LIVESTOCK, POULTRY, LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTS

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1 chapter 5 LIVESTOCK, POULTRY, LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTS VOLUME II LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE DIVISIOR GENERAL REPORT.,, Issued June 1973 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Frederick B. Dent, Secretary * * Social and Economic Statistics Administration '!'r Edward D. Failor, Administrator ~. ~ ~<> s - ~+~(f BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 1",qtES Of Vincent P. Barabba, Acting Director

2 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Vincent P. Barabba, Acting Director Robert L. Hagan, Deputy Director James W. Turbitt, Associate Director AGRICULTURE DIVISION J. Thomas Breen, Chief REPORTS OF THE 1969 CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE Individual County Reports Eight-page reports have been issued for each county and State. Volume I. Area Reports A separate report has been published for each State, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory, and the Virgin Islands. The report consists of two sections. Section 1 contains State summary data, county summary of selected data, and miscellaneous items by counties; Section 2 contains the detailed county reports. Volume II. General Report Statistics by subject are presented in separate chapters with totals for the United States, regions, geographic divisions, and States. The nine chapters are being issued as individual re~rts as follows: Chapter 1 Genera/Information; Procedures for Collection, Processing, Classification \ Chapter 2 Farms:, Use of Land, Size of Farm Chapter 3 Farm Management, Farm Operators Chapter 4 Equipment, Labor, Expenditures, Chemicals Chapter 5 Livestock, Poultry, Livestock and Poultry Products Chapter 6 Crops, Nursery and Greenhouse Products, Forest Products, Chapter 7 Value of Products, Economic Class, Contracts ~ ~~~~ter 8 Type of Farm ~ter 9 Irrigation and Drainage on Farms Volume Ill. Agricultural Services This new report contains data relating to agricultural services for the United States by State and county. Volume IV. Irrigation Data will be included on drainage basins, land irrigated, crop production on irrigated land, water conveyed, users, and types of organizations. Volume V. Special Reports Reports may contain data obtained from supplemental surveys, such as type of farm, horticulture, and farm finance; in addition to information obtained in the census. Parts 1 to 9. Type-of-Farm Operations. -One for each of nine major type-of-farm classifications. Part 10. Horticultural Specialties. Part 11. Farm Finance. Part 12. Ranking Agricultural Counties. Part 13. Forms and Procedures. Parr 14. Procedural History. Part 15. Graphic Summary. Part 16. Coverage Evaluation. Volume VI. Drainage of Agricultural Lands This report will include agricultural drainage statistics collected from individual farms and from publicly organized drainage projects. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS-Many persons contributed to the 1969 Census of Agriculture. First and foremost are the millions of farm operators, members of their families, and employees who furnished the information. The Department of Agriculture cooperated at all levels: Local employees in the county offices of the Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Service, the Farmers Home Administration, the Federal Extension Service, and the Soil Conservation Service aided in the publicity and provided assistance to the farm operators who requested help in filling out the census forms correctly; personnel of the Economic Research Service and the Statistical Reporting Service were especially helpful in the determination of what data should be collected, the tabulations that were needed. and in the analytical review of the tabulations. Members of the Census Advisory Committee on Agriculture Statistics and representatives from public and private agencies and firms gave generously of their time and effort in establishing the data requirements and priorities for collection and publication of the information. The press, radio, and television media, especially those relating to agribusiness activities, were most helpful in promoting awareness of the 1969 census among farm and ranch operators and enlisting their cooperation. Olarles Merzel, International Statistical Programs Division, and Ralph Graham and Jack Margolis, Agriculture Division, were responsible for the systems and processing procedures, including clerical procedures and computer programing. John Adkins, Reginald Masano, and Richard Buhrman, Agriculture Division, and Johnel E. Lance (resigned) made significant contributions to the ccmputer programing. A large part of the clerical operations were performed in the Data Preparation Division, Jeffersonville, Ind., Hobert A. Yerkey, Chief, under the supervision of Rex Pullin, Don Adams, and Rebecca Nesbitt. John A. Blackledge, William Harlan, and John Womack, Agriculture Division, were responsible for the subject matter review in Jeffersonville. Computer processing was performed in the Computer Services Division under the supervision of James R. Pepal, Chief. J. Thomas Miller, consultant to the Chief, Agriculture Division, assisted in developing the table format and reviewed much of the text for this volume. Orvin L. Wilhite, Assistant Division Chief. and Thomas D. Monroe, Chief of the Livestock Statistics Branch, assisted by Avon B. Floyd, participated in the overall planning and supervised the preparation of specifications, review of tabulations, and preparation of the tables and text for this chapter. John A. Branch, James A. Liefer, and Michael M. Sikora prepared the text. Beverly Fair and Evelyn M. Schoop reviewed the current data tables. Helen M. Davenport was responsible for the historical data tables and Helen D. Turner for editing and liaison in the publications area. i The program was under the prjmary direction of J. _Thomas Breen, Chief, Agriculture Division. J SUGGESTED CITATION U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, 1969 Volume II. General Report Chapter 5, Livestock, Poultry, Livestock and Poultry Products U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CARD NO For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., Price $2.10 domestic postpaid or $1.75 G.P.O. Bookstore.

3 CONTENTS Introduction Historical Background... Definitions and Explanations.... Sources of Data... Comparability of Statistics... Problems in Enumeration.... Value of Inventories... Value of Sales Production for Meat... Cattle Production... Hog Production... Sheep Production.... Milk Production.... Poultry Production.... page TABLE ' I TABLES SUMMARY TABLES Selected Livestock: 1940 to Items for Livestock and Livestock Products for Which Data Were Obtained: Censuses of 1950 to Specified Livestock-Inventory by Age and Sex Groups-Published in Censuses of 1840 to Cattle and Calves-Inventory and Sales for Selected Types of Farms: Cattle and Calves-Inventory by Per Farm: 1969 and Cattle and Calves-Inventory and Sold-by of Cattle and Calves Per Farm: Cows by Per Farm: 1959 to Cattle Excluding Calves-Sales, Fattened on Grain and Concentrates-by Sold Per Farm: 1969 and Hogs and Pigs-Inventory-by Per Farm: 1969 and Hogs and Pigs Sold-by Sold Per Farm: Hogs and Pigs and Feeder Pigs-Litters Farrowed, Sales-by Litters Farrowed Per Farm: Milk Cows-Inventory-by of Milk Cows Per Farm: 1954 to Value of Dairy Products Sold by of Milk Cows Per Farm: Selected Poultry-Inventory, Sold, Value of Sales: 1959 to Chickens 3 Months Old or Older-Inventory-by Per Farm: 1969 and Broilers-Sales-by of Broilers Sold Per Farm: 1969 and Turkeys-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Turkeys-Raised by Raised Per Farm: ALL FARMS Livestock-Inventory: 1969 and Poultry-Inventory: 1969 and Livestock-Sales: 1969 and Poultry-Sales-Selected Classes: 1969 and Cattle and Calves-Inventory by Per Farm: Cows and Heifers That Had Calved-Inventory by Per Farm: Milk Cows-Inventory by Per Farm: Cattle and Calves-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Hogs and Pigs-Inventory by Per Farm: Hogs and Pigs-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Sheep and Lambs-Inventory-Farms With Inventory by Per Farm: Horses and Ponies-Inventory-Farms With Inventory by Per Farm: Chickens 3 Months Old or Older-Inventory by Per Farm: 1969 Chickens 3 Months Old or Older-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Ill

4 TABLE TABLES -Continued CLASS 1 5 FARMS Livestock-Inventory: 1969 and Poultry-Selected Inventory: 1969 and Livestock -Sales: 1969 and Poultry-Sales-Selected Classes and Value of Sales: 1969 and Cattle and Calves-Inventory by Per Farm: Cows and Heifers That Had Calved-Inventory by Per Farm: Cattle and Calves-Sales: Cattle and Calves-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Cattle and Calves-Sales of Specified Classes by Sold Per Farm: Cattle and Calves-Inventory and Sales-By of Cattle and Calves Per Farm, Cows Per Farm, Cows Other Than Milk Cows Per Farm: Cattle and Calves-Inventory and Sales-For Farms Reporting lnvento~y: Cattle and Calves-Inventory and Sales-For Farms Reporting Cows: Cattle and Calves-Inventory and Sales-For Farms Reporting Cows Other Than Milk Cows: Cattle and Calves-Sales-For Farms Reporting Cows Other Than Milk Cows: Milk Cows-Inventory by Per Farm: Value of Dairy Products Sold-by of Milk Cows Per Farm: Cattle and Calves-Inventory by of Milk Cows Per Farrri: Cattle and Calves-Inventory-For Farms Reporting Milk Cows: Large-Scale Farms-Summary by of Cattle and Calves Sold-Fattened on Grain and Concentrates: Hogs and Pigs-Inventory by Per Farm: Hogs and Pigs-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Hogs and Pigs-Litters Farrowed by of Litters Per Farm: Hogs and Pigs-Inventory and Sales-by of Hogs and Pigs Per Farm, Hogs and Pigs Sold Per Farm, Litters Farrowed Per Farm: Hogs and Pigs-Inventory and Sales-For Farms Reporting Inventory: Hogs and Pigs-Inventory and Sales-For Farms Reporting Sales: Hogs and Pigs-Inventory and Sales-For Farms Reporting Litters Farrowed: Hogs and Pigs-Litters Farrowed: Hogs and Pigs-Litters Farrowed by 6-Month Periods, by Total Farrowed Per Farm: Large-Scale Farms-Summary by of Hogs and Pigs Sold: Sheep and Lambs-Inventory by Per Farm: Ewes 1 Year Old and Older-Inventory by Per Farm: Sheep and Lambs-Inventory and Sales by of Sheep and Lambs Per Farm, Ewes 1 Year Old or Older Per Farm: Sheep and Lambs-Inventory and Sales-For Farms Reporting Inventory: Sheep and Lambs-Inventory and Sales-For Farms Reporting Ewes 1 Year Old or Older: Goats-Inventory: Goats-Sales: Horses, Ponies, and Mules-Inventory: Horses, Ponies, and Mules-Sales: Hives of Bees, Chinchillas, Rabbits, Mink, and Other Livestock-Inventory: Honey, Chinchillas, Rabbits, Mink, and Other Livestock-Sales: Chickens 3 Months Old or Older-Inventory: Chickens 3 Months Old or Older-Inventory by Per Farm: Chickens 3 Months Old or Older-Selected Poultry Inventories by Per Farm: Chickens 3 Months Old or Older-Sales: Hens and Pullets of Laying Age-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Pullets Not Yet of Laying Age-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Broilers and Other Meat-Type Chickens-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Turkeys-Inventory: Turkeys-Sales: Turkeys-Sales by Sold Per Farm: Ducks, Geese, and Other Poultry-Inventory: Ducks, Geese, and Other Poultry-Sales: page IV

