Productive Sanitation in Burkina Faso and Niger going beyond projects?

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1 Productive Sanitation in Burkina Faso and Niger going beyond projects? World Dry Toilet Conference Tampere, Finland Linus Dagerskog Stockhom Environment Institute Karim Savadogo CEFAME Kailou Hamadou Ministry of Hydraulics and Environment, Niger Anselme Vodounhessi African Union/GIZ

2 Presentation outline Background info Projects in Burkina Faso Projects in Niger Beyond projects? Role of policy and regulations Enabling environment in Burkina and Niger Discussion

3 Background info Burkina Faso and Niger Niger Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Niger Population 16.9 million 17.8 million Rural pop. 72% 82% Workforce engaged in agriculture, % 83% Access to improved sanitation, % 9% Rural OD % 89% Pop below poverty line (< 1.25$/day PPP) 1 45% (2009) 41% (2011) Stunted children under five 3 35% (2010) 55% (2006) Population undernourished, % 11% Fertilizer application to arable land, kg/ha 1.4 kg/ha Potential quantity of plant nutrients in human excreta available per ha. of arable land 5 15 kg/ha/yr 6 kg/ha/yr Annual state subsidies for agricultural inputs million n.a. Total investment in rural sanitation, million n.a. Productive sanitation responds to two key priorities sanitation and agricultural production!

4 Sourou (Project: 4) Boulkiemdé (Project: 5, 8, 10) Oubritenga (Project: 10) Kourittenga (Project: 7, 9) Productive Sanitation in Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Boulgou (Project: 8) Kadiogo (Project: 1, 2, 6, 11) Comoé (Project: 3) Project Year Toilets 1. Ecosan Sabtenga EcoSan Saaba EcoSan Tougan public + 2 blocks of urinals 4. EcoSan Poa EcoSan Banfora EcoSan_EU public 7. EcoSan_EU EcoSan_EU EcoSan_EU Household sanitation for sustainable development 11. Support to EcoSan in Ouagadougou Total 11 projects ~ UDDT ~10 million Euro

5 Burkina Faso rural project example EcoSan EU_2 (EU food security funds) Double vault UDDT and urinals with focus on reuse (30 villages/1350 toilets) OM 10,5kg OM with urine 17,5 kg Photo: Dr Moussa Bonzi

6 Photo: Dr Moussa Bonzi EcoSan EU_2: Stakeholder involvement Political leaders Heads of administration Traditional leaders Training of agriculture and health technical staff Village meetings and theatre

7 EcoSan EU_2: Stakeholder involvement Toilet models Jars with dried sanitized feces Demonstration toilets and urinals Reuse training and demonstration fields Commented field visits Photo: Dr Moussa Bonzi

8 Productive Sanitation in Niger Project Year Toilets 1. Basic Community Services in Torodi 2. PS-Aguié urinals 3. PGIRE Tarka Food Security Arziki WASH Maradi MDG Kantché PEAFEC WASH and Ecological Fertilization 8. PASEHA II Sanitation and Hygiene Guidan Iddar Total: 9 projects ~ 2900 UDDT

9 Niger rural project example: PS-Aguié IFAD finance (rural development) 8 villages, 210 toilets urinals Fossa alterna with UD + urinals with focus on reuse PPILDA Composting UD toilet (anal wash water go into pit together with organic material) Farmer field school - participative testing of urine Many study visits organized to Aguié for other projects in Niger Evaluation 5 years post project ongoing now Organic matter Organic matter + urine Blind tests on dishes made from crops fertilized with urine and urea Photo: Linus Dagerskog

