Issues in Infrastructure for Export of Rice from India

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1 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AHMEDABAD INDIA Issues in Infrastructure for Export of Rice from India G. Raghuram V. N. Asopa July 2008 The main objective of the working paper series of the IIMA is to help faculty members, research staff and doctoral students to speedily share their research findings with professional colleagues and test their research findings at the pre-publication stage. IIMA is committed to maintain academic freedom. The opinion(s), view(s) and conclusion(s) expressed in the working paper are those of the authors and not that of IIMA. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AHMEDABAD INDIA

2 Issues in Infrastructure for Export of Rice from India G. Raghuram V. N. Asopa Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad Abstract Rice is exported in two varieties, basmati (aromatic) and non-basmati. The basmati rice exports are in three categories: white, brown and parboiled. India earned Rs 18.4 billion in from exports of basmati rice and non-basmati rice contributed Rs 13.3 billion for the same period. This paper focuses on promoting rice exports, for which infrastructural and policy requirements are discussed. Basmati 1. Disseminating information to farmers on export potential and price trends 2. Encouraging advanced irrigation facilities 3. Facilitating technology advancement regarding efficient harvest of basmati rice, control of insects, pests and diseases 4. Enhancing quality milling capacities to improve the yield per ton 5. Providing stable power supply to reduce the utilization of generators, making milling process cost effective in the long run 6. Promoting Indian basmati rice brand in the international market Non-basmati 1. Mandating open mandi procurement rather than FCI canalized procurement by exporters 2. Improving storage facilities 3. Proactively making provisions for wagon availability during peak movement 4. Improving the efficiency of supply chain through special purpose agri jetties in ports like Kandla and Mundra on the west coast, and Paradip and Vishakhapatnam on the east coast to reduce ship turnaround time Page No. 2

3 Rice Exports Part 0: Executive Summary Part I: Market and Supply Scenario Part II: Supply Chain and Infrastructure Part III: Customer and Competitor Countries Part IV: Conclusion Part V: References Part VI: Appendices Page No. 3

4 Executive Summary 1 Rice is exported by India in two varieties, basmati (aromatic) and non-basmati. To promote exports, the following infrastructural and governmental support needs to happen. Basmati Government should promote the Indian basmati rice brand in the international market. Even without additional promotion, we can sell more basmati rice if supply were available The two most important features of basmati Rice are that it is long grained and it has a gentle aroma. Basmati is sold in three forms, parboiled, brown (after dehusking) and white (after dehusking and milling). If it is parboiled, then some of the aroma is lost. Even then, Saudi Arabia uses parboiled basmati rice because it prefers to have rice mixed with meat (like Biriyani) for which, parboiled rice helps in the complete cooking of both the ingredients. Milling capacity is no problem, but power breakdown is a problem in milling. The basmati rice producers use generators, but this is expensive in the long run. The farmers switch between basmati rice and non-basmati rice. Non-basmati is preferred over basmati since the yield in basmati rice production is low as compared to non-basmati rice because of (i) lack of technology advancement regarding efficient harvest of basmati rice and control of insects, pests and diseases, (ii) lack of irrigation facilities, and (iii) lack of access to information on basmati rice export potential and price trends. More research and development is required for basmati. Contract farming should be encouraged. The concept of agri export zones which the government has initiated in the northern states is a step in the right direction. This also would enable bypassing the Mandi and thus avoiding extra logistics and tax based costs. Non-basmati Govt. release/open Procurement: The open mandi procurement rather than the FCI canalised procurement by exporters should be facilitated to incentivise the exporters to have long term stakes in the business of non-basmati rice exports, which has significant growth potential. The earlier policy of releasing stocks only from the buffer when there is surplus does not lend itself to brand building and sustained exports. Quality Milling: Quality milling capacity is an issue, to avoid high percentage of broken rice. Storage: Storage facilities have to be improved significantly. Controlled atmosphere storage like in Japan should be adopted in India. Japan can preserve rice under controlled condition for seven years without any degradation. 1 We are indebted to innumerable organisations that supported our efforts in the rice exports study. We also thank IDFC for sponsoring this study. At IIMA, we would like to acknowledge the research assistance provided by Puja Shankar, Deepa Kheskani, Swati Gupta, Chaitali Mukherjee and Ameesh Dave. Deepa deserves special mention for being with the project for a large part of its tenure and the administrative assistance provided. Page No. 4