5 Introduction livestock sales values for class 1-5 farms were distributed as follows: Value of sales Dollars (millions) Percent Total , Historical Background The production of animals and animal products has always been an important part of American agriculture. From the earliest days of settlement and westward expansion, domestic livestock provided needed food, clothing, and transportation for pioneer families. As markets developed and transportation improved, the relative importance of livestock produced for home use and consumption declined, production for sale increased, and the production of livestock and livestock products became much more specialized. In 1969, the sale of livestock, poultry, and their products accounted for al'!lost 63 percent of the value of all agricultural products sold. The proportion of total agricultural sales derived from the sale of livestock and livestock products represented a substantial increase as compared with previous censuses.. Value of livestock and Value of all livestock products sold agricultural products sold Dollars (millions of dollars) (millions) Percent ,607 28, ,292 18, ,493 17, ,645 12, ,052 12, ,231 8, ,682 3, ,610 5, Much of this increase is due to the increase in the sales value of nondairy cattle and calves between 1964 and The average price per head sold increased 42 percent during this period. In addition, the ratio of cattle sold to cattle on hand increased from.60 in 1964 to. 70 in This is a measure of increased interfarm sales of cattle and calves and the greater num~er of cattle fattened on grain and concentrates before slaughter. In 1969, 98 percent of the value of livestock, poultry, and their products came from sales by class 1-5 farms. On these farms 500 million acres, or 55 percent of the acreage counted as land in farms, was used for pasture. Hay was produced on an additional 58 million acres, and 90 million acres were used in the production of feed grains. All together, at least 70 percent of the acreage in class 1-5 farms was used in the production of animal feed. In addition, 288 million acres of land not classified as land in farms, including approximately 200 million acres owned by the U.S. Government, were used for grazing. A comparison of total sales values for various types of livestock shows the relative economic importance of each. In 1969, Nondairy cattle and calves.... Dairy products.... Hogs, sheep, and goats.... Poultry and poultry products.... Dairy cattle and calves.... Other livestock and livestock products... 13,086 5,416 4,355 3, Changes in consumer tastes, preferences, and disposable income affect the relative importance of aggregate sales value for each type of livestock and livestock product. Between 1964 and 1969, the proportion of livestock sales value accounted for by nondairy cattle and calves sold increased by about the same percent that the value of dairy products sold decreased. The proportions of total livestock sales value accounted for by the other types of livestock, poultry, and their products remained nearly unchanged during this same time period. The increasing concentration and specialization in livestock and poultry production can be seen by observing the changes in the number of producer farms in comparison to the changes in the numbers of animals or birds being produced. Rates of decrease in number of farms producing each major type of livestock have exceeded even the sizeable reduction in total number of farms during the last three decades. (See table 1.) Percentage decreases in the proportion of farms producing some kinds of livestock have been more rapid than for others. For example, in 1940, 79.4 percent of all farms reported cattle and calves and 76.1 percent had milk cows on the place. By 1969, 63 percent of all farms still had cattle and calves, but the proportion of farms with milk cows had decreased to 20.8 percent. During this period, the proportion of farms with hogs and pigs decreased from 61.7 to 25.1 percent. Farms with chickens 3 months old and over showed the greatest proportional decrease of all. They declined from 84.4 percent of all farms in 1940 to 17.3 percent in (See footnote 2 of table 1.) In contrast to the decrease in producer farms during this period, numbers of animals and/or amounts of livestock and poultry products sold have increased for all major livestock enterprises except sheep and lambs. Although milk cows have decreased in number, production per milk cow and quantity of milk sold have both increased significantly. Numerous technological and economic factors have promoted the trend toward more animals per farm unit. Greater use of mechanization and automation together with improvements in animal health, genetic and nutritional technology have increased the production of livestock and livestock products per unit of farm labor. In some livestock industries there have been basic changes in marketing and management structures. The poultry meat and egg industries, for example, have been restructured by 1

6 Cattle <~nd Ccllves ' ' 19~ Mtlk cows: ' ,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,., Hogs nnd pi~~ '1.. ' '.... Sheep nncl lambs: :> < Chickens 3 months old ond over="" 1969, , < '15 1.,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,, 19< Table 1. Selected Livestock: 1940 to 1969 Spec1fled livestock 1, 719,403 2,283,881 2,674,176 3,650,714 1,065,173-1,688,746 1,8 1 1, 130 ~168, 237 1) 133,912 1,792,393 2,935,842 3,648,257 -'1, 6 1-1, 9R7 686,097 1,081,438 1,848,78 1 2,365,708 3,013,5 19 3,313,883 3, 767, ,888 23< ' , , , ,2tH 1,210,669 2,172,264 3,<\18, 204 4,21f!,857 r\,900,9 18 5,152,354 Farms reportmg (all farms) Percent of ~ ~) ' , , l!;;!(n I ot' Alnsko nnd Hawaii no1 lncludo_'d, ~Chick~n 1 months old and ovr r prior lo 1969, Percent change from precedmg ~ -2<1. 7 -J (XJ (X\ (X) " {X ' 'i L ,9-1.9 IX) on farms Percent change from Totlll precedmg l1.qllql ~ 106,3R1 O.R 105, G. 9 82' , R1R (X\ 11, , , , , ,087 (Xl 55, <\, , (X)?-1, , , , , , , 173 (X\ 371, , , , ROO , , '10 IX) means of production and marketing contracts, bringing about very concentrated control of production resources and coordination of production practices. Sources of Data In the 1969 census, emphasis was placed on obtaining more detailed information for class 1-5 farms (farms with sales of $2,500 and over). Data for these farms were obtained by using the regular census form (A 1 ). A less detailed version of the census from (A2) was mailed to a 50-percent sample of farms with an expected value of sales less than $2,500. As a result, the livestock data in this chapter are presented in two separate sets of tables: ( 1) Those for all farms including the expanded data for places which received the short form and (2) those for class 1-5 farms which show the substantially greater detail obtained from the regular form. The mail response census used in 1969 encountered certain problems different from those faced in enumerator conducted censuses. Some farms were not covered because they were not identified in any of the sources used to prepare mailing lists. Although extensive followup procedures were used to obtain completed reports for all addresses identified as likely to have sales of agricultural products valued at $40,000 and over, it was impractical to follow these same procedures for all of the other nonrespondents. In areas where the response rate was Jess than 85 percent, field followup procedures were conducted. In other areas a small but carefully controlled subsample of nonrespondents was drawn to determine the characteristics of those nonrespondents. Data based on farms with similar characteristics in the area were then used to impute data for the estimated number of nonresponse farms. In earlier censuses, conducted by enumerators going door to door, the imputation of data for farms not enumerated was limited. One form with State or other geographic variations was used for all classes of farms. On the other hand, farms with smaller herds or flocks have accounted for most of the decrease in livestock enterprises. The relatively more rapid discontinuance of milk cow and poultry enterprises on farms still in operation indicate that production activities carried on for home consumption have been greatly curtailed. A periodic enumeration of farms engaged in livestock production, animal inventories, and sales of livestock and livestock products is useful to determine both the direction and the magnitude of trends in the livestock industry. Geographic shifts in the production of various types of livestock can be evaluated. This chapter provides explanatory text and tables dealing with 1 ivestock inventories and sales in Where applicable and available,.historical comparisons with other census years are also included. Definitions and Explanations Definitions of a farm, farms reporting, class 1-5 farms, type of farm, class of farm, etc., appear in chapter 1 of this volume. Chapt~r 1 provides information about the comparability of data for 1969 with those of earlier censuses. It also contains information on how the census was taken and processed, and discusses factors affecting the accuracy of the data. It will be helpful to users of this and other chapters of volume II. Comparability of Statistics For the most part, statistics presented in the 1969 census are comparable with those of earlier censuses. Basic data including State, regional, and National inventories and sales of the major classes of livestock are tabulated for all farms. In 1969, the more detailed livestock statistics are presented for class 1-5 farms. Many other factors affect statistical comparability with previous censuses. Livestock inventories, for example, vary from season to season and are affected by the time of year at which the census is taken. The 1969 census forms for the most part were mailed out in the last week of December 1969 and farmers were asked to report livestock and poultry inventories as of December 31, Although data collection or mail-back continued throughout the first 9 months of 1970, an analysis of more than 8,000 reports indicate that reported inventories correspond very closely with numbers reported in a survey taken as of January 1. Data collection was more than 90 percent complete by July 1, Censuses prior to 1954 were taken in January, April, or June, and the dates of enumeration must be considered when comparing data for these various censuses. The 1954, 1959, and 1964 censuses were conducted in the fall of the year, and inventories reported represent animals on hand the day the 2

7 Table 2. Items for Livestock and Livestock Products for Which Data Were Obtained: 1950 to 1969 Censuses of Subject Date of c ensus and item Subject Date of census and item CENSUS OF 1969 (Dec. 31) CENSUS OF 1969 (Dec. 31 )-Continued Horses and mules... Cattle All Farms- of horses and ponies of all ages and number sold alive in calendar year Class 1-5 Farms- of horses of all ages; number of ponies of all ages; and the combined number of mules, burros, and donkeys of all ages sold during the calendar year 1969 was obtained for each of the above classes. All Farms-Total, all ages; cows including dry cows and heifers that had calved; milk cows; combined number of cattle and calves of all ages sold alive in calendar year Class 1-5 Farms-Total, all ages; cows including dry cows and heifers that had calved; milk cows; heifers and heifer calves (not including any heifers that had calved); and bulls, bull calves, steers, and steer calves; and number of cattle and of calves sold alive in calendar year 1969, number of cattle and of calves fattened on grain or concentrates 30 days or more and sold for slaughter. Dairy products... All Farms-Not obtained separately. Class 1-5 Farms-Count of farms report-ing whole milk sold to plants or dealers in Value of dairy products sold in calendar year Hogs and pigs All Farms-Total, all ages. of litters farrowed Dec. 1, 1968 to May 31, 1969; and number of litters farrowed June1, 1969 to November 30, 1969; and number of hogs and pigs sold alive and number of feeder pigs sold for further feeding in calendar year Class 1-5 Farms-Total, all ages; hogs and pigs used or to be used for breeding; other hogs and pigs; number of litters farrowed Dec. 1, 1968 to May 31, 1969; and number of litters farrowed June 1, 1969; to November 30, 1969; and number of hogs and pigs sold alive and number of feeder pigs sold for further feeding in calendar year Sheep and lambs... All Farms-Total, all ages; and number of sheep and lambs sold alive in calendar year Goats Poultry Class 1-5 Farms-Total, all ages; lambs under 1 year old; ewes 1 year old or older; and rams and wethers 1 year old or older; and number of sheep and lambs sold alive in calendar year All Farms-Not obtained separately. Class 1-5 Farms- of Angora goats; number of milk goats; number of other goats; number of goats sold alive during the calendar year 1969 were obtained for each of the classes named above. All Farms- of hens and pullets of laying age; and number of other chickens 3 months old or older; number of broilers and other meat-type chickens less than 3 months old; number sold during the calendar year 1969 was obtained for each of the above classes. Class 1-5 Farms- of hens and pullets of laying age; number of pullets 3 months old or older not yet of laying age; number of any other chickens 3 months old or older not included above-roosters, capons, etc.; number of broilers and other meat type chickens less than 3 months old; numl::)er of turkey hens kept for breeding, number of other turkeys-including turkey fryers; number of ducks; number of geese; number of other poultry including game birds raised in captivity; numbers sold during the calendar year 1969 were obtained for each of the classes namad above. Other livestock and poultry. All Farms-s of other livestock or poultry that had not been reported in other questions. Items were obtained separately but were combined for tabulation; number sold during the calendar year 1969 were obtained separately but were combined for tabulation. Class 1-5 Farms- of hives of bees; number of mink; number of rabbits; number of chinchilla. of other livestock that had not been reported in other questions were obtained separately but were combined for tabulation; number sold during the calendar year 1969 were obtained for pounds of honey; mink and pelts; rabbits and pelts; chinchillas and pelts; and other livestock. Value of livestock and All Farms-Enumerated values were obtained as a products. combined total for livestock, poultry, and their products sold during the calendar year Values of inventories are based on State-unit prices. Class 1-5 Farms-Enumerated values were obtained for the following groups of products sold during the calendar year 1969: poultry and poultry products-broilers, ether chickens, eggs, ducks, turkeys, etc.; dairy products-milk, cream, etc.; dairy cattle and calves; other cattle and calves; hogs, sheep, and goats-including pigs, lambs, wool, and mohair; other livestock and livestock products-horses, mules, furbearing animals, bees, honey, goat dairy products, etc. Values of inventories are bases on State-unit prices. CENSUS OF 1964 (Nov.-Dec.) Horses and mules... No inquiry for number on farms. of horses, mules, colts, and ponies sold alive in the calendar year Cattle Total, all ages; cows including heifers that have calved; milk cows; heifers and heifer calves (not including any heifers that have calved); and bulls, bull calves, steers, and steer calves; and number of cattle and of calves sold alive in calendar year 1964, number of cattle and of calves fattened on grain and concentrates and sold for slaughter. Dairy products... Cows milked yesterday, in 14 States, pounds of butter churned last week; amount of whole milk sold in calendar year 1964, to plants or dealers and directly to consumers; and cream sold (butterfat content) in calendar year Hogs and pigs Total, all ages; hogs and pigs used or to be used for breeding; other hogs and pigs; number of litters farrowed Dec. 1, 1963, to June 1, 1964; and number of litters farrowed June 2 to Nov. 30, 1964; and number of hogs and pigs sold alive in calendar year Sheep and wool..... Total, all ages; lambs under 1 year old, ewes 1 year old and over, and rams and wethers 1 year old and over; lambs shorn and pounds of wool and sheep shorn and pounds of wool produced in calendar year 1964; and sheep and lambs sold alive in calendar year Poultry... of chickens 4 months old and over number of hens and pullets of laying age; numbe; of broilers sold; number of hens and roosters sold in calendar year 1964; dozens of chicken eggs sold in calendar year 1964; turkeys raised in 1964, turkey hens on hand to be kept for breeding in 1965; and number of started pullets, ducks, geese, guineas, etc. sold in calendar year

