runoff on a soil surface. Although, the flat surface is also considered suitable for apple cultivation (RHS, 2015) but a minimum of 2 degrees slope is considered more suitable for the movement of water (Harbut, n. d.) avoiding water logging. The apple plantation in Bhutan is carried out by carving outward sloping terraces and a maximum of 30 degrees slope was considered suitable for hard effort in creating the terraces as well as for avoiding slope failure in the rainy season. Steeper slopes may be also be used if appropriate land management is practised. Exposure to direct sunrays enhances the incidence of early budding and flowering on the fruit bearing trees. South facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are considered highly suitable for apple cultivation. However, south facing slopes experience temperature fluctuations in winter and possibilities of frost damage. This can be managed with cultivation of late blooming variety to prevent frost damage (Harbut, n. d.). Appropriate consideration of the existing LULC is important for avoiding any overlaps and conflicts with other LULC classes e.g. the area under existing apple orchards cannot be considered as potential area for expansion. On the other side, it is self-explanatory that the built up areas, roads, water bodies, landslides prone areas and other non-built up areas are also not available for expansion of apple cultivation. Although, some area currently under forest could be suitable but forest clearing is not allowed in Bhutan so this area is not available. The only LULC class which could be considered as potentially available for conversion in to apple orchards is the area under shrub cover hence this has been included in the suitability analysis. 67

4 Suitability Analysis The composite analysis of all the factors given in Table 1 has been performed in ESRI ArcGIS by using Model Builder (Fig 1). Figure 1. Data Processing Work Flow in ArcGIS Model Builder The final results were obtained with the help of Weighted Overlay analysis and the weights assigned to various factors are given in Table 2. Parameter Weight / Influence Elevation 20 percent Slope 25 percent Aspect 35 percent Land use land cover 20 percent Table 2. Weights Assigned to Various Factors Results and Discussion Along with the results of this study conducted for identifying the areas suitable for future expansion of apple cultivation, it is worth discussing the past expansion of this horticultural crop in the study areas during the last decades. In 1994, the total area under apple cultivation was only about 363 hectares the largest proportion of which, i.e percent was situated in Thimphu and lowest proportion of about 5 percent was in Haa Dzongkhag (Table 3 and Map 2). As mentioned previously, Thimphu and Paro Dzongkhags have better road network as well as accessibility to market and horticulture extension services which have motivated the farmers to cultivate apples in these Dzongkhags. Dzongkhag Thimphu Paro Haa Total 1994 (A) 2010 (B) Increase from A to B Potential Area (C) B + C (D) (53.19%) (42.32%) (77.02%) (46.70%) (48.50%) (41.92%) (53.49%) (48.02%) (47.14%) (45.69%) (4.89%) (4.19%) (71.42%) (6.16%) (5.81%) (100%) (100%) (61.27%) (100%) (100%) Table 3. Area Under Apple Cultivation (Hectares) Increase from B to C (175.47%) (140.11%) (233.81%) (159.00%) 68

5 Map 2. Apple Growing Area 1994 Map 3. Apple Growing Area 2010 Map 4. Potential Apple Growing Area 69

6 There was an increase of about 431 hectares (i.e. 61.2%) in the total area under apple cultivation in Bhutan from about 682 Hectares in 1994 to about 1134 Hectares in 2010 (Table 3). The highest increase of about 304 Hectares was recorded in Paro Dzongkhag and lowest increase of Hectares in Haa Dzongkhag (Table 3 and Map 3). It may be mentioned that Haa is a relatively remote Dzongkhag and the transportation facilities are not so convenient and efficient as these are in the other two Dzongkhags. The weighted overlay analysis was performed according to the criteria given in the Table 1 and Table 2. The results show that the potential area for further expanding apple cultivation in the selected three Dzongkhags of the western Bhutan is about 1770 Hectares which means an increase of 159 percent in the area under apple trees in 2010 (Table 3 and Map 4). The largest share of the potential area, i.e. about 834 Hectares, is situated in Paro Dzongkhag followed by Thimphu, i.e. about 827 Hectares, and Haa has only about 119 Hectares. If apple cultivation is expanded on all the suitable areas, the apple growing areas in Thimphu will increase by about 175 percent, in Paro about 140 percent and in Haa about 234 percent. Paro and Thimphu Dzongkhags will remain the major and Haa a minor apple producing area in the western Bhutan. Bhutan 1. Total Area under Apple Trees (Hectares) Total Number of Apple Trees Average Number of Apple Trees per Hectare Total Number of Fruit Bearing Apple Trees Percentage of Fruit Bearing Trees to Total Apple Trees Total Apple Production (Metric Tons) Apple yield per Fruit Bearing Tree (Kilograms) Study Area 8. Potential Area Suitable for Apple Cultivation (Hectare) Potential Number of Apple Trees Potential Number of Fruit Bearing Apple Trees Potential Annual Apple Production (Metric Tons) 7326 Table 4. Apple Trees: Area, Number and Production (based on the data reported by YREP, 2012) The calculation given in Table 4 suggest that if apple trees are planted on all the areas potentially suitable for apple cultivation, the three Dzongkhags of the western Bhutan i.e. Thimphu, Paro and Haa will add about 7326 metric tons of apples to total apple production in Bhutan. It is understandable that this huge amount can be produced only by the involvement of a large number of farmers and their economic returns from this cash crop will increase significantly. Conclusions and Recommendations Apple cultivation in the three Dzongkhags of the western Bhutan has been increasing considerably since On the one side, improvements in the road network and transportation facilities have facilitated access to the market places and, on the other side, closer location of the horticulture promoting and research facilities have motivated the farmers to grow apple trees along with some other fruit trees. There is a tremendous potential of further expansion of apple cultiva- 70

