Conservation Agriculture:

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1 Conservation Agriculture: The ideal concept for soil conservation and sustainable agriculture under Mediterranean conditions Gottlieb Basch

2 Soil threats: Erosion Decline in organic matter Soil contamination Soil sealing Soil compaction Decline in soil biodiversity Salinisation Floods and landslides

3 Soil threats: Erosion Decline in organic matter Soil contamination Soil sealing Soil compaction Decline in soil biodiversity Salinisation Floods and landslides

4 Why are our soils threatened? Agricultural land use?

5 Other threats for sustainable land use in the Mediterranean Water (use efficiency and pollution) Energy use efficiency GHG emissions (CO 2, NO X, CH 4 ) High costs Low yields Competitiveness

6 Erosion

7 Worldwide risk of soil erosion Europe: 1.8 Gt*y -1 USA:1.9 Gt*y -1 Areas of serious concern (>22 t*ha -1 *y -1 ) Areas of some concern ( t*ha -1 *y -1 ) Stable terrain (<10.9 t*ha -1 *y -1 ) Non vegetated land Source:International Soil Reference and Information Centre (NL, 1990) figures: OECD (2001)

8

9 Former soil surface

10 Inevitable???

11 Decline in organic matter

12 Organic carbon contents of topsoils (0-30cm) in Europe Organic carbon stocks in topsoils (0-30cm) in Europe

13 Why does SOC decrease in our soils? 1. Intensive soil tillage 2. Change from perennial (60 to 90 % of root biomass) to annual species (15 to 20 % of root biomass) 3. Increase of mineralization of SOM due to the increased use of mineral fertilizers. (Lit. cit. Green et al., 1995, SSSAJ 59: )

14 What you see is dust, what you don t see is the CO 2 released by any type of soil tillage

15 Long Term Effects of Crop Rotations on Soil Organic Carbon Soil Organic Carbon (%) Estimated to 4 % in 1888 Wagner (1989) Sanborn Field: Missouri Wheat, 6 Tons Manure/year Corn, 6 Tons Manure/year Continuous Wheat Continuous Corn Morrow Plots: Illinois Corn-Oats-Hay Rotation Corn-Oats ( , Corn-Soybeans (1954-Present) Continuous Corn Year Reicosky et al. (1995)

16 Soil management and carbon emission 5 hours after tillage 24 hours after tillage Cum. CO 2 Loss (g CO 2 m -2 ) MP SS MK YK RM NT MP SS MK YK RM NT Tillage Type Reicosky et al. (1995)

17 Soil Organic Matter under Trad. Tillage (TT) and No-till on a Vertisol after 6 years of NT 3 NT TT Organic Matter (%) 2,5 2 1, Soil depth (cm)

18 Floods & Landslides

19 Inevitable???

20 Inevitable???

21 Water use efficiency & Pollution

22 Years of no-till and its effect on the infiltration rate Infiltration acc. (mm) Time (min) 1975 Adapted from Lal (1978)

23

24 Soil water loss 36 hours after irrigation (Corn - Pivot) Soil water loss (%) MP NT Soil cover (%): 2.4 % 86.2 % Depth (cm)

25 35 Silt loam, AWC = (OM), r 2 = Effect of SOM on the water retention capacity Silty clay loam, AWC = (OM), r 2 = Sand, AWC = (OM), r 2 = Sand Silt loam Silty clay loam Available water retemtion capacity) (% weight) Soil Organic Matter (SOM) [%] Source: Berman Hudson, JSWC 49:

26 Atrazine and Metolachlor in the runoff (irrigated corn) mg/ha Atrazine Metolachlor NT CT Days after application

27 Energy use efficiency & GHG emissions (CO 2, NO X, CH 4 )

28 Estimation of CO 2 reduction by conservation tillage in EU-15 1t C C-sequestration through No-Tillage C-sequestration through Reduced Tillage Reduction of fuel consumption through NT Reduction of fuel consumption through RT 100 l fuel 0.77 t C ha -1 a t C ha -1 a l ha -1 a l ha -1 a -1 Reduction of CO 2 emission Microbiological Oxidation 2.85 t CO t CO 2 ha -1 a -1 ha -1 a million ha (30%AL)* Potential of CO 2 reduction 32.6 million ha (40%AL)* kg CO kg CO 2 ha -1 a -1 ha -1 a million ha (30%AL) 32.6 million ha (40%AL) Burning 69.7 Mt CO 2 a Mt CO 2 a Mt CO 2 a Mt CO 2 a t CO kg CO Mt CO 2 a -1 * Aplicable on 30% and 40% of total arable land (AL), respectively after Tebrügge

29 High costs Low yields & Competitiveness

30 Relationship between organic matter, nitrogen and wheat yield on a Luvisol in the South of Portugal Wheat Grain Yield (kg/ha) % om 2% om 3% om Y = N 0.07 N ln (OM) 8.6 N x OM Nitrogen Fertilization (kg N/ha) Carvalho et al. (2005)