8 Table 2. Items for Livestock and Livestock Products for Which Data Were Obtained: Censuses of 1950 to 1969-Continued Subject Date of census and item Subject Date of census and item CENSUS OF 1964 (Nov.-Dec.)-Continued CENSUS OF 1959 (Oct.-Nov.)-Continued Goats and mohair... Miscellaneous items.. Value of livestock and products. In 5 States-total all ages; Angora goats and kids, other goats and kids; number of goats and kids clipped and pounds of mohair produced in calendar year In all States, the amount and value of goat milk sold; the number and value of goats and kids sold; the amount of mohair sold and its value were to be reported for the calendar year For all States any livestock or livestock products sold which had not been covered in a specific question were to be reported. Sales of fur bearing animals, horses, mules, goats, goat milk, bees, honey, or other livestock products sold were to be reported. The number or amount and the value of sales were to be reported. Enumerated values were obtained for cattle sold, calves sold, sheep and lambs sold, hogs and pigs sold, horses and mules sold, colts and ponies sold, goats and kids sold; mink and other fur bearing animals, bees, honey, turkeys, started pullets, ducks, geese, miscellaneous livestock and their products, and other miscellaneous poultry and their eggs sold in calendar year Value of inventories and of all other items of livestock production or sales are based on State unit prices obtained in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. CENSUS OF 1959 (Oct.-Nov.) Poultry... of chickens 4 months old and over; number of broilers and of all other chickens sold in calendar year 1959; dozens of chicken eggs sold in calendar year 1959; turkeys raised in 1959; turkey hens on hand to be kept for breeding in 1960; and numbers of ducks, geese, guineas, etc., sold in calen.dar year Miscellaneous items.. Hawaii only-hives of bees owned in 1959, and pounds of honey produced in Value of livestock and products. In 48 States-enumerated values were obtained for cattle sold, calves sold, and horses and mules sold; whole milk sold and cream sold; and turkeys, ducks, geese, and other miscellaneous poultry and their eggs sold in calendar year Values of inventories and of all other items of livestock production or sales are based on State unit prices obtained in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture. In Alaskaenumerated values were obtained for animals sold alive; sheep and lamb wool sold; whole milk sold and cream sold; and a combined value of all poultry and poultry products sold. Values of livestock inventories are based on State-unit prices computed by the Bureau of the Census. In Hawaii-enumerated values were obtained for animals sold alive, goat milk sold in 1959; turkeys, ducks, geese, and other miscellaneous poultry and their eggs sold in calendar year Values of inventories and all other items of livestock production or sale are based on State unit prices. Horses and mules... Total, all ages, except in Hawaii where mules were omitted from the inquiry; and number of horses, mules, colts, and ponies sold alive in the calendar year (Mules sold omitted from inquiry in Hawaii.) Cattle Total, all ages; cows including heifers that have calved; milk cows; heifers and heifer calves (not including any heifers that have calved); and bulls, bull calves, steers, and steer calves; and number of cattle and of calves sold alive in calendar year Dairy products... Cows milked yesterday, amount of milk produced yesterday, and (in 15 States) pounds of butter churned last week; amount of whole milk sold in calendar year 1959, either in pounds of butterfat, in pounds of milk, or in gallons (quarters of milk sold in Hawaii); and cream sold (butterfat content) in calendar year (Cream sold not enumerated in Hawaii.) Hogs and pigs Total, all ages; number born since June 1, 1959, and number born before June 1, 1959; number of litters farrowed Dec. 1, 1958, to June 1, 1959, and number of litters farrowed June 2 to Nov. 30, 1959; and number of hogs and pigs sold alive in calendar year Sheep and wool..... Goats and mohair Total, all ages; lambs under 1 year old, ewes 1 year old and over, and rams and wethers 1 year old and over; lambs shorn and pounds of wool and sheep shorn and pounds of wool produced in calendar year 1959; and sheep and lambs sold alive in calendar year In 9 States-total, all ages; Angora goats and kids, other goats and kids; number goats and kids clipped and pounds of mohair produced in calendar year 1959; and number of goats and kids sold alive in calendar year In Alaskatotal, all ages; milk goats and goats and kids sold. 1 n Hawaii-total, all ages; and goats and kids sold. No inquiry in 39 States. Horses and mules... Cattle Dairy products Hogs and pigs.... Sheep and wool... Goats and mohair... CENSUS OF 1954 (Oct.-Nov.) Total, all ages; enumerated in all States with separate totals in 15 States for horses (including ponies) and for mules; and number of horses and mules, colts, and ponies sold alive in calendar year Total, all ages; cows, including heifers that have calved; milk cows; heifers and heifer calves (not including any heifers that have calved); and bulls, bu II calves, steers, and steer calves; and number of cattle and of calves sold alive in calendar year Cows milked yesterday, gallons of milk produced yesterday and pounds of butter churned last week; amount of whole milk sold in calendar year 1954 in pounds of butterfat (in certain States), in pounds of milk, and in gallons; and cream sold (butterfat content) in calendar year Total, all ages; number born since June 1, 1954, and number born before June 1, 1954; number of sows and gi Its that farrowed between Dec. 1, 1953, and June 1, 1954, and number of sows and gilts farrowing between June 1 and December 1, 1954; and number of hogs and pigs sold alive in calendar year In 45 States-total, all ages; lambs under 1 year old, ewes 1 year old and over, and rams and wethers 1 year old and over; sheep and lambs shorn and pounds of wool produced in calendar year 1954; and sheep and lambs sold alive in calendar year No inquiry in 3 States. In 7 States-total, all ages; Angora goats and kids, other goats and kids; number goats and kids clipped and pounds mohair produced in calendar year No inquiry in 41 States. 4

9 Table 2. Items for Livestock and Livestock Products for Which Data Were Obtained: Censuses of 1950 to 1969-Continued Subject Date of census and item Date of census and item CENSUS OF 1954 (Oct.-Nov.)-Continued CENSUS OF 1950 (Apr. 1 )-Continued Poultry of chickens 4 months old and over; number of broilers and of all other chickens sold in calendar year 1954; dozens of chicken eggs sold in calendar year 1954; turkeys raised in 1954 (number for light breeds and number for heavy breeds); turkey hens on hand to be kept for breeding in 1955 (number for light breeds and number for heavy breeds); and numbers of ducks, geese, guineas, etc., raised in calendar year Miscellaneous items.. No inquiry. Value of livestock and Values of sales were obtained in 11 inquiries. products. Separate values were obtained for cattle sold, calves sold, hogs and pigs sold, sheep and lambs sold (45 States only), and horses and mules sold; whole milk sold and cream sold; broilers sold, other chickens sold, and chicken eggs sold; and turkeys, ducks, geese, and other miscellaneous poultry and their eggs sold in calendar year Values of inventories, and of wool and mohair produced in 1954, are based on State-unit prices obtained in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture. Horses.... Mules Cattle Dairy products... CENSUS OF 1950 (Apr. 1) Total, all ages, including ponies. Total, all ages. Total, all ages; cows, including heifers that have calved; milk cows; calves born after Jan. 1, 1950; heifers and heifer calves born before Jan. 1, 1950 (not including any that have calved); and bulls, bull calves, steers and steer calves born before Jan. 1, 1950; and numbers of cattle and of calves butchered, and sold alive, Cows milked yesterday, gallons of milk produced yesterday; and pounds of butter churned last week; amount of whole milk sold in 1949 in pounds of butterfat (in certain States), in pounds of milk, and in gallons; cream sold (butterfat content) in 1949; and value only of butter, buttermilk, skim milk, and cheese sold in Hogs and pigs Total, all ages; number less than 4 months old, and number 4 months old and over, sows and gilts that have farrowed since Dec. 1, 1949, and sows and gilts expected to farrow between now and June 1, 1950; and numbers butchered, and sold alive. Sheep and wool... Total, all ages; lambs born since Oct. 1, 1949, rams and wethers born before Oct. 1, 1949, and ewes (in range States-yearling ewes, and older ewes) born before Oct. 1, 1949; sheep and lambs shorn and pounds of wool produced, 1949; sheep sold alive, and (in range States) sheep and lambs butchered. Goats and mohair... Poultry n 7 States-total, all ages; numbers Angora and of other goats; goats and kids clipped and pounds mohair produced in In other States-farms reporting goats on hand or kept last year. s, 4 months old and over of chickens and turkeys; numbers raised in 1949 of turkeys, ducks, geese, guineas, pigeons, pheasants, quail, etc.; number of chickens sold, and dozens of chicken eggs sold in Bees and honey... Hives of bees owned last year, and pounds of honey produced in Miscellaneous items.. of horses and mules sold in 1949; farms reporting domestic rabbits on hand or kept last year; farms reporting fur animals in captivity on hand or kept last year; and (in range States) farms reporting grazing permits. Value of livestock and products. Values of sales were obtained in 15 inquiries in 41 States and in 16 inquiries in the 7 States in which the number of goats was enumerated. Separate values were obtained for cattle sold, calves sold, hogs and pigs sold; sheep and lambs sold, and horses and mules sold; whole milk sold, cream sold, and butter, buttermilk, skim milk, and cheese sold; wool shorn, chickens sold, and chicken eggs sold. Other inquiries included the value of sales of groups of related items-meat, lard, hides, and other products from animals butchered; turkeys, turkey eggs, ducks, geese, and their eggs sold; honey, wax and bees sold; mohair clipped and goats and kids and goat milk sold; and rabbits, fur animals, and pelts sold. In 41 States, the last 2 inquiries are combined. Values of inventories, 1950, are based on county-unit prices obtained in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture. questionnaire was filled. The average dates of enumeration were November 7, 1954; November 22, 1959; and December 2, These censuses came at the time of or just after considerable movement of flocks and herds from one range to another, from ranch to feedlot, and from farm or ranch to market. Methods used to collect census data may also affect comparability. The 1969 census is the first census of agriculture conducted primarily by mail. Previous censuses were taken by enumerators assigned to specific geographic areas. The effects of the change in enumeration method on comparability of data are discussed in chapter 1 of this volume. A special report analyzing coverage of the 1969 census will be published separately. (See volume V, part 16.) Comparisons of livestock numbers from census to census are also affected by changes in age and sex groupings, by wording of inquiries on the report forms, and by instructions given to census enumerators and to farm operators. Tables 2 and 3 provide a brief description of the time of year the census was taken, the wording of questions on the report form, and a summary of the age and sex groupings used for each census since These tables also indicate the availability of data for various kinds and classes of livestock for each census. Cattle, hog, and sheep inventories are affected by recurring production cycles. The timing of a periodic census may coincide with a peak, a trough, or an intervening point in the cycle. For 5

