SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION SECRETARIAT DE LA CONVENTION SUR LA LUTTE CONTRE LA DESERTIFICATION
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3 in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors (Cf. the UNCCD); refers to Long-term loss of ecosystem function and productivity caused by disturbances from which the land cannot recover unaided. It could be measured by change in climate-adjusted net primary productivity (NPP = the rate at which vegetation fixes CO2 from the atmosphere less losses through respiration) (Cf. G LADA Global Assessment of Land Degradation & Improvement)
4 The state of land degradation is worsening Dramatically, including the world agricultural prime land. We are witnessing a rapid environmental change and a decline in the productivity of our natural resource base. In the context of the GLADA Report, the second global assessment of land degradation and land Improvement, experts and scientists compiled 23 years of available satellite data, and concluded that from 1981 to 2003, an additional 24% of the global terrestrial area has been degraded, impairing further our abilities to cope with global threats such as the food crisis, the water scarcity, the environmentally induced migrations, the worsening state of the climate, etc.
5 Land Degradation: Facts & Figures (from IFAD Database) Loss of potential productivity due to soil erosion is estimated as equivalent to some 20 million tons of grain per year One third of the world s cropland has been abandoned d in the past 40 years because Land Degradation has made it unproductive Land Degraded or lost for crop production every year = 20 million ha Total land degradation affects some 1.9 billion ha of land worldwide 5
6 Land & Soil degradation are under-recognized threats to global well-being Map of Global Soil Degradation GLASOD 1991 Very degraded soil Degraded soil Stable soil Without vegetation From UNEP/GRID Arendal Maps and Graphics Library ( 6
7 The Drylands = 41.3% of the global terrestrial area 34.7 % of the global Population 7
8 Main Causes of Land Degradation The Climatic factors Land degradation involves two interlocking, complex systems: Rainfall Drought Wind & dust storms Etc. Climatic factors through periodic stresses of extreme and persistent climatic events, The causes of land degradation and Human factors through human use and abuse of sensitive and vulnerable dry land ecosystems. But also (e.g. land tenure, poverty, etc.) and (e.g. public policies)., 8
9 Consequences of DLDD Vegetation becomes degraded or damaged Contributes t to famine Huge drain on economic resources Soil becomes less productive Cause health problems and air pollution. Reduces the land s resilience to natural climate variability Cause health problems and air pollution.
10 Type of Drought Meteorological Drought The amount of dryness and the duration of the dry period. Atmospheric conditions that result in deficiencies of precipitation change from area to area. Agricultural Drought Mainly effects food production and farming. It brings soil water deficits, reduced ground water or reservoir levels. Deficient topsoil moisture at planting may stop germination, leading to low plant populations. Hydrological Drought Associated with the effects of periods of precipitation shortages on water supply. Water in hydrologic storage systems such as reservoirs and rivers are often used for multiple purposes such as flood control, irrigation, recreation, navigation, hydropower, and wildlife habitat. Competition for water in these storage systems escalates during drought and conflicts between water users increase significantly. Socioeconomic Drought Occurs when the demand for an economic good (e.g., water, forage, food grains, fish, and hydroelectric power) exceeds supply as a result of a weather-related related shortfall in water supply.
11 Drought events: are widespread in Asia and the Pacific, - from Afghanistan to the Pacific small island states, including SE Asia (drought-induced by El Niño) Slow onset Non-structural t impacts do not seem profound until disaster strikes; --Linkages to climate change, land degradation/desertification and loss of biodiversity (UNFCCC, UNCCD and CBD); --Contributing to dust/sandstorms; --May lead to forest fires; --Affect food production/security; --Prolonged dd drought may lead to famine, which, h in turn, could lead to the changes in governments.
12 Temporal and spatial changes in precipitation patterns due to climate change and air pollution --Climate change is affecting the temporal and spatial precipitation patterns, which have significant implications for water resources. --Study linked air pollution in Europe to famine in Africa (i.e, sulfate aerosols Were able to alter the physics of cloud formation miles away through a teleconnection process, which could reduce rainfall in Africa by as much as 50%).
13 Drought threatens Thailand's rice crop (The Associated Press, Bangkok Wed, 06/09/2010 9:50 AM World) --The world's largest rice exporter, Thailand, is facing major losses to its next crop of rice and a water crisis because of the worst drought in nearly two decades. d --Thailand produces about 20 million tonnes of rice annually in twotofour to crop cycles, exporting about 9 million tonnes and consuming the same amount. --Water levels in medium to large size reservoirs nationwide are at 15% of total capacity. In some regions, local officials have asked farmers to postpone rice planting by one month hf for fear of fd depleting the reserves.
