Keynote Presentation David Ameyaw, Director of Strategy, Monitoring and Evaluation, AGRA

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1 Keynote Presentation David Ameyaw, Director of Strategy, Monitoring and Evaluation, AGRA

2 SUB-SAHARA SMALLHOLDER FARMERS AND CLIMATE CHANGE Keynote Address By Dr. David Sarfo Ameyaw Presented at FARMD Annual Conference Managing Agricultural Risks in a Changing Climate in Sub-Saharan Africa

3 Global Food Insecurity About 842 million people are undernourished around the world today

4 Food Insecurity in Africa Sub-Saharan Africa has nearly 223 million undernourished people over 26% of the global total One out of every four people in the region suffers from chronic hunger About 25% of Africa s children under the age of 5 are undernourished African children (under 5) are 16 times more likely to die than those in OECD countries, the majority due to undernourishment

5 Who Are Smallholder Farmers AGRA S New Branding: the Journey" AGRA broadly defines smallholder farmers as those who are resource poor; have limited access to inputs and financial credit; and who don t generally participate in commercial markets.

6 Who Are Smallholder Farmers v v v v Most smallholder farmers practice low-input/low yield subsistence agriculture Average crop yields in Africa are only 25-30% of the global average Labor productivity and incomes are also very low; on average, smallholders generate only $774/ worker/year in constant 2005 US$ a little more than $2/day They typically spend more than 60% of their income on food

7 Smallholders Farms in SSA There are 33 million small-scale farms in sub-saharan Africa, accounting for about 80% of all farms in the region. More than 175 million people live on these farms The average farm size in Africa is only 1.6 ha (compared to 121 ha in North America; 67 ha in Latin America; and 27 ha in Europe) More than 70% of smallholder farmers are women

8 Agro-ecological zones in SSA and their characteristics Zone LGP (days) 1 Arid Average rainfall (mm) 1 < 90 < 200 Land area (% of SSA) 2 % of rural population in SSA Semiarid Subhumid Humid > 270 > (4) (38) 20.3 (24) 28.0 (39) Principal agricultural products by farming system 3 Pastoral: Cattle, camels, sheep, goats Agro-pastoral: Sorghum, millet: with pulses, sesame, cattle, sheep, goats, poultry Mixed cereal/root crop: Maize, sorghum, millet, cassava: with yams, legumes, tobacco, cotton. Cattle Mixed maize: Maize, with tobacco, cotton, cattle, goats and poultry. Tree crop: Cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, with yams and maize. Forest-based: Cassava, with maize, sorghum, beans and cocoyam. Highlands > 270 n.a (112) Highland Perennial: Banana, plantain, enset, coffee, with cassava, sweet potato, beans, cereals. Cattle Highland Temperate: Wheat, barley, with peas, lentils, broad beans, rape, teff

9 Low Labor productivity AGRA S New Branding: the Journey" Agriculture value added per worker (constant 2005 US$) Source: WDI (World Bank)

10 Low Crop Yields AGRA S New Branding: the Journey" Cereal yield (kg per hectare) Source: WDI (World Bank)

11 The Vital Role of Smallholder Farming in Africa Food security and economic development Ø Agriculture accounts for about 32% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the region Ø Agriculture employs 65% of the labor force in sub-saharan Africa Ø Smallholders produce over 80% of the food consumed by Africans

12 The Vital Role of Smallholder Farming in Africa Smallholder farmers are key to reducing poverty Ø Agricultural growth does more to reduce poverty than growth in any other sector (Christiaensen et al., 2011) Ø For every 10% increase in farm yields, there is a 7% reduction in poverty in Africa (Irz et al., 2001)

13 The Challenges They Face v Lack of access to input markets Improved seed Fertilizer Mechanization Finance v Lack of access to remunerative output markets High transaction costs Lack of information on prices High post-harvest losses Low value addition

14 Climate variability and climate change on smallholder agriculture in sub-saharan Africa GHG emissions Temperature changes Rainfall changes Sea level rise Suitability of staple food crops 14

15 The Challenges They Face AGRA S New Branding: the Journey" v Degradation of land and soil v Insecure land tenure v Climate change

16 Africa s yield gap sources! Degraded land " Farmers lose 8 million tons of soil nutrients each year, estimated to be worth $4 billion" Untamed water " Low-yielding seeds" Climate change will affect soil health" Result yield gap between Africa and other world regions:" 16

17 Addressing the Challenges of Climate variability and changes on Smallholder Agriculture in SSA The definition of CSA has been expanded to include the idea of building resilience to climate change. In the recently published sourcebook (FAO, 2013), the three pillars of the CSA concept are presented as: Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes; Adapting and building resilience to climate change; and Reducing and/or removing greenhouse gases emissions, where possible. 17

18 Enabling Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change Across Sub-Saharan Africa Improving Soil Health by Scaling Up Integrated Soil Poor Fertility access to inputs, Management Technologies seeds, fertilizer and other technologies Effective Seed Systems to Combat Climate Change Infrastructure gaps Climate Change and Food Markets Climate Change and Land Tenure Systems Poor farmer education Poor access to finance Inefficient markets Policy and Governance Agricultural Policy Frameworks Policy environment and Processes for Climate Change Adaptation 18

19 Smallholder Farming Can be Changed When sustainable agriculture practices are adopted, average crop yields increased by almost 80%. (from a review of 286 projects in 57 countries by J. Pretty et al., 2006)

20 The Lives of Smallholder Farmers Can be Improved v Developing and availing locally adapted improved varieties v Promoting integrated soil fertility management v Providing innovative financial services to the poorest farmers v Creating enabling and conducive policy environments v Opening new markets v Linking smallholders to private agribusinesses along the value chain v Leveraging mobile technologies to improve productivity

21 Conclusion and Way Forward Urgent, solution-oriented actions proposed by this report are summarized here under five major domains: Poor access to inputs, seeds, fertilizer and other technologies Promote climate-smart, context-driven agro-ecological approaches and solutions Strengthen national and local institutions Infrastructure to implement gaps climate-smart agriculture Poor farmer education Build technical capacity and improve knowledge management systems Poor access to finance Inefficient markets Raise the level of national investments in agriculture Create innovative financing mechanisms Policy environment 21

22 Thank You!

23 Keynote Presentation David Ameyaw, Director of Strategy, Monitoring and Evaluation, AGRA

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