10 Table~. Specified livestock-inventory by. Age and Sex Groups-Published in Censuses of 1840 to 1969 Item and census date HORSES A,~D ~rules 1969 (Dec. 31} I tern and census date MULES 1950 (Apr, 1) Numbor All farms Horses and ponies of all ages.,...,.,,,,..,.,, Mules and mule colts of all ages..,.,.,.,.,..,,,.,,.,,. 41,102,162 42,204,182 Class 1-5 farms {Jan. 1) Horses and ponies of all ages....,.,,., Horses of all ages,...,,..., Ponies of all ages.,,,,,,.....,.,.,,.,..,.,. Mules, burros and donkeys of all ages...., (Nov.-Dec,) All mules nnd mule colts,.,.,.,,,....,,.,,.,,,, 1940 (Apr. 1) Mules over 3 months old,,.,,,.,.,,.,.,,. Colts 3 to 27 months old,.,.,,.,.,,,,.,,.,.,,,,, 1,486,209 3,129' ,846,182 ll3,849,05l 53, ,080 Inventory Not Enumerated (Jan. 1) 1959 (Oct.-Nov.} Mules, horses, colts, nnd ponies ,138, (Oct,-Nov,) Mules, horses, colts, and ponies....,... Horses and colts, including pontes,,... Mules and mule colts,.,.,,,.,.,...,.. 1,799, ,272, ,955,256 4,141, ,962, ,179,068 Mules and mule colts of all ages.,,,.,,,,.,,.....,...,., Mule colts under 2 years, ,....,.,., (Apr, 1) Total,,.,,.,,,,.,..,,.,,.,,,,.,.,.,..,..,,,,., Mules born before 1928.,.,..,.,.,,.,..,,,,.,.. Mule colts born in 1928 {2-year-olds),.,.,.,.,.,.,.,, Mule colts born in 1929 (yearlings)..... M.ule colts born since Jan. 1, ,255,845 4,818,160 53,264 99' 679 5,383,000 2, 278,036 5' 193' ,833 86,969 53,633 81,376 16,080 21,067 HORSES (Jan. 1) 1950 (Apr. 1) Horses and colts of all ages, including ponies.. 2,121,624 5,409,417 Total...., Mule 2 years old and over,,.....,.,.,.,,,..,.. Mule and mule colts under 2 years....,, , 680,897 5,306, , (Jan,1) All horses and colts, including ponies (Apr. 1) Horses of all kinds, over 3 months old, including ponies... Colts 3 to 27 months old,,.,...,,.., (Jan. 1) Horses and colts of all types and ages..... Colts under 2 years (Apr,l) 2, 828' 412 3, 149, ,946 3' 536, ,499,204 10,097, ,992 11,857,850 1,097, (Jan. 1) Total...,,..,.,...,.,.,...,.,..,.,..,. Mules, 2 years old nnd over.,.,.,.,,.,.,. Mule colts l year old and under 2.,.,,..,.,,., Mule colts under 1 year.,...,.,...,,,,...,.,,.,. uno (Apr. 15) Total..,,.,.., ,,,.. Mules born before Jan. 1, 1909,,.,...,,..,,,.,,,.. Mule colts born in 1909,......,,.,,.,,.,, Mule colts born after Jan. 1, ,..,..,.,.,, 2,260,516 5,440,805 2,041, 781 4,659, , , ' ,434 1,869,504 4,217,731 1,764,212 3, 795, ' ' ' ,289 Total,...,...,.,,.,,... Horses born before 1928,,,..,,,. Horse colts born in 1928 (2-year-olds).... Horse colts born in 1929 (yearlings).... Horse colts born since Jan. 1, 1930,,., ,633, , ,523,180 12,438, , , (June 1) Total,,,....,....,.,..,...,,,,.,..... Mules 2 years old and over,..,.....,,., Mules l year old and under 2.,,.,,..,.,,,,. Mule colts under l year...,.,,..,...,,.,.,.,., (,June 1) Mules on hand 1 June 1.,......,.,.,., {June l) Mules and asses, all ages, on hand, June 1,.,,.,,,, 1,480,913 3,271,121 2, 759, , , (Jon. 1) Total.,,,.,...,..,.,.... Horses 2 years old and over.,.... Horses nnd colts under 2 years, ,400,623 15,312,584 1,088,039 2,251,876 1,812, (Jan. 1) Total..,,.,,.....,.,.... Mares, 2 years old and over.. ~,..... Geldings, 2 years and over,, Stallions, 2 years old nnd over.... Colts, 1 year old and under 2,.,..... Colts Wlder 1 year..,.,.,,..... Unclassified,..,......, (Apr. 15) Total, ~lares, stalliono, and geldings born before Jan. 1, 1909,. Colts born in 1909,.,.... Colts born after Jan. 1, Unclassified,.,,... 4, 706,820 3,447,308 3,466,338 98' , , ,695,131 4, , 027' ,579 19,783,493 9, 041,799 8,063, ,552 1,334,961 1,198,923 14,545 19,849,175 17,444,746 1, 733' , J (June 1) Mules and asses,......,,,.,..,.,.,., (June 1) Asses and mules....,.,,.,,.,, (June 1) Asses and mules,,.,..,.,.,.,.,...,,... CATTLE 1969 (Dec. 31) 1,125,415 1,151, ' (June 1) All farms Total,..., HorsQs 2 years old and over... Horses 1 year old and under 2,. Colts under 1 year.,,, (June l) Horses on hand, June 1,, (June l} Horses of all ages on hand, Juno 1. 4,532,018 ~~: ~~~: ~~! I 1,447,747 1,315,208 15,266,244 10,357,488 Cottle and calves of nll ages.,.,,.,..,,,.,,.,. Cows, including dry cows and heifers that had calved, Milk cows. 0. ~ Class l-5 farms Cattle and calves of all ages,.., Cows, including dry cows and heifer a that hnd calved., Milk cows Heifer and heifer calves,, Bulls, bull calves, steers, and steor calves.,,,.,,,,, , ,380,541 1,414, ,511, ,237 11,174,521 1,177' ,226,99<1 1,018,131 41,942, , ,671 25,672,959 l,oo8,813 30,611, (June 1) 1964 (Nov.-Dec.) Horses.,..,,.,, (June 1) Horses ~...,.,... 7' 145,370 6,249,174 Cattle and calves of nll ages,,,,.,.,,,.,.,,., Cows, including heifers that have calved,,,,,,,,, Milk cows Heifers and heifor calves,,.,.,...,,., Bulls, bull calves, steers 1 and steer calves,,,,,,,,,, 2,283, J 557' 830 2,051,438 47,341,802 1,133, J 622' 604 _/ 1,860,591 29,046,936 1,750,457 29,169,092 18~)0 2 (June 1) 1959 (Oct.-Nov.) Horses,..,.., (June 1) Horses and mules.,,.,,,,. 4, 336,719 4, 335,669 Cattle and calves of all ngos.,,.,.,.,,.., Cows, including heifers that have calved.,,,,, Milk cows Heifers and heifer cnlves, Bulls, bull calves, stoors, and steer cnlves.,,...,.,. 2,674,176 92' 534,082 2,449,258 41,273,478.1,792,393 16,522,026 2, 130,114 26,888,857 1,859, ,371,747 6 see footnotes nt end of table.

11 Table 3. Specified Livestock-Inventory by Age and Sex Groups-Published in Censuses of 1840 to 1969-Continued Item and census data CATTLE--Continued Farms Item and census date CA TILE--Continued Farms (Oct.-Nov.) (June 1) Cattle and calves ot all ages,,.,,,,,. Cows, including heifers that have calved,,,. Milk cows, Heifers and heifer calves Bulls, bull calves, steers, and steer calves , 650,714 95,027,041 3,471,892 45,209,377 2,935,842 20,182,803 2,780,781 27,098,628 2,299, ,719,036 Total.. Milk cows on hand, June 1, Working oxen on hand,,june 1,.,.., Other cattle on hand, June 1.,,... Unclassified INA) ISA) INA) 57,648,792 16,511,950 1,117,494 33,734,128 6,285, (Apr. 1) (June 1) Cattle and calves of all ages Cows, including heifers that have calved,, Milk cows,., Heifers and heifer calves born before Jan, 1, 1950,,, Bulls, bull calves, steers, and steer calves born before Jan , Calves born since Jan, ,,,,., 4,065,163 76,920,436 3,931, ,648,257 37,301, ' 232,573 2,425)254 15,759,117 1,872,526 12,775,780 2,301,974 11,083,775 Total Milk cows on hand, June 1 Working oxen on hand, June 1,... Other cattle on hand, June Unclassified....., (June 1) fna) 39,675,533 12,443, ,841 22,488,550 3, 750, (Jan, 1) Cattle and calves of all ages,,,,,. Cows and heifers 2 years old and over,,., 4,688,746 82,654,417 4, 542,821 44,156,337 Total... M~lk cows......,.,., Working oxen Other cattle,.,..,.,, (sa! INA) INA) 23,820,608 8,935,332 1,319,271 13,566, (Apr, 1) (.June 1) Cattle and calves over 3 months old. Cows and heifers that were 2 years old and over on Jan. 1, 1940: Kept mainly for milk production,, Kept mainly for beef production (Jan, 1) Cattle and calves of all ages.,,,.. Cows and heifers 2 years old o.nd over. Heifers 1 year old and under 2,,,,., Steers and bulls 1 year old and over.,,, Calves under 1 year...,. 4,844,430 60,817,563 4,644,987 24,086, , ,506,822 5,480,775 68,284,409 5,376,930 36,930,584 2,264,837 8,298,913 1,601,582 6,938,093 3,423,336 16,116,819 Total.... Milk cows,,,.,...,,,,.,,,,,.,,,.,.,,,,...,,, Working oxen..... Other cattle...., (June 1) Total...,.... Milk cows.....,..,...,,... Working oxen... Other cattle......, (June I) (NA l INA) INA) I SA) INA) 25 J 620,019 8 J 585 J 735 2,254,911 14,779,373 18,378,907 6,385,094 1,700,744 10,293, (Apr. l) Cattle.,, ('A) 14,971,586 Total ,174 64, Cows and heifers born before kept mainly for milk production Cows and heifers born before kept mainly for beef production,., Heifers born in 1928 ( 2-year-olds) kept mainly for milk production Heifers born in 1928 ( 2-year-olds) kept mainly for beef production,,,,,,,., Heifers born in 1929 (yearlings) Steers born before 1928,, Steers born in 1928 (2-year-olds) Steers and bulls born in 1929 (yearlings) Bulls born before 1929,,, 4,453, ,042 1,367,837 20,510, ,836,994 3, 759,401 Calves born since Jan , Unclassified., (Jan. 1) Total Cows 2 years old and over,,., Dairy cows.,,.,.,, Beef cows.. Heifers 1 year old and under 2,,,..,.,.,,., Dairy heifers,.,... Beef heifers.. Steers 1 year old and over.,, Bulls 1 year old o.nd over,,..,. Calves under 1 year,,,., 291,497 2,410, , ,017 1,352, ,607 2' 120, , 728,587 2,083,911 8 J 744,021 1, 135,762 2,615,849 6,312,891 1,262,516 9,666, ' 768 GO, ,553,845 17,644,867 14,908,978 6,942,104 3,069,197 3,872,907 6,903,472 1,408,800 12,952,145 All fanns HOGS 1969 (Dec. 31) Hogs and pigs of all ages....,.,......,... Litters farrowed Dec, to May Litters farrowed June 1, 1969 to Nov ,, Class 1-5 fanns Hogs and pigs of all ages Used or to be used for breeding,.....,.., Other hogs and pigs....,,.,,,. L~tters farrowed Dec. 1, 1968 to May , L1tters farrowed June 1, 1969 to Nov. 30, (Nov.-Dec.) Hogs and pigs of all ages, 1nc1uding sows and boars. Used or to be used for breeding,...,.... Other hogs and pigs ,., Sows and gilts farrowing (total litters)..... Litters farrowed Dec. 1, 1963 to June Litters farrowed June to Nov , , ' , , , , ,544 1,081, ,307 1,020, , , ,519 55,548,828 5,590,312 5,008,585 53,540,028 8 J 153 J ,386,761 5,373,416 4,831,118 54,080,194 7,668, a1,518 10,655,597 5,803,436 4,852, (Jan, 1) 195b (Oct.-Nov.) Total Beef cattle, total,,. Cows o.nd heifers 2 years old and over.,, Heifers 1 year old and under 2,,,., Steers 2 years old and over,,, Steers 1 year old and under 2,,.,,,,, Bulls 1 year old and over,.,,,.,,, Calves under 1 year.,. Unclassified,.,,,,,, Dairy cattle, total.,,,,,,,.,,,, Cows and heifers 2 years old and over.,,. Heifers 1 year old and under 2.,, Bulls 1 year old and over,,,,, Calves under 1 year,,,,.,., 1910 (Apr. 15) 5,359,154 1,841,549 1,041, , , , ,432 1,198, ,566,274 4,461, 773 1,635, ,165 2,453,664 66,777,287 35,406,687 12,672,776 3,996,369 4,649,051 4,664, ,430 8,615,699 80,411 31,370,600 19,680,188 4,050, ,691 6,867,214 Hogs and pigs of all ages, includ~ng sows and boars..,.,, Born before June ,.., Born sirce June 1, ,,.,.....,,., Sows and guts farrowing (total litters) Litters farrowed Dec to June 1, 1959.,. Litters farrowed June 2, 1959 to Nov. 30, 1959.,,.,,,,, (Oct.-Nov.) Hogs and pigs of o.ll ages, includ~ng sows o.nd boars,.. Born before June 1, ,..,.,....,,. Born since June 1, ,..,..., Sows and gilts farrowing (total farrowings).. Spring farrowing {between Dec and June 1, 1954).,,, Fall farrowing {between June and Dec. 1, 1954),,, 1,848 J 784 1,554,211 1,220,127 1,142, , ,646 2,365, 708 1,990,555 1,324,211 1, 273,798 1,008, ,961 67,949,259 29,004,616 38,944,643 12,352,001 6,865,492 5,486,509 57,092,919 28,814,101 28,278,818 10,832,737 6,638,589 4, 194,148 Total,. Co~s and heifers kept for milk, born before Jon Cows and heifers not kept for milk, born before Jan, 1, 1909 Heifers born in 1909,,,,,,,,,,, Steers and bulls born before Jan ,, Steers and bulls born in 1909,,,,,,,,. Calves born after Jan, ,,,,,,, Unclassified,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1900 (Juno 1) Total Cows 2 years old and over kept for milk,,,,,, Cows and heifers 2 years old and over not kept for milk Heifers 1 year old and under 2,,,,,, Steors 3 years old and ovor,,,,. Steers 2 years old and under 3,,,.,.,., Steers 1 year old and under 2,,,,, Bulls 1 year old and over.,,,,,.,, Calves under 1 year,,,,,, 5,285,610 5,141,397 1,445,070 2,374, ,468 1,343,882 2,655,617 4,730,920 4,514,210 61,949,706 20,632,524 12,090,694 7,311,492 7,631,776 5,464,313 7,815,121 1,003,786 67,822,336 17,139,674 11,592,142 7' 183,916 3,086,029 5, 203,325 6,968,188 1,315,963 15,333, (Apr. 1) Hogs and pigs of all ages, lncluding sows and boars,...,,., 4 months old and over,,.,,,.,,.,,.,.,., Less than 4 months old...,.,..., Sows and gilts for spring farrowing,,,,,,, Farrowed since Dec. 1, 1949,.,,,. To farrow before June 1, 1950,,,,,,.,.,.,, (Jan, 1) All hogs and pigs,.,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,.,,, Sows and gilts for spring farrowing.,.,.,,,,,, 1940 (Apr. 1) Hogs over 4 months old,,,.,,.,,,.,.,,,, Sows and gilts that have been farrowed since Dec, 1, or were to farrow bofore June ,.,,,. 3,013,549 2,647,206 1,542, ,691,004 3,313,883 1,839,458 3' 767, ,987,723 55,788,613 27,300,990 28,487, ,597, ,853 J ,743,833 46,735,417 8,482,031 34,069, ,987,641 See footnotes at end of table. 7

