Mean Performance and Ratooning Ability of Sugarcane Promising Genotypes at Early Clonal Selection

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1 American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 16 (1): 20-27, 2016 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2016 DOI: /idosi.aejaes Mean Performance and Ratooning Ability of Sugarcane Promising Genotypes at Early Clonal Selection Eid M. Mehareb, Salah F. Abou-Elwafa and Mohamed O.A. Galal 1 Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt 2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt Abstract: Sugarcane (Saccharum ssp L.) is an important cash crop of Egypt, plays a crucial role in the economics of farmers and is a survival of the ever-expanding sugar industry in southern Egypt. Ratooning ability in sugarcane (Saccharum ssp) is the ability to maintain cane and sugar yields as the number of ratoon crops increases. Here, twenty promising sugarcane varieties were studied in a randomized complete block design at two locations, Mallawi Agricultural Research Station, El-Minia Governorate, Egypt and El-Mattana Agricultural Research Station, Esna, Luxor Governorate, Egypt during 2010 (plant cane), 2011 (first ratoon) and 2012 (second ratoon) harvesting seasons. Significant differences among evaluated promising sugarcane varieties for all traits in plant cane (PC), first ratoon (FR), second ratoon (SR) and over crops (OC) were observed. Stalk diameter for twelve tested genotypes decreased with older crops, meanwhile stalk length for ten tested promising varieties increased with older crops. Stalk weight of fifteen promising varieties decreased from plant cane to first ratoon. Cane yield of two promising; G and G variety was significantly greater than cane yield of the check cultivar GT54-9 across all crop cycles and over crops. Ratooning ability of the best promising variety G was superior because cane yield and sugar yield were higher in later ratoon. Ratooning ability of the worst varieties G and G , that cane and sugar yield was lower in later ratoon. Cane yield across the evaluated varieties significantly increased in the first ratoon by 8.5% and in the second ratoon by 3.8% compared to plant cane, but decreased in second ratoon by 4.36% compared to the first ratoon. Significant differences among evaluated crosses for total soluble solids (Brix), sucrose percentage, juice purity, sugar recovery and sugar yield were detected. Key words: Saccharum ssp L. Sugar cane Ratoon Ratooning ability INTRODUCTION The plant characteristics of sugarcane associated with ratooning ability were studied for possible use as Sugarcane (Saccharum ssp L.) is one of the most selection criteria in breeding [2]. The major cane growing important crops in tropical and sub-tropical countries, is countries normally take two or more ratoons [3, 4]. the first major sugar crop worldwide. In Egypt, sugarcane Ratoon crop yields usually typically decreased with age is an important cash crop, plays a crucial role in the and, hence, limit the economic production of sugarcane economics of farmers and provides main stay to sugar [5, 6, 7]. The average yield gap between plant and ratoon industry in Southern Egypt and also raw material to many crop is 20%-25% [8]. Milligan et al. [9] found that at early allied industries. Ratooning ability in sugarcane is the selection stage of sugarcane stalk diameter and stalk ability to maintain yield as the number of ratoon crops weight were decreased with older crops, while stalk increase and is a desirable character because it improves number, cane yield, juice quality traits and sugar yield the economics of sugar cane production. Ratooning of were increased with older crops. Bissessur et al. [10] sugarcane is a common practice throughout the world and evaluated the performance of four sugarcane families ratoon occupies almost 50 per cent of the total area under including 154 clones at two sites. They found significant sugarcane cultivation [1]. A variety may be considered to differences among families and environments for stalk have good ratooning ability if it can maintain yield and/or height, stalk diameter, recoverable sucrose% and cane it has a high yield potential over the normal crop cycle. yield per hectare. Corresponding Author: Eid M. Mehareb, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt. elmoharb@yahoo.com. 20