5 Transportation: Railway is a major constraint as wagons are not available for peak movement. Ports: It would be essential to think of special purpose agri jetties in ports like Kandla and Mundra on the west coast, and Vishakhapatnam and Paradip on the east coach to reduce ship turnaround times and improve the supply chain efficiency. Page No. 5

6 Part I Market and Supply Scenario Page No. 6

7 Rice Exports 1. Rice exports constituted 1.5% and 2.3% of the total Indian exports during and respectively (Exhibit 1.1). The share of rice exports to total exports has gradually declined from 4.3% to 2.3% since to Similarly, as a share of agricultural exports, rice exports have reduced from 22.3% to 19% during the same period. 2. The unit value of rice in India has fluctuated from Rs per kg in to Rs per kg in (Exhibit 1.2). 3. In terms of the major markets for India, Saudi Arabia accounted for 39% of the total export value in , followed by Nigeria at 8.7%, South Africa at 7.5% and Kuwait at 6.8% (Exhibit 1.3). In terms of quantity also, Saudi Arabia was the largest country with 26.4% in , followed by South Africa at 14.4%, Nigeria at 13.7%, and then Indonesia at 6.4%. 4. The rice yield per hectare (ha) has increased overall from to from 1123 kg/ha to 1913 kg/ha, although there is fall in the figure between the years to and to (Exhibit 1.4). The total area for production of rice has marginally increased from 40.2 million ha in to 44.4 million ha in (Exhibit 1.5). The total rice production in India was around 84.9 million tons (mt) in , 93.1 mt in and 77.7 mt in Due to the drop in production in (largely due to the weather), buffer stocks would be used to provide for production. 5. The state wise rice production in India is given in (Exhibit 1.6). In , Andhra Pradesh had the highest share of production (12.46 mt), followed by West Bengal (12.43 mt), Uttar Pradesh (11.54 mt), Punjab (9.15 mt), and Tamil Nadu (7.22 mt). West Bengal just lost its earlier consistent place at the top. 6. The total world rice production in is expected to be 390 mt (Exhibit 1.7). Among the top rice producing countries in , China is expected to be the highest with 118 mt in , followed by India at 90 mt, Indonesia at 33 mt, and Bangladesh at 26 mt. The paddy production for the year was estimated at mt, with China producing the maximum of mt, which was almost 33.4 percent of the produce (Exhibit 1.8). This paddy amounted to a world rice yield of 409 mt in (Exhibit 1.7). 7. Among the rice consuming countries, China is expected to be at the top with consumption of 135 mt, followed by India at 85 mt, Indonesia at 37 mt and Bangladesh at 26 mt in (Exhibit 1.9). The total world rice consumption has risen from 387 mt in to 409 mt in and is expected to be 412 mt in The largest exporters of rice were Thailand with 7.75 mt in 2003, followed by India and Vietnam at 4 mt each, and then US at 3.7 mt. The total world exports stood at mt in 2003 (Exhibit 1.10). In 2000, Thailand had a value market share of 25%, followed by US at 12.7%, and Vietnam at 10.2%. India stood fourth with 9.9% market share (Exhibit 1.11). 9. The largest importers were Indonesia at 3.5 mt in 2003, followed by Nigeria at 1.25 mt, Philippines at 1.2 mt and Iraq at 1.1 mt. Brazil and Bangladesh were next, each with 1 mt of rice imports (Exhibit 1.12). In 2000 European Union had a value market share of 16.8%, followed by Saudi Arabia at 5.6%, Iraq at 5.5%, Iran at 4.5% and Indonesia at 4.27% (Exhibit 1.13). Page No. 7