12 Table 3. Specified Livestock-Inventory by Age and Sex Groups-Published in Censuses of 1840 to 1969-Continued hem and census date Farms Item and census date Farms Numb or liogs--continued SHEEP--Continued (Jan. 1) (Jan. 1) Hogs and pigs of all ages...,.,.,,,....,.,..,,,,,,,,,.,,,., Sows and gilts bred or to be bred to farrow before June ,,.,...,,,..,,,.,.,.,...,,,,...,,, (Apr. 1) Total , Sows and gilts farrowing between Jan, 1, and June 1, 1930,,. Other hogs and pigs born before Jan, 1, ,.... Pigs born s1.nce Jan. 1, ,...,......,..,,...,,, Unclassified...,...,.,..,,...,..,...,...,., (Jan, 1) 3,971,122 1,937,231 3,536,803 1_,685,946 2,673,260 1,376,345 1,684 37,212,967 6,061,112 56,318,793 7,673, ,119,887 23,494,292 30' 873 All sheep o.nd lambs...,.,.,.,,,.,...,,..,...,...,,...,. All ewes and ewe lambs kept for breeding ewes.,,....,, (Apr. 1) Sheep and lambs over 6 months old..,...,..,...,,.,,...,... Yearling ewes.,..,..,,,,,...,...,...,,.,,.,.,,,,, Other ewes..,,,.,,.,,.,,,..,,,.,,.,,..,.,,.,,...,,,.,., (Jan. 1) Sheep and lambs of nll ages.,...,...,.....,..,,,., Ewes, 1 year old o.nd over.,..,...,,,....,...,..., 456, , , , , , ,571 41,223,869 30,631,794 40,172, I 527, ,051,595 48,357,506 34,000,286 Total...,.,...,,...,..,.,...,...,,,..,,,,.... Sows and gilts for breed1ng purposes, 6 months old and over. All other hogs 6 months old and over, including boars.,,,,,, All pigs under 6 months,,..,.,.,...,...,.,,...,...,., (Jan. 1) Total ,.....,.... Sows and gilts for breeding purposes, 6 mo. old and over.... Boars for breeding purposes, 6 months old and over...,.,.... All other hogs, 6 months old and over...,...,,...,,...,. All pigs under 6 months..,...,...,.,,,.,...,.., Unclassified.,..,...,,.,.,...,.,.....,.,,.,......, (Apr. 15) 3,618,624 4,852,430 2,996, ,544 2,380,599 2,921, ,853,526 8,907,334 20,039,618 21,906,574 59,370,930 11,421, ,987 20,835,726 26,183,233 4, (Apr. 1) Total.., , ,..... Ewes born before Oct, ,,,...,.,,,.,..,.,. _. _.,... Yearling ewes born between Oct. 1, 1928, and Oct. 1, 1929,., Rams and wethers born before Oct, 1, 1929,,,..,,.,...,.,..,. Lambs born since Oct. 1, ,.....,,,.,, Unclassified.,,,,.,,.,....,,..,,, ,,,,..., (Jan. 1) Total..., Ewes 1 year old and over...,,,..,,....,..,,...,... Rams and wethers 1 year old and over...,,,...,.... Lnmbs under 1 year.,,,,,...,..,..,.,,,,,...,,,...,,, 583, ,738 57,014,079 30,795,236 7' 302,336 3,682,574 15,194,938 38,995 35,590,159 24,591,302 1,801,083 9,197' 774 Total....,......,...,.,..,...,...,..., Hogs and pigs born before Jan, 1, ,.,...,,.,,. Pigs born after Jan. 1, ,...,.....,.,, (June 1) Swine, all ages.,...,...,......,...,, (June 1) Swine on hand.,., ,,,,.,,.,.,,,.,.., (June 1) Swine on hand,.,.,.,...,.,.,.,.,.,,,.... 4,353,164 4,093,678 1,869,315 4,335,989 58,206,325-35,145, ,061,138 62,876,108 57,426,859 49,772, (Jan. 1) Total Ewes 1 year old and over,......,.,., Rams 1 year old and over....., ,.... Wethers 1 year old and over..,....,.,...,...,..,.,. Lambs under 1 year,......,......,,,..,... Unclassified.,,..,,...,...,,.,...,..., (Apr. 15) Total., Ewes born before Jan. 1, 1910.,..,...,,,,...,,,,,,.,,.. Rams and wethers born before Jan. 1, 1910,..,,...,. Lambs born after Jan ,,.,...,.,,.,., , , ,934 40, , , , , ,645 35,077,142 23,544, ,656 1,506,313 8,933, ,686 52,524,755 31,972,071 7' 732,367 12,820, (June 1) 1900 (June 1) Sw1ne...,..., (June 1) Swine...,.,...,,....,.,,,...,,..,..,..., (June 1) Swine.,..,...,......,...., (June 1) Swine.., ,.., ,134,569 33,512,867 30,354,213 26,301,293 Total Ewes 1 year old and over..,,...,.,.,...,..., Rams and wethers 1 year old and over...,,...,...,, Lambs under 1 year..,,,.,,...,.,...,, _., (June 1) Total Merino (fine wool) on hand, June 1,...,.,..,..,, English breeds (long or medium wool) on hand, June 1,, All other on hand, June 1,...,...,., Unclassified..,.,......,,.,,,.,.,...,...,,,.,,,.,., (June 1) 763,543 61,605,811 31,919,298 8,018,275 21,668,238 40,876,312 16,725,415 7,435,471 11,774,478 4,940,948 Sheep on hand,., ,192,074 SHEEP (June 1) 1969 (Dec. 31) Sheep, ,477' 951 All farms (June 1) Sheep and lambs of all al{es..,.,...,...,...,, Sheep ,471,275 Class 1-5 farms (June 1) Sheep and lambs of all ages Ewes 1 year old or older , , Rams and wethers 1 yeur old or older...,...,.... Lambs under 1 year old..., , (Nov. -Dec.) 123, ,690 94,469 82,790 19,769,115 12,022, ,647 7,156,247 Sheep.., (June 1) Sheep ,.....,...., ,723,220 19,311,374 Ewes, rams, wethers, and lambs, of all ages.... Ewes 1 year old and over...,..., Rams and wethers 1 year old and over,.... Lambs under 1 year old...,,......,,, , , , ,180 25,471,500 16,141, ,748 8,468,039 Class 1-5 farms GOATS 1969 (Dec. 31) 1959 (Oct.-Nov.) Ewes, rams, wethers, and lnmba, of all ages..... Ewes 1 year old and over..,,.., ,,.,.... Rams and wethers 1 year old and over ,.... Lambs under 1 yea;r old....,...,......,..,,., (oct,-nov,) (Not enumerated in Florida, Georgia, and South CnrolinB) Ewes, ram!'!, wetherr, and lambs, of all ages.... I!.Wes 1 year old and over , Rams and wethers 1 year old and over.,....,, Lambs under 1 year old..,..,..,, (Apr. 1) Ewes, rams, wethers, and lambs, of all ages..... Ewes born before Oct. 1, ,.....,...,..,..,..,..,.,,. Rwns and wethers born before Oct. 1, ,....,.... Lambs born since Oct. 1, ,.,...., , , , , , , , J , , , ,596 33,944,513 20,991,635 1,167,120 11,785,758 31,618,909 19,295,080 1,143,041 11,180,788 31,406,360 19,841,831 1,974,276 9,590,253 Goats of all ages,,,.,.,..,..,.,..,......,. Angora goats,,.,,,.,...,,,,..,,,,., Milk goats,.,,.,.,.,.....,..,... Other goats,,.,..,,.,,....., (Nov.-Dec,) (Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Texas) Goats and kids of all ages.,,..,,......,., ,.. Angora goats and kids,...,,.,.,..., Other goats and kids,,,,.,.,.,,..,.,,....,......, (Oct, -Nov. ) (Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Missouri, Novndn, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, and Utah} Goats and kids of all ages......, Angora goats and kids (except Alaska and 'Hawaii)...,,.. Other goats nnd kids....,..,,...,, ,.... Milk goats (Alaska only, Apr. 1960)...., ,203 5,431 3,965 11,860 20,426 11,659 10,339 26,480 11,861 16, ,248,094 1, 927} , ,762 3,910,375 3,643, ,006 3,497 J 710 3,110, , See footnotes at end of tablos.