2 The family environment interaction was significant in the sugarcane breeding program in Egypt. The materials for stalk height, stalk number, stalk diameter, sucrose were planted during the first week of March, 2009 in three content, cane and sugar yields per hectare, whereas it was rows of five meter length and 90 cm width for each not significant for Brix reading either in plant cane or genotype for the crosses in randomized complete block ratoon crops. Shanthi et al. [11] evaluated five sugarcane design with three replications at each of the two locations. families in the first two stages of selection and individual The commercial cultivar; GT 54/9 was used as a control. clones were selected from superior families to assess the Planting was achieved by placing twenty five 3-budded relative performance of their families for predicting cane cuttings in each row. The field was irrigated right potential parental combinations and also to identify rare after planting and all other agronomic practices were and elite recombinants that can be exploited in the future. carried out as recommended. Plant cane was allowed to They found that selection of the best families based on first ratoon and allowed to second ratoon to study the their mean performance and further selection of individual crop age effects. Harvest took place twelve months clones based on their sugar yield in early stages would after planting in the plant cane, 12 months after improve the efficiency of selection and increase harvesting of the plant cane for the first ratoon and heritability in the genetic populations being tested. 12 months after harvesting of the first ratoon for the Stringer et al. [12] reported that family selection has been second ratoon crop. shown to be superior to individual selection in terms of gains from selection, resource efficiency and cost of Phenotypic Evaluation: Data was recorded on 9 yield operation. Family selection has also been shown to contributed and quality traits. A sample of ten stalks was provide a superior method for estimating the breeding used to measure stalk length and diameter. A sample of value of parent clones. Milligan et al. [13] defined the RA twenty stalks was crushed and juice was analyzed to as the ratio between yields of the R2 crop relative to the determine quality traits. Studied traits include; stalk length PC. The RA was reported to relate with stalk numbers, (cm) was measured from soil surface to the visible dewlap, bud viability, vigorous root formation and biomass stalk diameter (cm) was measured at mid stalk with no produced by the crop [14] and the RA is usually reference to the bud groove, stalk weight (kg) was considered as cane yield related character [15]. Reports on calculated by dividing cane yield per plot by the number genetic and selection study of RA are quite a few. In the of stalks per plot, cane yield (ton/feddan) was calculated ratoon crop it is common that stalk weight is decreasing. 2 on plot basis (feddan = 4200 m and hectare = 2.38 Competition which occurs when high tillers density in the feddan), Brix (percent soluble solids) was determined with early growth of ratoon crop resulted in reduced weight of a hydrometer, Sucrose percentage of clarified juice was the cane [16, 17].Characters such as cane yield and its determined by using automated Sacharimeter according components; stalk length, stalk diameter, stalks number to A.O.A.C. [18], Purity was calculated as: [(Sucrose/Brix) and stalk weight have been suggested as being indicative x 100], Sugar recovery% (SR) was calculated according of better ratooning cultivars [13]. to the formula described by Yadav and Sharma [19]: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the SR= [Sucrose % (Brix Sucrose %)] x 0.73 and Sugar performance of nineteen sugarcane promising varieties yield (ton/fed) was estimated by multiplying net cane and check variety; GT54-9 grown under different crop yield (ton/fed) by sugar recovery %. cycles (years) and locations at early clonal selection stages. Statistical Analysis: Data obtained were submitted to conventional variance analysis across years and locations MATERIALS AND METHODS as shown by Snedecor and Cochran [20]. Comparisons between means were made using least significant Plant Material and Experimental Conditions: The study difference at 5% level of probability. Two models were was carried out at two locations, i.e., Mallawi used for data analysis. The full model included crop effect Agricultural Research Station, El-Minia Governorate, and crop interaction effect. The reduced model did not Egypt and El-Mattana Agricultural Research Station, include crop or crop interaction effect and was analyzed Esna, Luxor Governorate, Egypt during 2010, 2011 and for each crop. The full model used was: 2012 harvesting seasons. Materials of sugarcane (Saccharum spp) consisted of nineteen sugarcane T ijklm = µ + Y i + L j + Yl ij + R k(ij) + C m + YC im + LC jm + YLC ijm + promising varieties that could be considered G l + YG il + LG jl + CG ml + YLG ijl + YCG iml + LCG jml + YLCGijml representative of the sort of breeding materials processed + E ijkml 21