8 10. Production and productivity details of the world s top ten rice importers and exporters are given in Exhibits 1.14 and 1.15 respectively. 11. We examine India s position in the Saudi Arabia and USA markets which hold the first and sixth positions in value wise importance to India in In terms of quantity, while Saudi Arabia held the first position, the position of USA was tenth in (Exhibit 1.3). In 2002, the largest exporter to Saudi Arabia by quantity was India (71.6%). This was followed by USA (11.2%), Pakistan (7.7%), and Thailand (7.1%) (Exhibit 1.16). In 2001, the largest exporter to USA by quantity was Thailand (71.5%). This was followed by Australia (12%), India (10.96%), Pakistan (2.3%), and Canada (1.1%) (Exhibit 1.17). 12. Indica was the most extensively traded variety of rice, which contributed to the lion s share of 80% of the worldwide trade. This was followed by Japonica (12%) and aromatic varieties like Basmati (10%) (Exhibit 1.18). 13. The value share of basmati rice with respect to total rice exports for India has fallen from 73.6% in to 58.1% in The figure has been fluctuating over the decade. The value share of basmati rice with respect to total agricultural exports was 6.6% and to total exports was 0.9% in (Exhibit 1.19). 14. Indian basmati is well accepted in the Middle East, which constituted about 77% of our basmati exports in quantity in Saudi Arabia constituted 57.46% of the total value share, followed by UK (10.64%), Kuwait (10.49%), USA (5.14%) and UAE (2.71%) in (Exhibit 1.20). 15. The quantity wise market share between India and Pakistan for the years and are given in Exhibit 1.21 and Exhibit 1.22 respectively. In terms of quantity market share, while we had 89.86% for Saudi Arabia, 78% in Kuwait, we had only 6.87% in UAE in The UAE market is very price sensitive, where Pakistan has an advantage. India s quantity market share was 69% for both UK and USA. In terms of continent wise market share shift between and with respect to Pakistan, India has gained in North America, and Australia/South Africa/New Zealand, but has lost in East Asia. 16. The quantity wise market share of basmati rice exports between India and Pakistan was 55:45 in the year (Exhibit 1.23). 17. India earned Rs 17.8 billion in from the exports of basmati rice. Saudi Arabia accounted for 60% of the value share (Exhibit 1.24). India produces about 1.3 mt of basmati. About half of India s production (about 0.65 mt) is exported. Pakistan produces 0.75 mt of which 0.55 mt is exported. 18. There is potential for a higher per capita consumption of basmati rice in the countries that India is exporting to as well as the other countries. The main bottlenecks to increased exports of basmati are a) Need for greater awareness and usage of the product b) Domestic prices, which sometimes offer higher margins than exports c) Production constraints, when farmers sometimes switch to non-basmati rice, which, due to its higher yields, matches the contribution per hectare 19. Basmati rice is distinguished by the characteristics of aroma, grain length and cooking qualities. Traditionally, this variety has been grown in the Sub-Himalayan Indo-Gangetic Plains. Attempts to grow such a variety in other parts of the world, especially the US, have not been successful, especially in the distinctive aroma, which is now accepted as being the function of the agro-climatic conditions of this region, and hence not replicable. Also, the term basmati ( that which has aroma ), which one of the aromatic rice variety developers in the US tried to patent has now been recognised and protected (by WTO) as valid only for such rice grown in this region from India and Pakistan. Page No. 8