13 Livestock, Poultry, Livestock and Poultry Products Table 3. Specified Livestock-Inventory by Age and Sex Groups-Published in Censuses of 1840 to 1969-Continued Item and census data GOATS--Continued 1954 (Oct, -Nov.) (llopt and Navajo Indian Reservations tn Arizona; Missouri- except 30 southeastern counties; and New Mexico 1 Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, and Washington) Goats and kids of all ages,,,,,,,,,,,,, Angora goats and kids,,,.,,,,.,,.,,,.,,,,,.,,,., Other goats and kids,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1950 (Apr. 1) (Arizona, California, Missouri, New M#tX1co 1 Oregon, Texas 1 and Utah) Goats and kids of all ages,,.,.,,.,,.,,,!.,,,.,,..,...,,..., Angora goats and kids,,,,,,.,,,,,,,..., Other goats and kids.,.,.,,,,,,,.,,,,.,,.,,,.,.,., (All other States) Goats and kids on hand or kept in 1949,,,,,.,,,,. Farms 29_,206 11,843 19,596 29,925 12,517 19, ,236 2,713,409 2_,330_, ,108 2_,444,993 2,116, ,789 Item and census date POUI!I'RY--Continued 1945 (Jan. 1) Chickens over 4 months old , , (Apr. 1) Chickens over 4 months old,,..,..,....,..,., , Turkeys over 4 months old Ducks over 4 months old,.... Geese over 4 months old., Guineas over 4 months old....,......,.. Pigeons over 4 months old., ,. Quail over 4 months old Pheasants over 4 months old ,... Unspecified and other over 4 months old......, (Jan. 1) Chickens over 3 months old Turkeys over 3 months old _,152, , J , , , , ,240,109 24,361, ,460, , , , , , ,971 5,833, ,603, ,114 5,381, (Jan. 1) 1930 (Apr. 1) All goats and kids.,,,,..,,,,.,.,.,.,,,,.....,, 134,523 4,265,501 Chickens over 3 months old...,... 5_,375, ,159, (Apr. 1) (Jan. 1) Total, over 4 months,,,,.,.,,,,,..,,..,. Angora goats and kids over 4 months old,...,...,. other goats and kids over 4 months old., ,258 23, ,009 4,176_,101 3,298, ,650 Ch1.ckens (Jan. 1) 5,505, ,290, (Jan. 1) Goats and kids of all ages.,.,,.,,.,,,.,.,..., (Apr. 1) Total.,,,,,,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,,,,,.,,,,,,.,. Angora goats and kids of all ages,,., Other goats and kids of all ages,.,.., , _,953 34,379 4,093, 441 4,822,071 3_,785,127 1,036_,944 Chickens ,.., , Turkeys Ducks., Geese., Guinea fowls.,.,...., Pigeons (Apr, 15) 5,839, , , , , ,I ,607, ,627, ,817, ,939, ,410,421 21,493, (Jan. 1) Goats and kids of all ages.,..,.,,..,...,,., (Jan. 1) Total,.,.,..,.,.,,.,.,...,.....,.,.,. Goats 1 year old and over raised for fleeces......,... Kids under 1 year old raised for fleeces..,..,..... All other goats and kids,..,,.,...,.,..,. 91, ,324 16,410 10,828 91,240 3,370,218 3_,463,120 1,590_, ,576 1_,361,516 Chickens over 3 months old.,.,.,...,,.,...,,.....,,,.., Turkeys over 3 months old ,... Ducks over 3 months old......, , Geese over 3 months old.,.,..,,..,,,....,....,.,...,.,... Guinea fowls over 3 months old.,.,....,,..,.,,.....,..... Pigeons over 3 months old Peafowls over 3 months old ,...,.....,.... Ostriches over 3 months old..,...,....,...,.....,.... Pheasants over 3 months old....,.,...,,,..,.... India jungle fowls.,..,..., , ,580, , , , , , , '1 280,410, ,688, ,906,525 24,431, ,765, ,730, , ,361 24,171 ' (Apr. 15) 1900 {June 1) Goats and kids of all ages,.,,,,...,..,.,..., (June 1) Goats, all ages.,.,,.,.,,,..,.,,,.,...,...,.. 82,801 77,534 2,919,612 1,871,252 Chickens, including guinea fowls, over 3 months old,.... Turkeys over 3 months old..., Geese over 3 months old Ducks over 3 months old..,,...,,,..., ,...,... Other an" unspecified......,...,......, {NA) ,695 {NA) 25,676, , All farms POULTRY 1969 (Dec. 31) Chickens 3 months old or older.,,,,.,,.,..,.,...,. Hens and pullets of laying age, excluding started pullets Broilers and other meat-type chickens less than 3 months old 471, ,519 31, _,008, ,678, ,122, (June 1) Chickens on hand, June 1...,.,...,,...,.,.... Turkeys on hand, June ,...,,.....,.,,.,.,..,.. ~:: ~: ::::; ;::: ~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::! (June 1) 258,871,125 10,754,060 8,440,175 7,544,080 Class 1-5 farms Chickens 3 months old or older.,,,.,,.,,.,.,.,..,. Hens and pullets of laying age excluding started pullets. Pullets not yet of laying age,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Other chickens.,.,,,.,,,.,.,.,,,,,.,,,,...,.,,. Broilers and other meat-type chickens less than 3 months old '1\l.rkeys of all ages.,.,,,.,,,,,,,.,..,,,.,,,,.,,, Turkey hens kept for breeding,,,, 1 Other turkeys.,,,.,,,,,,.,,.,,, Ducks, geese and other poultry.,,,.,,.,..,,., Ducks.. 1,,. Geese.,,.,,,,,,.,,,,,,,.,.,,,,., Other poultry,.,,.,,.,,.,,,.,,.,,.,,,.,..,.,. 293, ,007 17,875 40,688 26,111 8,833 6_,389 5_,344 36,183 25,040 15,054 6, ,208, _,900,729 66,830_,807 5_,477, _, ,107,467 2_,767_,863 10,339_,604 4,915,275 1,971, ,659 2,683,670 Barnyard poultry, excluding spring hatch,.,,.,...,.,,,,..,,. other poultry, excluding spring hatch ,..,... Class 1-5 farms BEES Hives of bees.....,.,,.,....,.,., , (Nov.-Dec,) Hawaii only Hives of bees owned in 1959,..,,,,,...,....,...,,, (Apr. 1) 102,272,135 23,235,187 12,745 1,424, , (Nov. -Doc. ) H1.ves of bees owned last year,.,...,,..,, ,244 2,403,379 Chickens 4 months old and over.,.,,.,.,.,,,,.,,,,,.... He"9s and pullets of' laying age,,.,,,..,.,,,.,,,,,,. Turkey hens on hand kept for breeding.,.,.,,,.,.., (Oct,-Nov,) Chickens 4 months old and over,,,.,,.,,.,,.,.,,,,,,..,, Turkey hens on hand kept for breeding,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,.., 1954 (Oct.-Nov.) Chickens 4 months old and over,,,.,.,.,,,.,,.,.,,,.,,,,.,. Turkey hens on hand kept for breeding in 1955,,,,,.,,.,,,,, Light breeds,..,,..,,,,,.....,.. lleavy breeds,, 1,,,,,, 1,210,669 1,146,031 26,931 2,172,264 51,745 3,413,204 83,532 44,852 39, ,161, _,408,859 3,211, ,029,294 2,917, _,800,447 2,277, ,877 1,530, (Apr. 1) Total., 'Owned by farm operator..,...,...,...,..,..,.,...,. Owned by others..,.,,..,...,....,...,.,., (Apr. 1) Hives of bees owned on farms or elsewhere.,...,,..,.,,, (Jan. 1) Hives of bees..,.,.,.,.,,,..,.,..,.,.,..,....,,,..,,., 265,221 2,286, ,480 1,939,990 13, , ,803 3,120, ,996 3,482, (Apr. 15) 1950 (Apr. 1) Swarms, hives, or colonies...,,,,,...,,,,..,.,,,,.,,,. 586,021 3,457,627 Chickens 4 months old and over,,,,.,.,.,,.,,,,,,.,,,.,, ~ 4, (June 1) Turkeys 4 months old and over.,.,, :848:880 Swarms or hives of bees.,.,.,,...,.....,....,... 7o7, 261 4,109,626 NA Not avaialble. 1 Does ~t include mules in Hawaii, 1Data tor Alaska and Hawaii not included. 3Mules included with horses in 33 states for which separate inquiries were not on questionnaire, Includes asses and burros in Hawaii. 1Includes asses and burros in Alaska and Hawaii, enoes not include Alaska. 9

14 this reason, changes in animal inventories from one census to another do not necessarily give true indications of either short-term or long-term inventory trends. Problems in Enumeration Several special problems anticipated and some not anticipated were encountered in the collection of livestock data. The tabulation of statistics at the county level posed the problem of assigning livestock to the proper counties for those operations, especially range operations, which cover large areas and extend across county or State lines. An enumeration problem arose because some farm operators feed animals or poultry or pasture animals belonging to others. In a number of cases the owners of the animals in question were not farm operators. A similar reporting problem was encountered with operators, who used land under grazing permits and had animals on acreage that was frequently public land and not part of any farm. Several steps were taken to solve the problem of multicounty operations. In conjunction with developing the census mail list, a precanvass covering about 100,000 of the larger and more complex farms was conducted. Among other things, the precanvass identified farms with multifarm operations or with significant acreages in more than one county. Once "multiunits" were identified, an attempt was made to obtain a report form for each separately reportable part of the total operation, particularly for those parts located in other counties. Any farm operator who fed or pastured livestock or poultry belonging to others was instructed to include them in his report. All sales of livestock and poultry were also to be reported for the farm from which they were taken regardless of whether the sale was made by the farm operator, a landlord, a contractor, or by someone else. Special emphasis was placed on the inclusion of broilers and turkeys grown under contract. On the other hand, the farm operator was instructed not to include in his report any animals or poultry owned by him but fed or pastured by someone else on another place. There was one exception to the general instruction to report only those animals which were on the operator's place. That exception applied to livestock grazing on land used under a grazing permit. These animals were to be counted as being on the place and were to be included in the farm operator's report. Value of Inventories Values of livestock and poultry inventories were obtained by multiplying the number of animals of each age and sex group by State average prices. The State average prices for cattle, hogs, sheep, angora goats, and hens and pullets, were obtained from data furnished by the Statistical Reporting Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Prices applied to other types of livestock were census-derived averages based primarily on reported values of sales for these items on the 1969 Census of Agriculture form. Value of 'sales The value of livestock and livestock products sold was reported by farm operators. On the regular census form, farmers were asked to divide sales values into six separate categories: Poultry and poultry products; dairy products; dairy cattle and calves; other cattle and calves; hogs, sheep, goats, wool and mohair; and other livestock and livestock products. A combined value for livestock, poultry, and their products was obtained on the less detailed census form {A2). Production for Meat Cattle, hogs, and sheep are the principal meat-type animals produced in the United States. Broilers and turkeys account for most of the poultry meat production. The. following class 1 5 farm sales data provide some measure of the relative importance of each of the meat-type animal groups: All cattle and calves.. Fattened on grain... Hogs and pigs Sheep and lambs.... Broilers.... Turkeys.... All cattle and calves.. Fattened on grain... Hogs and pigs.... Sheep and lambs.... Broilers.... Turkeys.... r~ ) 0 \Farms {Class 1-5) ,188, , , ,829 32,348 5, , , ,770,765 17,149,332 2,427,378, ,454,667 sold ,298,684 {NA) 628, , , ,847,546 21,787,042 79,008,758 20,492,742 1,912,263, ,966,019 Most cattle grown for beef purposes are produced in the midwestern and western United States. Hog production is highly concentrated in the Corn Belt States, and sheep raising is spread throughout the ranges of the West and the hill country of the Southwest. Southern States produce most of the broilers sold. Turkey production is more dispersed; the States of Minnes~ta and California are the leading producers. Meat-type animals have. varying production cycles. For some classes of animals, the cycle is rather fixed while for others it is quite flexible. Farmers or r~nchers with cow herds usually sell calves as feeder animals, fr~quently to specialized cattle feeders who then fatten them to sl~ughter weights. But calves may also be slaughtered for veat,, o~~hey may be pastured for various periods of time or go to, wah._,mup lots before eventually being placed in finishing feedlo~jhus cattle and calves, excluding breeding stock, may range in age from a few months to 2 or 3 years old when slaughtered. 10

15 Hog producers have fewer options. A hog breeder either sells feeder pigs to others who feed them to market weight or he raises them as market hogs himself. In either case, most market hogs are sold for slaughter 6 months after farrowing. Sheep raisers have several production alternatives. Some lambs are marketed when only a few months old, some are pastured and marketed for slaughter, and others are pastured and then fattened in feedlots or on specialized sheep feeding farms. Broiler production is confined to a fixed cycle with almost all broilers slaughtered at 6 to 10 weeks of age. Most turkeys are grown to a matured market age in 5 to 7 months, but some young turkeys are sold as fryers when less than 16 weeks of age. To a large degree, turkey production is seasonal in nature with most of the annual slaughter taking place between August and February. Cattle Production There is considerable variety among cattle-producing operations on farms in the United States. In 1969, cattle were produced on all census-classified types of farms; but three class 1-5 I ivestock classifications-livestock farms, dairy farms, and livestock ranches-accounted for 85 percent of the cattle and calves sold that year. Most of the cattle produced from grazing operations on livestock ranches are sold to farms and feedlots for.further feeding. The cattle feeding industry, fattening cattle on grain and concentrates and selling them for slaughter, is highly concentrated in specialized grain-producing areas. Sales of cattle from dairy farms consist primarily of dairy calves ortows and heifers culled from the milking herd. Table 4. Cattle and Calves-Inventory and Sales for Selected Types of Farms: 1969!. I Classl-5farms l ''/ j I 'l' '! b.-' Livestock Da1ry LIVestock,. All farms Total J.arms farms ranches ;f,,, ~. -- v } :=::-- Farms.. i t ~-~... number. 2,730,250 1,733, , ,956 79,683 Farms with ca t-le,. number. 1, 719,403 1,177, , ,U3 75,223 Cattle and calves, number, t,ooo.. 106,380 98,227 47,343 17,490 17,448 Cows,,,,, number, 1,000,. 45,511 41,942 15,842 10,228 8,362 Heifers and heifer 25,673,;!.~\2:241 calves.,., number, 1,000, ;' 5,470 3,927 Other cattle, number, 1,000 30,612 19,259 1,792 5,160 Cattle and calves sold. farms 1,645,518 1 '188, , ,858 77,874 number, 1, ,616 71,101 43' 073 7,254 12,921 value dollars, 1, ,017,374 9,652, , Cattle sold.. farms.. 891, , number, 1,000,. 41' ,670 7' 157 Fattened for slaughter. farms 146' ,561 13,980 2,611 number, 1,000 22,989 19, ,523 Calves sold rarms 947, , ,672 69,104 number, 1,000,. 29,970 14,475 4,584 5, 765 Fattened for slaughter,farms. 90, ,121 3,283 number, 1,000,. 2,927 2, Bxpol\di tures for livestock purchases.,..,..., $1,000. 8,081,639 7,916,714 5,277, ,254 1,032,599 There has been a continuing decline in the number of farms with cattle during the past five decades. From 1940 to 1964, the decrease in farms with cattle was approximately proportionate to the decrease in the total number of farms in the United States. Between 1964 and 1969, however, there.was a 9-percent decrease in the ratio of farms with cattle to total farms. Farms with cattle (million) Percent of all farms Much of this decrease resulted from a significant change in the percentage of cattle enterprises on farms with a value of sales less than $2,500. In 1964, 70 percent of these farms reported cattle on hand compared to 54 percent in of farms Total With cattle Percent (1,000) (1,000) with cattle All farms , ,158 2, Class 1-5 farms ,734 1, ,817 1, Class 6, part-time and partretirement farms , The discontinuance of small cattle operations continued to be the principal factor in the decrease of farms with cattle. In 1969, there were only half as many farms with less than 10 cattle as there had been 5 years earlier. Discontinued cattle enterprises of less than 20 head accounted for three-fourths of the decline in farms with cattle between 1964 and Conversely, the number of farms increased in each herd size group with more than 100 head. Nearly 60 percent of all cattle were located on these farms. Table 5. Cattle and Calves-Inventory by Per Farm: 1969 and 1964 Total all fanns. Cattle and calves per farm: 1 to to to to to 499. soo to ,000 to 2,499 2,500 and over (1,000) Percent I Farms reporting 1964 (1,000) Percent 1, ,0 2, , , , , , ,2 1, (Z) Inventory ~~ (1,000) Percent (1,000) Percent 106, ,558 1, ,889 4, , ,021 36,7 44,570 19, ,339 18, ,0 15,7-13 8, ,910 6, ,453 9, ,991 1Includes data. for abnonnal fo.nns with 20 head and over (1,212 fams with 499,732! cattle) Farms with cattle inventories of 500 head <1nd over had almost one-fourth of the cattle on class 1-5 farms although they made up only one and one-half percent of class 1 5 farms with cattle. 2, ,2 5, 7 11