3 where, 1.88, 1.87 cm for the Clone G , respectively, while Tijklm is the observation k, year i, in location j, in crop in second ratoon varied from 3.17 for the promising m, of genotype l; variety G to 1.70 cm for the genotype G µ is the overall mean; (Table 1). Across crops stalk diameter varied from 2.98 cm Yi is year i; for Ph 8013 to 1.81 cm for the G Stalk diameter of L is location j; twelve promising varieties; G , G , j Yl is year i in location j; G , G , G , G , G , ij R is replication k in year i and location j; G , G , G and two checks GT54-9 k(ij) C is crop m; and Ph 8013 decreased in older crops and also grand m YC is crop m in year i; means of stalk diameter decreased with older crops im LC is crop m in location j; (Fig. 1), this results were similar with Milligan et al. [9], jm YLC is crop m in year i and location j; while stalk diameter of eight genotypes; G , ijm G is the genotype l; G , G , G , G , G , l GY is the genotype l in year i; G and G fluctuated among crops. Stalk il GL is the genotype l in location j; length in both plant cane and first ratoon varied from jl GC is the genotype l in crop m; and cm for the check variety GT 54-9, lm GYL is the genotype l in year i and location j; respectively, to and cm for the same ijl GYC is the genotype l in year i and crop m; promising variety G , while in the second ratoon ilm GLC is the genotype l in location j and crop m; it varied from 295 cm for the genotype G to jlm GYLC is the genotype l in year i, location j and crop m; cm for the genotype G (Table 1). Across crops ijlm Eijklm is the residual. stalk length varied from cm for the check variety GT54-9 to cm for the genotype G On other Analysis of variance and variance component hand, stalk length of ten promising varieties, G , estimates were performed for each crop (reduced model) G , G , G , G , G , and over crops (using the full model). Except for specific G , G , G , G and variety crop, all factors (genotype, replicate and interaction) were Ph 8013 increased with older crops, stalk length of five considered random. Variance components were calculated promising varieties; G99-103, G , G , by equating appropriate mean squares to their G , G and check variety GT54-9 decreased expectations and solving for the components. with older crops. Stalk length of three promising varieties; G , G , G fluctuated among crops. Ratooning ability (RA) was estimated as: Stalk length for most tested promising varieties increased with older crops (Fig. 1). Stalk weight in plant cane, first RA = 100 SR/PC ratoon, second ratoon and across crops varied from 0.9, 0.75, 0.8 and 0.83 kg for the same promising variety G where, RA of trait i was expressed as the second ratoon to 0.19, 0.45, 0.23 and 0.22 kg for the same crop (SR) yield percent (cane or sugar) of trait i of the promising variety G (Table 2). The superiority of plant cane or sugar yield. the promising variety G in stalk weight could be ascribed to high values in both stalk diameter and stalk RESULTS AND DISCUSSION length and vis versa for the promising variety G which produced the lowest stalk weight. Stalk weight of Crop Cycle Effects on Qualitative Traits: Promising fifteen promising varieties decreased from plant cane to verities exhibited significant differences for stalk diameter first ratoon, which in agreement with those obtained by and stalk length in plant cane (PC), first ratoon (FR), Hunsigi [16] and Chapman et al. [17], where a reduction in second ratoon (SR) and across crops (OC) (Table 1). stalk weight in the ratoon crop was observed. The genotype by crop cycle interaction was significantly Cane yield in plant cane, first ratoon and across crops affected by studied traits, indicating that genotype varied from 85.00, and ton/fed, respectively for performance differ among the crop cycles. Milligan et al. the same genotype G to 26.3, 31.5 and [9] and Orgeron et al. [21] reported that genotype by crop ton/fed for the genotype G and G for interaction was important for sugarcane yield and its both first ratoon and across crops, while in second ratoon component traits. Stalk diameter in plant cane and first varied from ton/fed for the genotype G to ratoon varied from 3.12, 2.93 cm for the clone Ph 8013 to ton/fed for the genotype G , across crops of 22

4 Fig. 1: Grand mean of all traits in different crop cycles (plant cane, first and second ratoon) Table 1: Mean performance of 20 sugarcane promising varieties for stalk diameter and stalk length in plant cane (PC), first ratoon (FR), second ratoon (SR) and across crops (OC) over two locations Stalk diameter (cm) Stalk length (cm) Genotypes P C F R S R O C P C F R S R O C GT Ph G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G Mean Crosses (S) Crop (C) S x C

5 Table 2: Mean performance of 20 sugarcane promising varieties for stalk weight and cane yield in plant cane (PC), first ratoon (FR), second ratoon (SR), across crops (OC) and cane ratoon ability (CRA) over two locations Stalk weight (kg) Cane yield (ton/fed) Genotypes P C F R S R O C P C F R S R O C CRA GT Ph G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G Mean Crosses (S) Crop (C) S x C Table 3: Mean performance of 20 sugarcane promising varieties Brix percentage and sucrose percentage in plant cane (PC), first ratoon (FR), second ratoon (SR) and across crops (OC) over two locations Brix % Sucrose % Genotypes P C F R S R O C P C F R S R O C GT Ph G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G Mean Crosses (S) Crop (C) S x C