10 Beyond projects? Role of policies/regulations

11 Beyond projects? Role of policies/regulations Sector WASH Agriculture Aspects of concern in relation to productive sanitation Construction of appropriate toilets and their sustainable use Keeping nutrients in the productive systems Possible enabling policy/regulatory interventions related to excreta recycling - Systems approach (full sanitation chain) including relevant treatment and handling of sanitation products - Technology-neutral recommendations, focusing on the function of the system to stimulate innovation - Soil fertility strategies and fertilizer regulations include sanitation fertilizers - Provide guidelines on practical aspects of sanitation fertilization - Research on reuse of sanitation fertilizers Health Environment Minimizing risks to human health Protection of water bodies Reducing need to exploit non-renewable resources - Advice on treatment and protection measures along sanitation chain from toilet to field - Adaptation of WHO guidelines to national context - Regulations that emphasize minimal environmental impact from sanitation systems as well as encouraging resource conservation

12 Enabling environment in Burkina Faso Questionnaire with key informants at ministeries Sector Importance of EcoSan? Regulations of concern for recycling? How to go forward? WASH Agriculture Health Environment - It is a good option considering the recycling possibility - It is a tested technology with concrete results in the field and well adapted to the rural environment. - The Ministry is not against it, but there needs to be assurance that the products are used in a safe manner - We encourage waste recycling and the avoidance of environmental pollution - UD dry toilets included in rural sanitation strategy - No specific regulations concerning recycling exists. - Sludge management strategy under way - Possibly ECOWAS framework and a law from 2007 on fertilizer quality - WHO guidelines have not yet been adopted to national context - Decree 2001/185 regulates discharge to soil/water/air, but not explicit with excreta - Sensitization on benefits and how to handle risks - All links from toilet to field need to function - Evaluate current fertilizer regulations and see how recycling of sanitation fertilizers best fit in - Overcome prejudice and find ways to monitor recycling activities - Strong involvement of Min. of Agriculture - More emphasis on monitoring and follow up - Involvement of all actors - Lack of national expertise proposed regulations need to be of general order guiding towards desired outcomes

13 Enabling environment in Burkina Faso and Niger Questionnaire with national productive sanitation experts Burkina Faso (3 experts) Niger (2 experts) Most relevant change needed in policy/regulatory framework to enable ecological sanitation? - Guidelines by Ministry of Agriculture on reuse needed - National sanitation program should privilege ecosan in rural areas - Budget line in the national sanitation program for further research and promotion of productive sanitation systems. - Ground water protection can be strengthened through the IWRM platform and ecosan would be part of the solution. - Municipalities should include ecosan in their WASH plans How could such change be induced? - Take stock of experiences and learnings to date, evaluate sustainability of previous projects and share lessons with stakeholders across sectors. - A national ecosan committee could be formed to facilitate learning and sharing. - Ensure that the link between sanitation and crop production is clearly understood by all stakeholders - Better knowledge on the state of groundwater and the risk with pit-latrines. - Refine the arguments for productive sanitation both as water protection and increased household resilience (improved local resource management). - Demand should come from the regional and municipal level.

14 Attempts to engage national stakeholders across sectors Burkina Faso: - Multi-stakeholder workshop organized by EcoSan_EU 1 project in key actions on operational, strategic and political levels identified to enable large scale adoption of dry toilets with reuse in rural and urban areas. - With no further funding and lack of leadership, the strategy is dormant Niger: - Cross-sectoral working group on productive sanitation hosted by Ministry of Agriculture as spin-off from a project in Useful information sharing and sensitization but not formally turned into a task force the ministerial decree not signed due to lack of long-term funding

15 Discussion/recommendations Productive sanitation has great potential for the rural smallholder farmers in both Burkina Faso and Niger. The challenge remains on how to take the step from individual projects to mainstream and scale, as pilots never fail but also never scale (Gebauer, 2014). Still limited traction in policy/regulations/programmes in spite of good project examples Lack of recycling leadership - the agriculture sector would ideally take on this key role as acceptance and demand for various sanitation fertilizers could pull the rest of the sanitation chain along and improve sustainability Sustainability evaluation post projects needed. The inventory has not revealed the actual outcomes on the ground necessary to go back and identify key success factors In depth policy/regulatory analysis in key sectors needed. Useful to identify gaps or barriers and make relevant recommendations for change. Prospects for increased government engagement in Burkina Faso with a recent mandate from the African Union to provide regional leadership on productive sanitation

16 THANK YOU!