9 20. Types of basmati rice exports: The exports are in three categories: parboiled, brown rice and white rice. Parboiled rice is primarily exported to Saudi Arabia, and brown rice to Europe. The cooking qualities of parboiled rice enable better combination cooking (for example with meat) and hence is a favourite in Saudi Arabia. (However, there is a reduction in the aroma. Consequently, there is potential for substitution by newly developed high-end aromatic varieties of non-basmati rice). Europe imports brown rice in order to protect its milling capacity. This is ensured through a duty structure which charges 450 Euros per ton for white rice and 14 Euros for brown rice. 21. Yield from paddy to basmati rice: 100 tons of paddy produce an effective 82 tons of white rice. Seven tons are lost as husk, eight tons as bran and three tons as moisture. Upto another 10% is lost during sorting, to get uniform length and colour. For example, one of the exporting companies procured about 60,000 tons of paddy, from which it produced and exported 12,000 tons of parboiled rice, 6,000 tons of brown rice, and 18,000 tons of white rice. 20,000 tons of paddy were used to get the 12,000 tons of parboiled rice (losses due to husk, bran, moisture and brokens). 9,000 tons were used to get 6,000 tons of brown rice (losses due to husk, moisture and brokens). 30,000 tons were used to get 18,000 tons of white rice (losses due to husk, bran, moisture and brokens). The above yields are also similar for non-basmati rice. 22. Basmati prices: The typical C&F price for white rice is US$ 900 to 1,000 per ton, parboiled is US$ 800 per ton and brown rice is US$ 750 per ton. Thus, the range is between Rs 35,000 to Rs 47,000 per ton. Interestingly, the domestic ex-factory price of basmati is higher at an average of Rs 50,000 per ton. The mandi price is typically in the range of Rs 14,000 to Rs 23,000 per ton with an average procurement price of Rs 19,000 for an exporter. Prices from Pakistan are less expensive due to a more favourable exchange rate and lower taxation. 23. In the context of basmati, contract farming is being encouraged by the government through the idea of agri export zones. This has a twin objective of ensuring reliability of supply for exports and avoiding the mandi-based procurement route. 24. In , India exported more than twice the quantity of non-basmati rice compared to basmati rice. In terms of value, basmati rice exports was about 1.4 times non-basmati rice exports. The performance of non-basmati rice was a significant improvement over the previous year, though less than the peaks of and (Exhibit 1.25) 25. As to value wise export of non-basmati rice from India in , Nigeria constituted 20.8% of the total share, followed by South Africa (17.8%), Saudi Arabia (14%) and Indonesia (7.2%). However, Kuwait, the second largest market for Basmati rice had a share of only 0.9% for nonbasmati rice (Exhibit 1.26). 26. India earned Rs 13.5 billion in from the exports of non-basmati rice. Bangladesh accounted for 26.9% of the value share, followed by Saudi Arabia at 15.7%. (Exhibit 1.27) 27. While there is potential for non-basmati rice exports, the government policy regarding release of stocks vis-à-vis buffer stocks and the subsidies do not provide for a steady and sustainable effort. The commitment to this needs to be sorted out at the policy level, after which, the infrastructure would become an issue. Key concerns are a) Procurement from FCI b) Hinterland transportation to ports c) Handling at ports Page No. 9

10 Year Exhibit 1.1 Share of Rice Exports to Total Exports of India Rice Exports Agri Exports Total Exports Share of Rice Exports to Agri Exports Share of Rice Exports to Total Exports (Rs billion) (Rs billion) (Rs billion) (%) (%) (P) (P) (P) (P) Provisional Source: APEDA. Export Statistics for Agro and Food Products ( and Year Exhibit 1.2 Variation in Rice Exports in India Unit Rice Exports Variation Unit Value Absolute (%) (Rs per kg) Q (tons) V (Rs billion) Q (tons) V (Rs billion) Q (tons) V (Rs billion) Q (tons) V (Rs billion) Q (tons) V (Rs billion) Q (tons) V (Rs billion) Q (tons) V (Rs billion) Q (tons) V (Rs billion) Source: APEDA. Export Statistics for Agro and Food Products ( Page No. 10

11 Exhibit 1.3 Major Markets for Indian Exports of Rice Country Unit Absolute (%) Absolute (%) Absolute (%) Absolute (%) Absolute (%) Saudi Arabia Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Nigeria Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg South Africa Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Kuwait Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg UK Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg USA Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Indonesia Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg UAE Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Bangladesh Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Malaysia Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Yemen Arab Republic Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Singapore Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Sri Lanka Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Other Countries Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Total Q ('000 tons) V (Rs billion) Unit Value Rs/Kg Source: APEDA. Export Statistics for Agro and Food Products ( and Page No. 11

12 Exhibit 1.4 All India Area and Yield of Rice Year Area (million ha) Rice Yield (Kg/ha) Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics Exhibit 1.5 Rice Production in India Year Production Area Yield Coverage Under Irrigation (million tons) (million ha) (Kg/ha) (%) Source: 1. CMIE Statistics. December ( ) 2. Federal ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India ( Page No. 12

13 Exhibit 1.6 State West Bengal Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh State Wise Rice Production in India Punjab Tamil Nadu Bihar Orissa Assam Karnat aka (million tons) Harya All-India na Others Source: CMIE Statistics Agriculture, December 2002 Country Exhibit 1.7 World Rice Production (million tons) Sep 11-Sep China India Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam Thailand Burma Philippines Japan Brazil United States South Korea Egypt Pakistan EU Taiwan Australia Other Countries World Total Source: USDA Exhibit 1.8 Paddy Production for the Year Sr. Top Producing Countries Paddy Production No (million tons) (%) 1. China India Indonesia Vietnam Bangladesh Others Total Source: Mbabaali, S Page No. 13