6 Table 4: Mean performance of 20 sugarcane promising varieties for purity percentage and recovery percentage in plant cane (PC), first ratoon (FR), second ratoon (SR) and across crops (OC) over two locations Purity (%) Sugar recovery (%) Genotypes P C F R S R O C P C F R S R O C GT Ph G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G Mean Crosses (S) Crop (C) S x C Table 5: Mean performance of twenty sugarcane promising varieties for sugar yield in plant cane (PC), first ratoon (FR), second ratoon (SR) and over crops (OC) and sugar ratoon ability (SRA) over two locations Sugar yield (ton/fed) Genotypes P C F R S R O C SRA GT Ph G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G Mean Crosses (S) Crop (C) 0.44 S x C

7 promising variety; G produced the highest cane 13.56% for the check variety Ph8013 to 9.76% for the yield because high stalk length, that reflex on stalk weight variety G Across crops sugar recovery varied of G and promising variety G was lowest from 12.12% for the variety Ph8013 to 9.4% for the variety cane yield because low both of stalk diameter and stalk G length, that reflex on stalk weight (Table 2). Cane yield of In general, crop cycle across studied crosses had no thirteen tested varieties fluctuated with older crops and effect on juice quality traits. Chapman [15] reported that cane yield of seven tested varieties increased with older crops tend to mature earlier than younger crops, but older crops. Cane yield of two promising; G and final sucrose concentration and its components, Brix, G variety was significantly greater than the check sucrose content, juice purity and sugar recovery are cultivar GT54-9 across all crop cycles and across crops. generally not affected by crop age. El-Hinnawy and Cane yield across the evaluated varieties significantly Masri [22] found that crop age had no significant effect increased in the first ratoon by 8.5% and in the on juice quality traits. Sugar yield in plant cane varied second ratoon by 3.8% compared to plant cane but from 7.74 ton/fed for the G to 2.65 ton/fed for the decreased in the second ratoon by 4.36% compared to 17, while in first it ratoon varied from 9.06 ton/fed for the first ratoon. same variety G to 3.43 ton/fed for the 8. But, in the second ratoon it varied from 8.71 ton/fed for variety Crop Cycle Effects on Quantitative Traits: Data in G to 3.41 ton/fed for variety G However, in Table 3, 4 and 5 revealed significance differences among across crops it varied from 8.28 ton/fed for variety evaluated crosses for total soluble solids (Brix), sucrose G to 3.38 ton/fed for variety G Sugar percentage, juice purity, sugar recovery and sugar yield. yield in plant cane, first ratoon and second ratoon crops, Brix percentage in plant cane varied from 22.88%, for the respectively, exhibited significant differences among clone G to 19.4 % for the clone G but in varieties with each crop cycle and among crop cycles. first ratoon varied from 23.41% for the clone G to Sugar yields from plant cane, first and second ratoons of 20.41% for the clone G While, in second ratoon two varieties; G (6.57, 6.95 and 8.71 ton/fed, varied from 24.02% for the clone G to 19.43% for respectively), G (7.74, 9.06 and 8.05 ton/fed, the clone G But in across crops varied from respectively) were significantly greater than the check 23.31% for the clone G to 20.4% for the same variety GT54-9 (6.07, 6.58 and 6.82 ton/fed, respectively) clone G Brix percentage of nine genotypes across in all cycles. While sugar yield of variety Ph8013 was crops increase among crops and eleven genotypes significantly greater than check variety GT54-9 in plant fluctuated among crops. Sucrose percentage in plant cane cane, first ratoon and across crops. varied from 18.14% for the promising variety Ph8013 to 14.74% for the G , while in first ratoon it varied REFERENCES from 17.95% for the promising variety G to 15.82% for the promising variety G However, in 1. Sundara, B., Sugarcane Ratoons, Their the second ratoon it varied from 19.71% for the Ph8013 to Importance and Establishment. In: T. R. Shanthy and 15.76% for the promising variety G Across crops D. P. Prathap, Eds., Ratoon Management in sucrose percentage varied from 18.16% for the check Sugarcane, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, variety Ph8013 to 15.37% for the promising variety Coimbatore, pp: G Purity percentage in plant cane varied from 2. Ferraris, R., L.S. Chapman and M.M. Ludlow, % for the promising variety G to 72.01% for Ratooning ability of cane varieties: interception of the promising variety G , while in first ratoon it light and efficiency of light use. Proc. Australian Soc. varied from 84.22% for the same variety G to Sugar Cane Technol. Meeting, pp: % for the variety G In the second ratoon, 3. Shrivastava, A.R., A.K. Ghosh and V.P. Agnihotri, however, it varied from 87.39% for the check variety Sugarcane Ratoons. Oxford and Singh R.K. and Ph8013 to 72.51% for the variety G Across crops Dey P Genetic variability in plant and ratoon of purity percentage varied from 84.62% for the variety13 to sugarcane genotypes grown under saline conditions % for the variety G Sugar recovery in plant Indian Sugar, LI(10): cane varied from 12.24% for the genotype G to 4. Yadav, R.L., Sugarcane Production 8.84% for the genotype G , while in first ratoon it Technology; Constraints and Potentialities. Oxford varied from 12.05% for the genotype 13 to 8.95% for the and IBH Publishing Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. Bombay, India, genotype G In the second ratoon, it varied from pp:

