Evaluation of Compact Bed Geometries for Water, Nutrient, and Economic Efficiency for Drip-Irrigated Tomato and Pepper
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1 Evaluation of Compact Bed Geometries for Water, Nutrient, and Economic Efficiency for Drip-Irrigated Tomato and Pepper Sanjay Shukla Kira Hansen Nathan Holt 1 Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS), Immokalee, FL July 31 th, 2016 Deliverable 2: Year 1 Report Project: (FDACS), (UF) Submitted to: Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services (FDACS) Tallahassee, FL.
2 BACKGROUND This report fulfills the requirements of Deliverable 2 for the project Evaluation of Compact Bed Geometries for Water, Nutrient, and Economic Efficiency for Drip-Irrigated Tomato and Pepper. The goal of the proposed project was to evaluate different bed geometries in terms of water use, nutrient uptake, and economic sustainability for drip-irrigated tomato and pepper production in Florida. Specific objectives include: 1) Evaluate two compact bed geometries against the conventional bed for two seasons of tomato grown in single-row at a commercial tomato farm under normal grower practices. 2) Evaluate compact bed geometries against a conventional bed for double-row pepper at a commercial pepper farm under normal grower (2 drip tapes) and alternative (1 drip tape) management practices for two seasons. 3) Evaluate the rainfall retention and reduced flooding benefits of compact and conventional beds for fall planted crops. 4) Disseminate project results to vegetable growers, agencies, and other stakeholders. This report summarizes Deliverable 2 of this study and includes: 1) Irrigation volume, fertilizer applied, and yield for the first season of the pepper experiment conducted in the fall of ) Irrigation volume, fertilizer applied, and yield for the first season of the tomato experiment conducted in the fall of DELIVERABLE 2: YEAR 1 REPORT PEPPER The field experiment was conducted during the fall growing season of 2015 at the C&B Farms, Clewiston, Florida. The conventional bed geometry (32 in (width) x 9 in (height)) with 1
3 two drip tapes and three compact bed geometries treatments- Compact1( 24 in x 10 in; 2 drip tapes), Compact2 (24 in x 10 in; 1 tape), and Compact3 (18 in x 12 in; 1 tape) were implemented in a complete randomized block design. For the conventional and Compact1 treatments, total irrigation volume applied was 9.11 in. For Compact2 and Compact3 treatments, the irrigation volume applied was 4.56 in. Because the irrigation runtime was not changed, eliminating one drip tape for Compact2 and Compact3 treatments resulted in 50% reduction in irrigation volume. Figure 1 illustrates the differences between the conventional bed geometry and Compact3, highlighting the differences in width and number of drip tape. A) B) Figure 1: Pictures taken 5 weeks after transplanting of the bell pepper. A) Front view of the conventional bed geometry with two drip tapes. B) View of the Compact3 bed geometry with a single drip tape. Fertilizer was applied through three methods: 1) broadcast at the time of bedding ( cold mix ); 2) concentrated bands on top of the beds beneath the plastic mulch ( hot mix ); and 3) fertigation. Fertigation schedule was kept same across all treatments, with the conventional and Compact1 treatments receiving twice as much nutrient through fertigation compared to the Compact2 and Compact3 treatments. Reduced nutrient input (fertigation) due to one less tape for Compact2 and Compact3 treatments was compensated by increasing the pre-plant solid fertilizer. The conventional and Compact1 treatments each received 182 lb N/ acre, 126 lb P 2 O 5 / acre, and 304 lb K 2 O / acre as solid fertilizer, while the Compact2 and Compact3 each received 205 lb N/ acre, 135 lb P 2 O 5 / acre, and 307 lb K 2 O / acre. Liquid nutrients applied through fertigation were 184 lb N/ acre, 46 lb P 2 O 5 /acre, and 488 lb K 2 O/ acre for the conventional and Compact1 treatments. Compact2 and Compact3 treatments received 92 lb N/acre, 23 lb P 2 O 5 /acre, and 92 2
4 lb K 2 O / acre through fertigation; 50% less than the conventional and Compact1 treatments. The conventional and Compact1 treatments received, in total, 366 lb N/ acre, 172 lb P 2 O 5 /acre, and 488 lb K 2 O / acre while Compact2 and Compact3 treatments received 297 lb N/ acre, 158 lb P 2 O 5 /acre, and 399 lb K 2 O / acre. Plant tissue samples and soil chemical samples were collected during the growing season and are currently being processed and analyzed by the Analytical Services Laboratory (ARL), UF/IFAS, Gainesville, FL. The pepper crop was first harvested on November 30 th, 2015 and then continued to be harvested on bi-weekly basis until February 8 th, 2016, per the producer s harvest schedule. Data from six harvests were collected (Figure 2A). Twenty-six consecutive plants, representing fieldscale production, were selected for collecting yield data; a total of six such experimental subplots were used as yield replications for each treatment (Figure 2B). The yields for the four treatments are given in Table 1. No statistical difference in the crop yield was found between treatments (p > 0.84) indicating that narrower and higher beds did not reduce crop yield. A) B) Figure 2: Pictures of the bell pepper harvest. A) View of the workers picking the harvest. B) View of a netted bell pepper sub-plot replication used to evaluate the yield obtained from each of the four treatments. 3