14 Country Exhibit 1.9 World Rice Consumption (million tons) Sep 11-Sep China India Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam Burma Thailand Philippines Japan Brazil Korea, South United States Egypt Iran EU Korea, North Taiwan South Africa Other Countries World Total Source: USDA Exhibit 1.10 International Trade in Rice (Quantity) by Principal Exporters Country Absolute (%) (million tons) (12 Aug) (12-Aug) Thailand India United States Vietnam China Pakistan Burma Uruguay Egypt NA NA NA NA Australia EU Argentina Guyana Other Countries World Exports World Exports (US$ million) World Exports (US$/ton) World Exports (US$/kg) Source: USDA Page No. 14

15 Exhibit 1.11 International Trade in Rice (Value) by Principal Exporters (US$ million FOB) Year Thailand USA Vietnam India China (including Taiwan and Hong Kong) Pakistan Italy Australia Uruguay Egypt Argentina Other Countries World Exports Source: FAO database ( Exhibit 1.12 International Trade in Rice (Quantity) by Principal Importers (%) (million tons) Country Absolute (%) (12 Aug) (12 Aug) Indonesia Nigeria Philippines Iraq Iran EU Saudi Arabia Senegal South Africa Cote d'ivoire N Korea Japan Brazil Cuba Mexico Malaysia USA Russia Eastern Europe Singapore Ghana Turkey Bangladesh China Other Countries Unaccounted World Imports World Imports (US$ million) World Imports (US$/ton) World Imports (US$/kg) Source: USDA Page No. 15

16 Exhibit 1.13 International Trade in Rice (Value) by Principal Importers Iran (US$ million CIF) Year EU Saudi Arabia Iraq Iran Indonesia Japan Nigeria Syria USA Malaysia UAE Brazil South Africa Philippines Singapore Bangladesh China Canada Korea - DPR Turkey Mexico Cuba Other Countries World Imports Source: APEDA. Export Statistics for Agro and Food Products ( and Exhibit 1.14 World's Top Ten Rice Importers Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Saudi Arabia Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Brazil Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) (%) Page No. 16

17 Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Senegal Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Indonesia Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Iraq Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Malaysia Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Republic of South Africa Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Nigeria Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Japan Area Harvested ('000 Hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) Share in World Imports (%) Source: USDA Page No. 17

18 Exhibit 1.15 World's Top Ten Rice Exporters Thailand Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in World Exports (%) USA Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in World Exports (%) Pakistan Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in World Exports (%) Vietnam Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in World Exports (%) India Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in World Exports (%) Italy Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in World Exports (%) Uruguay Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in World Exports (%) Page No. 18

19 Australia Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in World Exports (%) China Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in World Exports (%) Argentina Area Harvested ('000 hectares) Yield Milled Production ('000 tons) Imports ('000 tons) Exports ('000 tons) Domestic Consumption ('000 tons) X Potential Share in Total World Exports (%) Source: USDA Exhibit 1.16 Saudi Arabia s Rice Imports Country of Origin Quantity Share Quantity Share India 640, , US 139, , Pakistan 75, , Thailand 69, , Other 15, , Total 939, , Source: ORYZA ( Exhibit 1.17 USA s Rice Imports Country of Origin (tons, %) (tons) Absolute (%) Thailand Australia India Pakistan Canada Other Countries Total Imports , Source: Rice Situation and Outlook Yearbook ( Source: Gulati, A Exhibit 1.18 World Wide Trading of Different Types of Rice Sr No Type of Rice Contribution to Total Rice Trade (%) 1. Indica Japonica Aromatic like Basmati/Jasmine Glutinous Remaining about 2-5 Page No. 19

20 Exhibit 1.19 Share of Basmati Rice to Total Exports of India Year Basmati Rice Non-Basmati Rice Total Rice Exports Total Agri- Exports (APEDA Scheduled Products) Total Agri- Exports (All Products)* Total Exports* Share of Basmati Rice to Total Rice Exports Share of Basmati Rice to APEDA Scheduled Agri Exports Share of Basmati Rice to Total Agri Exports Share of Agri to Total Exports Share of Basmati Rice to Total Exports (Rs billion) (Rs billion) (Rs billion) (Rs billion) (Rs billion) (Rs billion) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) * Extracted from CMIE Statistics Source: APEDA. Export Statistics for Agro and Food Products ( Page No. 20