8 5. Ricaud, R. and A. Arceneaux, Some factors 13. Milligin, S.B., K.A. Grvois and F.A. Martin, affecting ratoon cane yield and longevity in Inheritance of sugarcane ratooning ability and Louisiana. Proc. Int. Sugar Cane Technol., 19: relationship of younger crop traits to older crop 6. Johnson, J.L., A.M. Heagler, H.O. Zapata and traits. Crop Sci., 36: R. Ricaud, The impact of succession planting 14. Sundara, B., Improving sugarcane productivity and a third ratoon crop on economic efficiency in under moisture constraints and through cropping sugarcane production in Louisiana. Am. Soc. Sugar systems. In Naidu, K.M., Sreenivasan, T.V. and Cane Technol., 13: Premachandran, M.N. (Eds.) Proc. Int. Symp. 7. Mirzawan, P.D.N. and E. Sugiyarta, Ratooning Sugarcane Varietal Improvement - present and future ability in sugarcane: Direct vs. indirect selection strategies. Coimbntore, India. pp: based on clonal performance in younger crops. Proc. 15. Chapman, L.S., Constraints to production in Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 23: ratoon crops. Proc. Australiarz Soc. Sugar Cane 8. Gomathi, R., P.N.G. Rao, P. Rakkiyappan, Teclznol. Meeting, pp: B.P. Sundara and P. Shiyamala, Physiological 16. Hunsigi, G., Ratooning of sugarcane in India. studies on ratoonability of sugarcane varieties Srnt Indu Hurzsigi, Mysore., pp: 97. under tropical Indian condition. Amer. J. of Plant Sci., 17. Chapman, L.S., R. Ferraris and M.M. Ludlow, : Ratooning ability of cane varieties: yield and yield 9. Milligan, S.B., K.A. Gravois, K.P. Bischoff and components. Proc. Australian Soc. Sugar Cane F.A. Martin Crop effects on broad-sense Technol. Meeting, pp: heritabilities and genetic variances of sugar cane 18. A.O.A.C., Official Methods of Analysis. yield components. Crop Sci., 30: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 10. Bissessur, D., R.A.E. Tileny-Bassett, L.C.Y.L.S. Washington, D.C., USA., pp 642. Chong, R. Domaingue, M.H.R. Julien and C. Shin, 19. Yadav, R.L. and R.K. Sharma, Effect of nitrogen Family x environment and genotype x levels and harvesting dates on quality traits and yield environment interactions for sugarcane across two of four sugar cane genotypes. Indian Sugar Cane contrasting marginal environments in Mauritius. Journal, 50(7): Experimental Agriculture, 36: Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran, Statistical 11. Shanthi, R.M., K.V. Bhagyalakshmi, G. Hemaprabha, th Methods. 8 Ed., Iowa State Univ., Press, Ames, S. Alarmelu, R. Nagarajan, Relative performance Iowa, USA., pp: 376. of the sugarcane families in early selection stages. 21. Orgeron, A.J., K.A. Gravois and K.P. Bischoff, Sugar Tech., 10(2): Planting rate effects on sugarcane yield traits. J. 12. Stringer, J.K., M.C. Cox, F.C. Atkin, X. Wei and Amer. Soc. Technol., 27: D.M. Hogarth, Family selection improves the 22. El-Hinnawy, H.H. and M.I. Masri, Crop efficiency and effectiveness of selecting original cycle effects on genetic variability, heritability and seedlings and parents. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar Cane yield of sugarcane. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., Technol., 27: (6):

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