7 tion in the study area and this process will require involvement of a large number of farmers as well as provide direct and indirect employment opportunities to many others. The economically productive conversion of otherwise non-productive shrub areas will encourage the rural youth to take up horticulture as a lucrative commercial activity and control rural-urban migration. The higher economic returns from this cash crop will enhance the purchasing power of the farmers and ensure food security to a significant level. Increased economic status will also improve the living standards of the rural people to a certain extent. The LULC data used for suitability analysis of apple cultivation dates back to Although big LULC changes in the rural areas of Bhutan are very rare but some changes during the last 5 years are certainly expected. It is recommended that recent LULC data should be used for obtaining more precise results. The outcomes of a GIS based analysis should be cross validated through a field work for identification of the priority areas within the total area suitable for apple cultivation before planning any on-ground implementation project. Acknowledgements The authors express their thankfulness to the Austrian Development Cooperation office, Thimphu, Bhutan and Commission for Development Research, Austria for co-funding the organisation of the conference on Climate Change, Environment and Development in Bhutan. The credit of organising organising the conference and publishing this volume goes to the joint efforts of Centre for Rural Development Studies at the College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan and Interfaculty Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Austria. References Backes, M., Blanke, M. M. (2005). Applications of GIS in modern orchard management systems. In. Proceeding of the 10th Scandinavian Research Conference on Geographical Information Sciences. Stockholm, Schweden 2005, S Chhetri, P. (2009). Apple season begins on high hope. Retrieved September 3, 2014, from Bhutan Observer. <http.//bhutanobserver.bt/1733-bo-news-about-apple_season_begins_on_high_hope.aspx>. Accesses 31 July Dorji, P. (1999). Deciduous Fruit Production in Bhutan. In Deciduous Fruit Production in Asia and the Pacific, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Regional office for the Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, (ed) Minas K. Papamidemetriou and Edward M. Herath. pp GNHC (2011). Haa Dzongkhag. Mid-Term Review of Tenth Five Year Plan. Gross National Happiness Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan. Harbut, R. (no date). Orchard Site Selection. < http.//fruit.wisc.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2011/05/orchard-site-selection.pdf>. Accessed 31 July IFR (no date). Apple Facts. Institute of Food Research. < Accessed 31 July MoAF (1994). Masterplan for Horticulture Development, Program Framework. Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan. MoAF (1996). Research Strategies and Plans for Horticulture Research. Ministry of Agriculture, Royal government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan. MoAF (2011). Bhutan Land Cover Assessment Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan. MoEA (2011). Dzongkhag wise Inventory of Resources - Bhutan. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Royal government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan. Nkonya, E., Srinivasan, R., Anderson, W., Kato, E. (2014). Assessing the Economic Benefits of Sustainable Land Management Practices in Bhutan. Environment Production and Technology Division. OCC (2006). Results of Population & Housing Census of Bhutan Office of the Census Commissioner, Royal Government of Bhutan Thimphu, Royal Horticulture Society (no date). Apples. < Accessed 15 June

8 Sharma, A., Panigrahy, S. (no date). Apple Orchard Characterization using Remote Sensing and GIS in Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh. State Council for Science, Technology & Environment, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. <http.//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi= &rep=rep1&type=pdf>. Accessed 31 July Tshering, Boonprakob, U., Sangkhasila, K. (2011). Fertilizer practices affecting soil nutrient status of Apple orchards in Bhutan. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science), 45(5), pp Wangdi, Jigme (ed) (2011). Research Communication. RNR-RC, Yusipang Yusipang Annual Report, July 2009 to June 2010.Renewable Natural Resources Research and Development Centre Yusipang, Department of Forest and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests. YREP 2011/01. YREP (2012). Yusipang Annual Report YREP-2012/1. Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan. 72

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