16 Table 6. Cattle and Calves-Inventory and Sold-by of Cattle and Calves Per Farm: 1969 ~ ~ Farms Farms reporting reporting (1,000) Percent (1,000) Percent (1,000) Percent (1,000) Percent Total, class 1-5 fanns, 1, ,188,5 100,0 71, ,0 Cattle and cnlves per furm: 1 to 9,, ,0 10 to 19., ,0 2, fl , to 19, < ,6 13,' o , to 99,. 305, ,7 11,299 15,9 100 to , ,054 15,5 200 to 199, ,3 18,040 18, ,3 11,652 16,4 500 to , , ,000 to 2, ,4 6, , ,500 and over... l. l 0.1 9, ,485 17,6 None,, , The prevailing trends in the cattle industry were also evident for farms with cow herds. Class 1-5 farms with cows, decreased in number by almost 20 percent between 1964 and The entire net decrease occurred on farms with less than 50 cows. Table 7. Cows by Per Farm: 1959 to 1969 Farms reporting Total, class 1-5 fanns....,. 1,OlA,131 1,210,982 1,463,978 Cows pe-r fann 1 to 1.,,,,, o 5 to q,.,. o o o. o o, o., o 10 to o 20 to o 30 to 49,., , 50 to 99,,... o o,, 100 to 199,.. o,,,. 200 to 1~, o 500 to 999.., ,000 nnd over... o o 87' , , , J , ,03~ 3,162 1, , 74~ 135, , , , , , J J , '726 41,042 } 20 J ,851 The trend toward large cow herds continued. From 1964 to 1969, there was a 16 percent increase in the number of farms having cow herds of 100 head and over. The overall decrease in the total number of cows was the result of a 3.4 million reduction in the number of milk cows. Cows other than milk cows increased by 1.6 mill ion. of of cows cows including including heifers heifers that of that had calved had calved milk cows minus milk cows (million) (million) (million) From 1964 to 1969, the number of farms selling cattle and calves decreased by 17.4 percent, but during the same time period, the total number of cattle and calves sold increased by 18.5 percent. On farms with a value of sales of $2,500 and over, cattle sold, excluding calves sold, increased by 24 percent. Most of this increase was on farms from which 500 head and over were sold. These farms accounted for almost one-half of all cattle sold from class 1 5 farms. The ratio of cattle fattened on grain and concentrates for slaughter to the total number of cattle and calves sold, remained almost constant for class 1-5 farms between 1964 and In both years, about 37 percent of the total number sold were fattened cattle and calves. But the increased ratio of cattle sold to cattle on hand (.70 in 1969 compared to.60 in 1964) is a measure of increased interfarm sales of cattle and may be indicative of the emergence of warmu~ or backgrounding feedlot operations. In many cases, cattle or calves are placed in these lots for from a few weeks to several months before being transferred to finishing feed yards. Such transfers are treated as sales on the census reports. These additional interfarm sales, in turn, lower the proportion of total sales made up by cattle fattened on grain and concentrates and sold for slaughter. Within the cattle-feeding industry itself there was increased concentration of production on larger farms and feedlots. In 1964, 47 percent of fattened cattle were sold from farms selling 500 head and over. By 1969, the percentage of fat cattle sold coming from these farms had increased to 65 percent. Table 8. Cattle Excluding Calves-Sales, Fattened on Grain and Concentrates-by Sold per Farm: 1969 and 1964 Farms selling any sold..12!!!... fattened on gram and concentrates and sold for slaughter Totnl, class 1-5 farms., o.,, , ,733 41,131,336 33, , to o o 10 to 19o., o. 20 to o 50 to 99..,., o 100 to to and over,.. 480,868} {1,972,332} 167, ,581 2,199,261 8,928, ,584 3,971,962 51, ,582 3,494,269 13,964,642 29,964 31,571 4,048,310 4,233,762 19,577 16,749 5,767,251 4,833,436 8,593 5,980 19,677,951 11,248, ,602) { 350,569 r 2,516,847 l,025j 757 J 1,338,112 12,101,574 1,929,992 2,466,641 3,201,063 2,794,591 14,964,270 8,773,125 1Numbors for 1964 nre from frequencies on nll forms table on the assumption thot virtually all forms selling more than 49 head would have been class 1-5 fnrrns. Thirty percent of all cattle fattened on grain and concentrates and sold for slaughter were produced on farms and feedlots selling 20,000 head and over. Total.... sold per farm: 1 to to to ,000 to 4, ,000 to 9, ,000 to 19,999 20,000 and over. Cattle, excluding calves, fattened on grain ahd concentrates (1,000) 22,988 2,893 5,131 1,870 2,976 1,348 1,999 6,771 12

17 Hog Production The Corn Belt States-Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansasaccounted for 78 percent of all hogs and pigs sold in In these States, as in the rest of the country, increased numbers of hogs were being produced by fewer farms. Since 1959, the rate of decrease in the number of farms with hogs and pigs has been considerably greater than the rate of decrease for all farms in the United States. Despite this decrease and a corresponding decrease in the number of farms selling hogs, the total number of hogs and pigs sold increased 7 percent between 1964 and Farms with Hogs and pigs Farms selling Hogs and hogs and pigs on farms hogs and pigs pigs sold ( 1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) , , ,081 54, , ,849 67,949 1,273 80, ,366 57,093 1,424 57, ,014 55,789 2,099 65, ,314 46,735 2,104 68, ,768 34,070 1,843 49,192 The above data indicates that hog production is becoming more concentrated on larger producing units. Table 9 shows that in 1969 more than one-half of all hogs were on places that had 200 hogs and over. On the other hand, farms with less than 25 hogs made up 45 percent of all farms with hogs on hand. Table 9. Hogs and Pigs-Inventory-by Per Farm: 1969 and 1964 Farms raportmg ~ ,000) Percent ) Percent 11,000) Percent 11,000) Percent Total all farms , o 55, , Hogs nnd pigs per farm: 1 to ,4 41, , to s 187.o , I to 99 1,, ,3 25,5 11, ,355 26,5 100 to , , , to , ,164 28,0 500 to 999, , , ,000 nnd over , \ 1, includes data for abnormal farms with more than 24 head (682 farms reporting 215,721 headl Class 1-5 farms accounted for 97 percent of all hogs and pigs sold in Two-thirds of the hogs and pigs sold in 1969 were sold from farms selling 200 head or more. Table 10. Hogs and Pigs Sold-by Sold Per Farm: 1969 Totnl 1 class 1-5 farms,,,,,.,. Hogs nnd pigs sold per fnnn: 1 to 9...,.,,.,.,.....,..,, 10 to 49,,.,,.,.,.,...,.,. 50 to 99.,,,,.,.,...., to ,.,, to 499., ,., to 999,.,.,.., ,000 nnd over..,,..... Farms reportin9 Percent distribution 536, , , , , , ' , Hogs and pigs sold Percent 11,000) distribution 86, , ' , ' ' , Although most pigs are farrowed and raised as market hogs on the same farm, production of feeder pigs for sale has become a significant factor in the hog~raising industry. Feeder-pig sales accounted for 17 percent of the total number of hogs and pigs sold in Class 1-5 farms on which no pigs were farrowed sold 14.7 mill ion hogs, or 17 percent of the number of hogs and pigs sold from class 1-5 farms. An increased percentage of all litters were being farrowed on larger production units. Although the number of litters produced in 1969 was almost unchanged from the number produced in 1964, litters were farrowed on 30-percent fewer farms in On class 1-5 farms, breeding herds produced 20 litters and over on only 40 percent of farms farrowing litters, yet they accounted for 80 percent of the litters produced. Table 11. Hogs and Pigs and Feeder Pigs- Litters Farrowed, Salesby Litters Farrowed Per Farm: 1969 L tters farrowed Total Hogs and p1gs sold Feeder p1qs sold Farms Farms Farrm Total 1 class 1-5 farms ,485 10,204, ,351 86,770, ,104 14,033,703 Litters farrowed per farm: ,145 19, , ,155 2 to , ' ' 026' , to 9...,..., 70, ,017 70,017 3,812, ' to ,650 1 '395' ,645 10,320,049 28' 567 2,043,093 20totJ , ' ,526, '709, to 99.,...,. 38, 376 2,513,173 38,374 17,213, '179,21-l 100 to ,... 10,144 1,278,647 10,144 8,539,632 3, 133 1,855, and over..., , ,132 2,234 4,383, , 113, ]18 None...,..., ,928 14' 700, Sheep Production Both the numbers of farms with sheep and lambs and the number of sheep and lambs on these farms have been declining Sheep and lambs on farms Farms reporting 170, , , ,001 (million) To a large degree, sheep and lamb production is concentrated in the intermountain areas of the West and the hill country of the Southwest. Texas is the leading sheep-producing State. In 1969, one-fifth of all sheep and lambs were located on farms and ranches in that State. The Mountain States together with Texas, California, and South Dakota accounted for almost 70 percent of the total number of sheep and lambs on hand. Milk Production Milk production remained one of the major farm enterprises in the United States in Over 568,000 farms had milk cows, and there were 360,102 class 1-5 farms which had sales of dairy products. The value of dairy products sold and value of dairy cattle and calves sold from these farms was $6,349 million and accounted for 23 percent of the total value of livestock poultry, and their products sold on class 1-5 farms in Th~ amount received from the sale of dairy cattle and calves on class 1-5 farms was $931 million. 13