5 Table 1. Irrigation volume, total nutrient application, and yield (six harvests) data for the four bed geometry treatments for the bell pepper experiment. Bed Geometry Treatment Conventional (32 in x 9 in, 2 tapes) Compact1 (24 in x 10 in, 2 tapes) Compact2 (24 in x 10 in, 1 tape) Compact3 (18 in x 12 in, 1 tape) Seasonal Fertilizer (lbs/acre) Yield Irrigation Depth (in) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P 2 O 5 ) Potassium (K 2 O) (lbs/acre) , , , ,247 TOMATO Tomato bed geometry experiment was conducted during the fall growing season of 2015 at a commercial tomato farm near Immokalee, Florida. The conventional bed geometry (32 in (width) x 8 in (height)) and four compact bed geometries treatments- Compact1( 26 in x 9 in), Compact2 (24 in x 10 in), Compact3 (18 in x 12 in), and Compact4 (16 in x 12 in) were implemented in an incomplete randomized block design. For all the treatments, total irrigation volume applied was 9.98 in. Similar to pepper crop, fertilizer was applied through three methods, cold mix, concentrated bands on bed top, and fertigation. Fertigation scheduling was kept same across all treatments. 4
6 Figure 3: Thirteen week old tomato crop. Conventional bed geometry is shown on the left and Compact4 is shown on the right. Each of the five treatments received equal amount of pre-plant fertilizer at the time of bedding, 204 lb N/ac, 120 lb P 2 O 5 /ac, and 418 lb K 2 O/ac. Nutrients applied (lb/ac) through fertigation were 156 lb N, 41 lb P 2 O 5, and 166 lb K 2 O for all treatments. Plant tissue samples and soil chemical samples were collected during the growing season and are currently being processed and analyzed by the ARL, UF/IFAS, Gainesville, FL The crop was harvested thrice, however, grower cooperator harvested only twice. Therefore, yield data for two harvests are presented here (Table 2). Statistical analysis was only conducted for two harvests. Due to a storm before the third harvest, a considerable loss of fruit may have occurred. The first harvest occurred on December 22 th, 2015 and the second harvest was conducted two weeks later on January 5 th, 2016 (Figure 4A). Six replications of 10 consecutive plants representing the field production were selected and harvested for each treatment (Figure 4B). The yield data were analyzed through ANOVA and showed no statistical difference between the conventional and the compact bed geometries (p 0.43). A) B) Figure 4: Field view of the tomato experiment. A) View of the research personnel harvesting and grading the fruit. B) View of a netted tomato experimental unit (10 plants) from where the fruit yield data were collected for each treatment. 5
7 Table 2. Water use, total nutrient application, and yield data for the five bed geometry treatments which were planted with tomato and harvested twice. Bed Geometry Treatment Conventional (32 in x 8 in) Compact1 (24 in x 10 in) Compact2 (24 in x 10 in) Compact3 (18 in x 12 in) Compact4 (16 in x 12 in) Seasonal Fertilizer (lb/acre) Yield Irrigation Depth (in) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P 2 O 5 ) Potassium (K 2 O) (lbs/acre) , , , , ,934 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSES EXPERIMENT The conventional bed geometry will be evaluated with a compact bed geometry with regards to flooding risk and runoff. This evaluation will be conducted using the weather and hydrologic experimental data. The experimental data from the commercial farms where the studies are being conducted as well as data from the Hydrologically Isolated Units at SWFREC, Immokalee, FL, will be utilized. DISSEMINATION OF STUDY RESULTS Interim project results have been disseminated through UF/IFAS Field Days and other educational events as well as news media. Results were presented at the 2015 Gadsden Tomato Forum held on December 3, 2015 at the UF/IFAS North Florida Research & Education Center, Quincy, FL. Tomato and pepper study results were also presented at the Spring (2016) and Fall (2015) Field Days at the UF/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 6
8 Immokalee, FL. A presentation on the compact bed geometry design was made at the 2016 Tri- State Cucurbit Meeting, UF/IFAS Jackson County Extension Office, Marianna, FL on January 27, Compact bed geometry presentations have also been made at the Southwest Florida Ag Water Conference at the Dallas Townsend Hendry County Extension Office, LaBelle, FL on May 17 th, 2016 and the 10 th Watershed UF/IFAS In-service training in Kissimmee, FL in April To reach a wider audience, UF/IFAS Communication Office has developed two videos with grower testimonial and UF/IFAS news release article. These videos have been released through the Youtube as The Science of Better Living - Improving Crop Productivity ( and The UF/IFAS news release is available at One of the inputs received from the stakeholders throughout Florida is the design and evaluation of compact bed geometry for other major plasticulture crops (e.g. watermelon and strawberry). 7
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