14 Drought posing threat to rice crops in Indramayu (Indonesia) The Jakarta Post, Jakarta Fri, 06/26/2009 / 8:38 AM National Decreasing water flow to a dam in Indramayu, West Java, is posing a threat to the rice crops in the regency.
15 Drought in Myanmar, May 2010
16 Drought Policy --Very few developing countries have formulated drought preparedness and mitigation policies that are mainstreamed in national sustainable development plan and implemented, so as to build a society resilient to Drought. --Progress on drought preparedness in many developing countries has been slow.
17 Proposed project Title: Reducing Vulnerability and Enhancing Adaptation to Drought in Southeast Asia GEF Implementing Agency: UNEP Executing Agency: Research Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM), Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia. Collaborating Agencies: (i) Pacific Disaster Centre, Hawaii; (ii) United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR); (iii) Regional Coordinating Unit, UNCCD, Bangkok; (iv) UNESCAP, Bangkok; (v) Mekong River Commission; (vi) ASEAN Secretariat; (vii) UNDP; and (viii) FAO.
18 Proposed project (Conti.) Participating countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Thailand, The Philippines, Singapore, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam Project duration: 4 Years Estimated GEF funding: USD 5 million Co-financing: to be determined Possible funding sources: Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF); Adaptation Fund; donors; in-kind contribution from participating countries
19 cause negative effects to Sustainable Development : particularly in dryland areas and fragile ecosystem, have continued to worsen. are being degraded under continuous pressures of over-grazing, over-cultivation, deforestation and poor irrigation practices contribute to the degradation. Such over-exploitation exploitation is generally caused by drought, economic, social and environmental pressures, ignorance, conflicts and crisis. i is the direct consequence of DLDD: Prime resources-fertile topsoil, vegetative cover and health crops-are the first victims of desertification. The people themselves begin to suffer when food and water supplies become threatened. is primarily a problem of sustainable development. It is a matter of addressing poverty and human well-being, as well as preserving the environment. Social and economic issues, including food security, migration, and political stability, are closely linked to DLDD.
20 Policy Framework Policy on ; Policy on Policy on Policy on Policy on Policy Pli on
21 Policy Framework Preferential taxation policies especially for protecting eco-environment environment; Taxation Law :tax free for foreign enterprises oriented on rehabilitation of degraded d d lands; Offering state-born interests to projects and development for mitigating DLDD; Central government provides cash and food supplies, as the substantial supports to local villagers, to re-maintain croplands, to re-vegetate the degraded grasslands and to re-afforestate deforested areas; Use right auctioning for managing and developing wastelands; Organizing volunteer tree plantation and it should be legally endorsed to encourage citizen at age of yrs should plant individually 3-5 trees each year or bear the cost to entrust others to do so; Create State Green Fund or Desertification Fund.
22 Policy Framework Response to national development strategy (five-year Plan); Meeting local development needs and values; Compromise conflict of interests groups (public vs private); Increasing responsiveness to global concern (e.g. Climate Change, poverty reduction and disaster mitigation); Decentralization of power in making decision on land use; Wider social participation i and grass root awareness raising; i Effectiveness of law and enforcement; Punishment and rewarding measures; Monitoring of policy implementation and readjustment.
23 Climate Change UNCCD as a framework for adaptation, mitigation & resilience; Food Crisis Cii Land d improvement at the core of long term strategies; t Energy Crisis New opportunities for people living in degraded lands; Forced Migrations Avoiding forced migrations through improving land productivity; Poverty Reduction Generating income through pro-poor poor policies on SLM.
24 The Strategy in brief: Four strategic objectives: 1) Improvement of living conditions of affected population; 2) Improvement of the condition of affected ecosystems; 3) Generation e of global benefits; efit and 4) Mobilization of resources through effective partnership. Five Operational Objectives concerning: 1) Advocacy, awareness raising and education; 2) Policy Framework; 3) Science, technology and knowledge; 4) Capacity building; and 5) Financing and technology transfer
25 Land & Soil degradations are under-recognized threats to global well-being which are aggravated by climate change, so desertification is a global issue that requires a global action. Today s global challenges such as the food crisis, the consequences of bio-fuels on land and food commodities, the water scarcity, the forced migrations, the climate change agenda, are bringing g the global community down to earth, down to the land; they are calling for sound and integrated policies including sustainable land management. 25
26 Upon this handful of soil our survival depends. Husband it and it will grow our food, our fuel, and our shelter and surround us with beauty. Abuse it and the soil will collapse and die, taking humanity with it.
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