The role of plant parasitic nematodes on productivity reduction of banana and tomato in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

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1 ASIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE Volume 1, Numbe 1, June 2017 E-ISSN: Pages: DOI: /asianjagic/g The ole of plant paasitic nematodes on poductivity eduction of banana and tomato in East Kalimantan, Indonesia SUYADI, ROSFIANSYAH 1 Depatment of Agoecotechnology, Faculty of Agicultue, Univesitas Mulawaman. Jl. Pasi Belengkong Samainda 75119, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tel.: , suyadi@fapeta.unmul.ac.id, osfiansyah@yahoo.com Manuscipt eceived: 27 Septembe Revision accepted: 27 June Abstact. Suyadi, Rosfiansyah The ole of plant paasitic nematodes on poductivity eduction of banana and tomato in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asian J Agic 1: Plant paasitic nematode is one of the most limiting facto of agicultual ecosystem poductivity in East Kalimantan, but thei occuence in agicultual field as a cop s pest geneally undistinguished, due to thei micoscopic size and thei existence wapped in the oots o soil paticles. Howeve, plant paasitic nematodes might cause yield loss up to 75%, without showed any disease symptom on cop mophologically. Peennial cop and annual cop unde intensive cultivation usually expeience high yield loss due to plant paasitic nematodes, if cop potection management was not implemented popely. This eseach aimed to detemine the ole of plant paasitic nematodes in educing cop s poductivity in East Kalimantan, in elation to agicultual pactices implemented by fames. A desciptive eseach and compaative analyses wee implemented to detemine the ole of plant paasitic nematode on yield eduction of banana and tomato as the indicato of poductivity. Based on the field obsevation elated to pest management in East Kalimantan, it was detemined that plant paasitic nematode existence was neglected by fames and no significant effot was implemented to contol plant paasitic nematodes population. Theefoe, low poductivity of agicultual ecosystem in East Kalimantan was epoted by Statistical Office, and it was not only caused by soil fetility poblems, in some cops it was also the impact of population outbeak of plant paasitic nematodes. The fist anking thee genea of plant paasite nematodes obseved in East Kalimantan wee Meloidogyne, Radhopholus, and Rotylenchulus, espectively. Meloidogyne and Rotylenchulus wee majo pest on vegetables, and caused yield loss >50% on tomato. While, genus of Radhopholus was the majo pest on banana, and caused yield loss >75% on banana. Keywods: Banana, East Kalimantan, nematode, poductivity eduction, tomato, yield loss INTRODUCTION Plant paasitic nematodes (PPN) wee impotant pest in East Kalimantan Povince of Indonesia, compaed to othe pests, PPN caused highest yield loss on some cops. Howeve, thei existence in the field still neglected by fames, because they could not distinguished the existence of PPN diectly in the field, symptomless at ealy stage of infection, and then no seious effots wee implemented to contol thei populations. Wold-wide cops yield loss due to PPN has been estimated at $US 80 billion pe yea, and this is likely to be a significant undeestimate of the tue figue, as many gowes, paticulaly in developing nations, ae unawae on PPN existence (Jones et al. 2013). Yield loss due to PPN vaied as affected by envionmental factos, copping systems and pest management pactices. Repoted by Jones et al.(2013) that Meloidogyne gaminicola caused yield losses up to 87% on ice, cyst nematodes (Heteodea and Globodea spp.) unde specific envionmental condition caused yield losses up to 90%, Patylenchus spp. caused yield losses up to 30% on wheat in Austalia, enifom nematode (Rotylenchulus enifomis) caused yield losses 40%-60%. Futhemoe, epoted by Singh and Kuma (2015) that yield loss on vegetable cops in Westen Utta Padesh vaied fom 4% on bitte goud (Momodica chaantia) up to 43% on eggplant (Solanum melongena), and Meloidogyne incognita was detemined as the most impotant PPN in Utta Padesh, this nematode genus involved in the fist ank of causal yield losses, on eggplant (43%), tomato (40%), and oka (38%). Banana yield loss due to buowing nematode each moe than 50% (Batholomew et al. 2014) o anging fom 30 to 60% (Books 2014). Moeove, epoted by Hölsche et al. (2014) that buowing nematode might cause yield loss up to 75% on banana. Highe banana yield loss commonly occued in developing counties, because of contol effots fo this paasite still limited (Chitamba et al. 2013; Kamia et al. 2013; Sinivasan et al. 2011), and they wee some impotant