31 Relationship between organic matter and nitrogen use Efficiency for wheat production on a Luvisol Kg of wheat / kg of nitrogen SOM content (0-10 cm) Carvalho et al 2005

32 Nitrogen Fertilization Trials Luvisol Mar/2004 (control) SOM content - 1% SOM content - 2%

33 COSTS Comparison of investment and machinery operating costs of a farm in South Portugal under rainfed conditions Area (total) Arable crops 650 ha 350 ha Crop rotation Wheat Wheat Pulses

34 Annual consumption of fuel and labour CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE (Year 2000) DIRECT DRILLING (Year 2003) REDUC- TION (%) FUEL (TOTAL) L L FUEL (Crop establishment) L L LABOUR (2,5 Units) (1,5 Units) 40

35 Soil Soil conservation &Sustainability management

36 Conservation Agriculture Soil Protection Soil Organic Carbon minimum / no soil disturbance plant diversity/ crop rotations continuous cover residues/cover crop

37 Minimum soil disturbance Cover crops Residues Cover crops and residues

38 Diversified crop rotations to minimize dependence on inputs

39 Can you imagine all the problems mentioned to happen on fields managed and crops established like this?

40 The same field, the same slope, the same crop! Traditional Tillage No-till into residues

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47 Situation of CA in Europe Country Minimum tillage (1000 ha) No-till (1000 ha) Cover crops in perennial woody crops (1000 ha) Total surface CA (1000 ha) % NT/arable land % CA/arable land Belgium 140 n.d. n.d Denmark 230 n.d. n.d Finland n.d France n.d Germany n.d Greece n.d Ireland 10 n.d. n.d Italy n.d Hungary n.d Portugal Russia n.d Slovak Republic Spain Switzerland United Kingdom n.d Total (data ECAF 2006/07)

48 The extent of CA/No-tillage adoption worldwide Country Area under No-tillage (ha) 2004/2005 USA Brazil Arg entina (*) Canada Australia Parag uay Indo-Gang etic-plains (**) Bolivia South Africa S p ain Venezuela Urug uay France Chile Colombia China Others (Estimate) Total (Derpsch 2006)

49 What is necessary? Recognize that SoCo depends on appropriate soil management Be more precise in the definition of standards Oblige member states to mitigate soil threats

50 What is necessary? Recognize the benefits of the concept Conservation Agriculture Incentivate farmers to uptake SoCo (CA) measures Compensate farmers for the risk of uptake (transition period)

51 CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN SPAIN CA Plough

52 SITUATION OF CA IN SPAIN According to Ministry for Agriculture: No tillage: 700,000 hectares Cover crops in trees: 850,000 hectares Minimun tillage: Not defined, but 1,500,000 hectares??? Main crops: Cereals: Wheat, barley, much less maize) Trees: Olive groves, almond trees, others

53 Ajudas para a Agricultura de Conservação: REGION ACTION SUBSIDIES Andalucía CA in hebaceous crops: no till IP + cover crops in olive CA groves in vineyards 59,04 /ha 203,75-286,00 /ha 102,00 /ha-200,00 /ha Aragón Stubble maintenance 60,00 /ha-72,00 /ha Cataluña CA in several tree groves 218,00 /ha-407,00 /ha Valencia CA in perennial trees 180,00 /ha Galicia País Vasco Asturias La Rioja Fight against erosion: no till and cover crops Cover crop in annual crops Cover crops Fight against erosion in vineyards: cover crops Figh against erosion: cover crops 60 /ha (herbaceous) 140 /ha (perennial) 144,59 /ha 90,65 /ha 132,22 /ha 135,00 /ha

54 Before Area limits Subsidy ( /ha) Area limits Subsidy ( /ha) until 20 ha 45 until 50 ha 87 Rainfed ha ha 70 arable crops ha ha 44 until 20 ha 75 until 50 ha 118 Irrigated ha ha 94 arable crops ha ha 38 Stubble until 50 ha 59 until 50 ha ha ha 47 conservation ha ha 38 Cover crop Straw until 50 ha 61 until 50 ha ha ha ha ha 73 until 50 ha 69 until 50 ha ha ha 55 maintenance ha ha 45

55 Comparision of the number of applications for the different Agro-Env. Measures in Portugal between 2004 and 2005 YEAR Measures Nu. Applications Area of applications (ha) Nu. Applications Area of applications (ha) Nu. of 1st applications received in 2005 Evolution of the number of applications (2005/2004) Area of 1st applications in 2005 (ha) Evolution of the area applied (2005/2004) 15 Direct Drilling or Zone/Strip Tillage % % 17 Cover crops in perennials % %

56 Mariann Fischer Boel: Looking further ahead, in the 'Health Check', I want to take a good look at whether set-aside is still an appropriate tool. But I also want to ensure that we retain the environmental benefits it has brought."

57 Effective Soil Conservation and Sustainable Farming require the implementation of the concept of Conservation Agriculture

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