21 Exhibit 1.20 Country-Wise Exports of Basmati Rice Country Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Value Cumulative Share Share (tons) (Rs million) (tons) (Rs million) (tons) (Rs million) (tons) (Rs million) (tons) (Rs million) (%) (%) Saudi Arabia Kuwait UK USA UAE Yemen Arab Republic Canada France Belgium Germany Italy Iran Sweden Oman Seychelles Others aa Total Japan Source: APEDA. Export Statistics for Agro and Food Products ( Page No. 21

22 Exhibit 1.21 Imports of Basmati Rice for the Year Country Import of Basmati Rice from Country-wise Share for Market Share for India Pakistan Total India Pakistan India Pakistan (tons) (tons) (tons) (%) (%) (%) (%) Middle East Saudi Arabia Kuwait UAE Yamen Oman Qatar Bahrain Isarel Jordan Europe UK France Belgium Italy Germany Sweden Netherlands Switzerland Spain Denmark North America USA Canada East Asian Countries Singapore Mauritius Malaysia Bangladesh Sri Lanka Japan Hong Kong Australia, New Zealand and South Africa South Africa Australia New Zealand Other countries Total Imports by all Countries Source: FAO Statistical Database, Page No. 22

23 Exhibit 1.22 Imports of Basmati Rice for the Year Country Import of Basmati Rice Country-wise Share for Market Share for India Pakistan Total India Pakistan India Pakistan (tons) (tons) (tons) (%) (%) (%) (%) Middle East Saudi Arabia Kuwait UAE Yamen Oman Qatar Bahrain Europe UK France Belgium Holland Italy Germany Switzerland Spain Sweden Denmark North America USA Canada East Asian Countries Mauritius Bangladesh Singapore Japan Sri Lanka Hong Kong Malaysia Australia, New Zealand and South Africa Australia South Africa New Zealand Other countries Total Imports by all Countries Source: FAO Statistical Database, Page No. 23

24 Country Source: * APEDA ** USDA. Pakistan Grains Exhibit 1.23 Basmati Rice Exports from India and Pakistan Quantity Quantity Share Value Quantity Quantity Share Value Quantity Quantity Share Value (tons) (%) (Rs (tons) (%) (Rs (tons) (%) (Rs million) million) million) India* Pakistan** NA NA NA Total Basmati Rice NA NA NA Exhibit 1.24 Exports of Basmati Rice ( ) Importing Country Amount (Rs billion) (%) Saudi Arabia UK Kuwait UAE Others Total Source: Year Exhibit 1.25 Item Wise Export of Rice from India Basmati Rice Non-Basmati Rice Total Rice Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity ('000 tons) (Rs billion) ('000 tons) (Rs billion) ('000 tons) (Rs billion) Source: APEDA. Export Statistics for Agro and Food Products ( Page No. 24

25 Exhibit 1.26 Country-wise Export of Non-Basmati Rice Country Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Value Share Cumulative Share (tons) (Rs million) (tons) (Rs million) (tons) (Rs million) (tons) (Rs million) (tons) (Rs million) (%) (%) Nigeria South Africa Saudi Arabia Indonesia Bangladesh Malaysia Singapore Sri Lanka UAE Ivory Coast Russia Somalia Yemen Arab Republic Ghana Iran Benin Kuwait Tanzania Mozambique Maldives Algeria USA Oman Kenya Nepal Bhutan Bahrain Djibouti Others Total Japan Source: APEDA. Export Statistics for Agro and Food Products ( Page No. 25

26 Exhibit 1.27 Exports of Non-Basmati Rice ( ) Importing Country Amount (Rs billion) (%) Bangladesh Saudi Arabia South Africa Russia Others Total Source: ( Page No. 26

27 Part II Supply Chain and Infrastructure Page No. 27

28 1. Farmer to Processor Supply Chain Paddy Harvesting and Winnowing Loading in open Tractor trailers/other modes Mandi Kuchha Adatia Commision agent lends mainly to farmers Pucca Adatia Buyers agent finances the purchase on behalf of the buyer Winnowing, bagging, transportation (usually by trucks) to Rice Mills Source: 1. ITC Ltd. ( 2. Case on Punjab Markfed Page No. 28

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