18 Farms reporting Dollars Percent Livestock, poultry, and their products sold 1,367,291 $27,896,509, Poultry and poultry products ,643 3,906,912, Dairy products ,102 5,417,798, Dairy cattle and calves , ,825,316 3 Other cattle and calves ,728 13,086,549, Hogs, sheep, and goats..., ,470 4,354,869, Other livestock and livestock products , ,554,557 1 The production of milk is largely concentrated in the Northeast, The Great Lakes area, and California. These 16 States accounted for 63 percent of the total value of dairy products sold from class 1-5 farms in 1969, and had 58 percent of the class 1-5 farms reporting dairy products sold in the United States United States.. The Northeast... The North Central.. The South... The West 1964 United States.. The Northeast... The North Central The South... The West.... Milk cows on farms Percent 11,174, ,022, ,396, ,442, ,312, ,622, ,533, ,326, ,190, ,572, The number of farms reporting milk cows declined by almost 50 percent from 1964 to About 568,000 U.S. farms had milk cows in 1969, compared with some 1.1 million in 1964 and 1.8 million in The steady decline in the number of farms keeping milk cows has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in size of the remaining milk cow herds; therefore, today's milk supply is being produced by fewer, but larger herds. This has been made possible by technological advancements in the form of new equipment and facilities which permitted the small milk-cow herds to be expanded considerably. Therefore, producers who have been able and willing to in-vest in new equipment and facilities have greatly increased the size of their operations. Small milk-cow herds which once played an important role in milk production, have been declining rapidly in number, and seem to be headed in the direction of further reduction. The number of milk cows has been steadily declining since their peak in 1940, and the number, beginning in 1959, has been smaller than the number in From 1959 to 1969, the number of milk cows declined more than 5.4 million or an average of 540,000 per year. Increases in milk production per cow, attractiveness of other types of farming, increasing off-farm employment of farm operators and members of their families, and technological developments eliminating small-sized-milk producing units have contributed to both decline in milk cows and to the decrease in the number of farms producing milk for sale. In 1964, more than 588,000 class 1-5 farms were selling dairy products; by 1969, the number of farms had decreased by 228,000 to 360,000. While the number of farms with milk cows and the number of farms producing milk has declined, the size of the remaining producing units has increased. The number of farms having less than 10 milk cows declined from over 2 million in 1954 to 278,000 in There were approximately one-half as many farms with 10 to 19 milk cows in 1969 as in There was a decrease of 42 percent from 1964 to 1969 in the number of farms with less than 20 milk cows. The number of farms with 30 milk cows and over decreased from 147,000 in 1964 to 132,000 in However, there has been a continuing increase in the number of farms with more than 200 milk cows over the past 10 years. These farms increased 13.4 percent from 1964 to Table 12. Milk Cows-Inventory-by of Milk Cows Per Farm: 1954 to 1969 I 1969 Percent I I Percent Percent Portent Farms reporting Farms with milk cows 1 totnl all farms,, 568 I ,0 1,133, ,836, ,956, Milk cows per farm: Under , , , 712,884 93,3 2,862, to 4, , , ,057, , to 9, J , ,467 13,7 494, to , , ~61, , to , ' , , to ' Jl ' I to , "37, J 969 L5 19, to ,368 L~ 6, , '1, nnd over... 2,486 'J'-~;4 2,192 o. 2 1,694 0, Milk cows (thousands) Total , , , Milk cows por fann: Under 30. 3, , ,584 62,9 1 to ,009 7.o 5 to 9, to , , to , , to , , , to 99.,,.. 2, , , to , and over Dnta for conterminous United States are based on reports for only a sample of farms for 1959 and Includes data for all abnormal farms with more than 9 milk cows. The value of dairy products sold increased, on class 1-5 farms, from $4,637 million in 1964 to $5,418 million in A } } 14

19 significant contribution to this gain is the increase in retail dairy prices. Of all class 1-5 farms selling dairy products, 91 percent sold whole milk to plants or dealers. The number of farms selling the greatest dollar amount of dairy products occurred on farms with 30 to 49 milk cows. These farms average $18,940 per farm. Although there were 206,300 farms reporting less than 30 milk cows, these farms sold only 23 percent of the total value of dairy products sold on class 1-5 farms. Table 13. Value of Dairy Products Sold by of Milk Cows Per Farm: 1969 Farms Average reporting Dollars Percent value Total, class 1-5 farms,,....,..,. Milk cows per farm: 1 to , to ,., to 19.,...,...,..,.,. 20 to 29,.,....,..,. 30 to 49,,.,,,,., 360,102 22,129 29,854 82, I ,118 $5,4}7 I ljj 21,796,822 58,072, ,567, ,651,195 1,593,158, '$15' ') , to, ,940 The last 10 years have witnessed a 26.4 percent decline in the number of all farms, a 16.1 percent decrease in the number of class 1-5 farms, and a reduction of 39.0 percent in the number of class 1-5 poultry farms (farms whose sales of chickens, chicken eggs, and all other poultry products accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales). The total value of poultry and poultry products sold increased substantially between 1959 and On class 1-5 farms, these sales rose from $2.3 billion in 1959 to $3.9 billion in 1969, an increment of 72.2 percent. This represents an average value of $19,868 in sales for farms reporting these sales in (Data for the number of farms reporting any poultry or poultry products sold is not available for 1959). Poultry-type farms accounted for $3.7 billion or 95.2 percent of total poultry sales on class 1 5 farms in 1969; whereas, in 1959, these farms accounted for $1.8 billion or about 81.0 percent of the sales. 50 to 99,..,,......, to 199..,.,.,..,..,.,,,,...., and over....., None..,,.,.,.,,.,...,,,...,,. 1 Less th)n 0.5 percent. Poultry Production 38,467 7,367 2,485 20,449 1,351,953, ' 399' ,935' ,262, ' , , ,023 There are currently three major components of the farm poultry industry-chickens for the production of eggs, broilers for meat, and turkeys for meat. Each of these components has undergone substantial change in terms of numbers of farms reporting, numbers of poultry and the proportion kept or raised on specialized poultry-type farms. Poultry and poultry products-developments in the poultry industry during the past two decades have resulted in significant changes in poultry production in the United States. With new and rapidly changing technology and the advent of large-scale specialized farms, production and distribution trends have shifted substantially within the framework of the poultry farm. Chickens 3 months old or older-chickens in the 3 months old or older classification consist almost entirely of hens and pullets of laying age and of pullets 3 months old that are not yet of laying age. Chickens in the 4 months old or older classification which were enumerated in earlier censuses have been considered as comparable in the tables and text throughout this chapter. Table 14. Selected Poultry-Inventory, Sold, Value of Sales: 1959 to 1969 Class 1-5 farms of farms ,250 3,157,857 3,710,503 1, 733,683 1,817,4.40 2,067,063 57,545 Chickens 3 months old or older1,... farms.. 171,28-1 1,210,669 2,207, ,576 1,213 ' I..J66, 1, , , , , ,619 Droi lers and other meat-type chickens sold... farms , J , ,429,773 1 J 915,374 1,419,260 2,4.27,378 1,912,264 2 I 101 I 938 Turkeys -d... h-.. 41, ' '27 1 <NA) 3, , I , , ' ' 842 Pout try and pout tz y products sold.,..,,,...,... fa rills.. 196,643 (NJ\) (NJ\) 57,545 $1,ooo.. 3, ,363,500 3, , ,268,905 3,719,120 1Comparnble data for 1964 and 1959 is for "ch1ckens 4 months old or older." All Poultry farms ,322 41' ' '048 1,888,063 6, I 037 {NA) 2, ~ 94,374 1 ' Table 15. Chickens 3 Months Old or Older-Inventory-by Per Farm: 1969 and 1964 Farms reportmg Inventory Percent distnbution Percent d1stnbutmn 1'17'( 1969' 1964J Percent change l Percent (1,000) (1,000) change Total, nll fnrms ,210,669 ~ , Chickens per farm: 1 to 99,.,..,,.,,,.,,,...,.,.,..., to , ,...,...,....,..,.., , to 1, ,..,..,...,,,..,..,..,,....., 22,530 1,600 to 3, ,...,,,,....,., , 867 3,200 to 9,999...,,...,...,..,,.,...,.... 9, ' , , , , ,356 < , , ,401-60, ' , ? ,000 to 19,999...,.,...,...,,..,.,..,..., 5,0G to ,,.,..,...,...,,,..,.,...,. 2,870 so,ooo to 99, ,000 nnd ovor.....,...,..,...,..,.,..., 345 3, ' ,263 3fL ' ,00< (') 4.1,566 21, o. 1 (') 7<1, ' t Deta11 will not equnl totnl because abnormal farms have been excluded. 2Compn:rublo data for 1964 is for chickens <1 months old und older. 3T,f'R"' thnn 0.0!1 nr>orr:r-mt. 15

20 Farms with chickens 3 months old or older decreased from 1,210,699 in the 1964 census to 471,284 in This decrease of 61.1 percent has been the result of the discontinuance of small chicken enterprises. Farms reporting 1 to 99 chickens decreased by 62.3 percent, from 896,701 to 337,827. Farms reporting 1 00 to 399 chickens decreased by 60.2 percent. Even with the substantial decreases in the number of farms having small flocks, these flocks account for a very large proportion of the farms reporting chickens. Flocks of 1 to 99 chickens accounted for 71.7 percent of the total while an additional 18.8 percent were in the 100 to 399 size group. These two groups with small flocks, representing 90 percent of the farms reporting chickens, had only 7 percent of these chickens on hand. The number of chickens has increased from 343 million in 1964 to 371 million. A small part of this increase can be attributed to changing the age classification from 4 months old or older to 3 months old or older. Flocks of 10,000 or larger have increased from 5,797 in 1964 to 8,914 in Flocks of this size reported 71.4 percent of the chickens on hand in the 1969 census compared to 41.1 percent in the 1964 census. The 345 farms with 100,000 chickens and over had 20 percent of the total in There were only 138 flocks of this size in 1964 which accounted for 7.5 percent of the total reported in Replacements for laying flocks are often raised on specialized pullet-growing farms. Over 132 million pullets 3 months old or older were sold from 5,763 class 1-5 farms in The 1,369 farms selling 30,000 pullets and over accounted for 66.9 percent of the total. Farms reporting Pullets sold Percent (1,000) Percent Total.... 5, , Pullets sold per farm: 1 to 1, ' ,000 to 7, , ,000 to 15, ' , ,000 to 29,999 1, , ,000 to 59, , ,000 to 99, , ,000 and over , chickens; whereas, in 1969, such reports were accepted as broilers and not transferred. This resulted in an increase in farms reporting broilers sold as well as the number of broilers sold for the under-2,000 size group. Data in the 2,000-and-over size groups are directly comparable and reflect the changes in the farms growing broilers. Although the number of all farms selling 2,000 broilers and over has declined 30.3 percent between 1959 and 1969, the number of broilers sold from these farms has increased by 71 percent. All but a fraction of the total number of broilers sold from farms in 1969 (99.9 percent) were from farms reporting 2,000 broilers and over sold. Percent change to to to Any broilers sold... farms.. 33,688 35,128 42, number (million).,. 2,429 1,915 1, ,000 broilers and over sold... farms.. 28,727 34,799 41, number (million).. 2,427 1,915 1, Does not include abnormal farms reporting broilers sold. Since 1964, sizable reductions in the number of farms reporting number of broilers sold have occurred in all five size distributions for enterprises reporting between 2,000 and 60,000 broilers sold. Between 1964 and 1969, enterprises reporting between 60,000 and 100,000 broilers sold increased over 22 percent; with the number of broilers sold on these places increasing by more than 23 percent. During the same period, enterprises with sales of 100,000 broilers and over increased 73.5 percent, with an increase of 72 percent in the number sold. Overall, there has been a 44-percent increase in the number of farms reporting 60,000 broilers and over sold for this period. At the same time, the number of broilers sold from these farms increased by about 55 percent. In 1969, 7,634 farms, or about 24 percent of all farms reporting broiler s~les, accounted for around 59 percent of all broiler sales. The five leading broiler-producing States-Georgia, Arkansas, Alabama, North Carolina, and Mississippi-produced 62 percent of all broilers in 1969 as compared with 58 percent.in 1964 and only 36 percent in Broilers-Substantial growth has been experienced in the broiler industry in the past decade. Between 1959 and 1969, the number of broilers sold increased more than 70 percent, from 1.4 billion to 2.4 billion. A change in office processing procedure affected the comparability of the data for farms reporting broiler sales in 1969 with that for earlier censuses, although the effect on the total number of broilers sold is slight. In 1964 and earlier censuses, reports with less than 2,000 broilers sold were generally transferred to sales of other Turkeys-Turkey production is concentrated in a relatively few States. In 1969, Minnesota led all States in the production of turkeys, having sold 15.3 million turkeys; California ranked second with sales of 14.4 million turkeys. Combined, they accounted for nearly 29 percent of all turkey sales from class 1-5 farms. In 1964, these two States also produced about 29 percent of all turkeys raised; however, at that time California was the leading producer with 15.5 million turkeys raised, while Minnesota ranked second with sales of 14.5 million turkeys. Other important States ranked by number sold in 1969 were North Carolina, Texas, and Missouri. 16

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