genea of PPN attacking banana altogethe with buowing nematodes, i.e. Meloidogyne (oot-knot), Patylenchus (lesion), Helicotylenchus (spial), Rotylenchulus (enifom) (Books 2014; Kamia et al. 2013; Sinivasan et al. 2011). Wheeas, banana yield loss elatively educed unde commecial banana cultivation, whee integated pest management (IPM) technology was implemented (Ricède et al. 2010). Tomato yield loss due to PPN anging fom 25 up to 100% and the main nematode genus attacking tomato was Meloidogyne (Seid et al. 2015). As well as in the banana case, yield loss due to PPN on tomato mostly occued in developing counties, it because of poo contol effots implemented to the paasite. Wheeas, PPN in developed counties elatively well manage and moe contol

2 SUYADI & ROSFIANSYA R AH Poductiviity eduction off banana and toomato by paasiitic nematodes ttechnique alteeative wee available. The T availabilitty of esistant cultiivas appaenntly was the most pospeective c contol techniique fo PPN N on tomato (Rani ( et al. 2009; 2 G Ghaabadiyan et al. 2013)). Howeve, the t most paactical c contol measuue applicablee in East Kallimanatan wass soil a amendment of dung manuue (Aaldes et e al. 2009) which w p pevented tom mato yield loss diect and inddiectly. Reseach activities elated to PPN and thei m management i East Kalimantan ae stilll limited. The most in intensive eseeach on PP PN which coonducted in East K Kalimantan w focused onn banana and tomato. It because was t symptomss of PPN attaccking both coops elativelyy easy the t obseve, i.ee. oot galls on to o tomato andd oot ot o black h head on bannana which caused c toppling disease. This eseach was puposed to detemine thhe ole of PPN N on p poductivity eduction off banana andd tomato, ass the indicato of cop yield loss due to PPN inn East Kalimaantan. to encouagee fames unddestanding onn the F Futhemoe, 4 41 existtence of PPN as the impottant pest in th he povince annd hopeefully fames could contoll them popelly. TERIALS AN ND METHOD DS MAT Stud dy aea Field F obsevaations and ssuveys to detemine thhe existtence of PPN on tomato annd banana wee conducted at a pod duction centees of banaana and tom mato in East Kalim mantan Poviince, Indonessia. Banana poduction p aeea weee distibuted in almost all of distticts in East Kalim mantan, wheeas tomato poduction aeaa only found in i Balik kpapan muniicipal, Kutai Katanegaa and Penajam m Pasee Utaa dissticts. Poduuction centes of bananna comm monly located along povvince main o oad and alonng ives in the povinnce (Figue 1)). Figue 1. The poduction centee sites of bananna and tomato inn East Kaliman F ntan Povince, Indonesia. The bbanana and tom mato centes aee inndicated by thee banana and tom mato symbols

3 42 ASIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE 1 (1): 40-45, June 2017 Pocedues This eseach was a combination of field and desk eseach. Field eseach wee focused on the detemination of the existence of PPN attacking the cops, and thei impact on cop poductivity eduction. The pimay data wee gatheed fom field eseach, i.e.: PPN genea attacking tomato and banana, population densities of each PPN genus, and the actual yield of banana and tomato unde taditional cultivation system implemented by fames. While, the time seies of seconday data about poductivity, poduction, and havested o cultivated aea of banana and tomato will be gatheed fom the fomal data epoted by the Statistic Cente Bueau of East Kalimantan Povince. Field eseach Field suveys and obsevations wee caied out to gathe pimay data, to detemine the existence of PPN attacking tomato and banana at the sites of poduction cente, as well as actual o attainable yield of both cops at each fame field. Cops yield and poductivity wee diectly obseved and measued o counted in the field. While, PPN genea and thei population densities wee gatheed fom soil and oots samples. Then, nematodes extactions wee conducted at the laboatoy, soil samples wee pocessed by Baemann Funnel Method and oot samples wee pocessed though Diect Maceation Method. Desk eseach The main puposed of desk eseach was to gathe a time seies seconday data which available and epoted fomally by the Statistic Cente Bueau of East Kalimantan Povince. Seconday data equied wee cop poduction (yield), poductivity, and havested aea of banana and tomato in East Kalimantan. The seconday data used in this eseach will cove at least five yeas peiod, to elaboate the dynamic of banana and tomato poduction in the povince. Data analysis The compaative data analysis was implemented in this eseach to descibe the ole of PPN on banana and tomato poductivity eduction. Data analysis was conducted base on the seconday data and justified by the pimay field data compaatively. Theefoe, the desciption of time seies seconday data of banana and tomato poduction in the povince was elaboate to explain the elationship occuences between the existence of PPN and poductivity eduction on banana and tomato. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The poductivity of tomato Tomato fames in East Kalimantan always cultivated thei cop unde intensive management, especially in tem of fetilize application and above gound pest contol, but plant paasitic nematodes contol effots wee still neglected. Consequently, they wee havest only limited yield of tomato, and the aveage annual poductivity was still vey fa fom the potential and attainable yield of the cop. Based on the field obsevation and expeiment in Samainda was detemined that the aveage attainable yield of tomato Ratna vaiety was 20 ton.ha -1, and the occuence of PPN (Meloidogyne spp.) at population density of 2-3 juveniles.g -1 soil at havest time educed tomato poductivity about 57-77% (Table 1). The expeiment was conducted at the field whee peviously planted by tomato, and unknown initial population density of Meloidogyne spp. but evenly distibuted though soil tillage management. While, the population density development of plant paasitic nematodes was pevented by applying chicken dung as a soil amendment teatment. The potential poductivity of tomato commecial vaieties which ae available in East Kalimantan was always above 40 ton.ha -1 (Puwati 2009). Howeve, the annual aveage poductivity of tomato eached in the East Kalimantan povince was consideed vey low compaed to the potential poductivity, only anging fom 14.88% (2012) and up to 30.83% (2014) (Figue 1). The highest attainable poductivity of tomato was occued in Penajam Pase Utaa Distict, about ton.ha -1 (Table 2), but the poductivity of tomato in othe disticts and cities was lowe, theefoe the annual aveage poductivity of tomato in the povince was still low. Based on the standad of the highest attainable poductivity (24.44 ton.ha -1 ), the annual aveage poductivity of tomato in the povince was anging fom 24.39% (2012) up to 50.45% (2014). The poductivity of banana Banana palced the numbe one of fuit poduced in East Kalimantan. its poduction eached 72,114 ton in 2015 (BPS, 2015) o about 30% of total fuit poduction in the povince which composed of about 20 kind of fuits. Banana fames commonly cultivated thei cop taditionally, and poduction inputs elatively wee not implemented to the cop. The isk of PPN infection at new banana plantation was come fom the planting mateials. Because, banana fames commonly used suckes as planting mateial, whee small amount of soil and oot wee caied PPN in it. Aftewad, the population of PPN will be inceased and caused significant yield loss and poductivity eduction. Based on the field suvey and obsevation of PPN population density and banana yield in Kutai Katanegaa distict, it was detemined the elationships between PPN population density and poductivity eduction on banana. The dominance of PPN genea at the obsevation aea wee Radopholus, Meloidogyne, and Patylenchus. They ae all togethe caused the poductivity eduction on banana of Saba vaiety at the upland aea about 41.67% and about 33.33% at the wateshed aea (Table 3). Those poductivity eduction on banana was the impact of PPN at the population density of about 5891 and 4919 nematodes pe 100 g of oot, which geneated the aveage oot lesion at

4 SUYADI & ROSFIANSYAH Poductivity eduction of banana and tomato by paasitic nematodes 43 level of 55.9% and 39.8%, espectively (Table 3). In the olde banana plantation, without PPN contol activities, the oot lesion incident geneally each up to 90% - it was the pecondition fo toppling disease and poductivity eduction moe than 75%. Table 1. The elationships between plant paasitic nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) population densities and poductivity eduction of tomato in East Kalimantan Povince, Indonesia Chicken dung application (ton.ha -1 ) Nematode population (juvenile pe 50g soil) Tomato poductivity (ton.ha -1 ) Podutivity eduction (%) based on attainable tomato yield (20 ton.ha -1 ) 0 (Po) (P 1 ) (P 2 ) (P 3 ) (P 4 ) (P 5 ) Table 3. The Relationships between plant paasitic nematodes population density and poductivity eduction on banana of Saba vaiety in Kutai Katanegaa distict of East Kalimantan poince, Indonesia PPN genea PPN genea population density (individu pe 100 g oot) Total of PPN population density (individu 100 g oot) Aveage oot lesion (%) Wateshed (peiodically flooded aea) Radopholus 9106 Meloidogyne Patylenchus 1580 Upland aea Radopholus 9967 Meloidogyne Patylenchus 3095 Poductivity eduction (%) Table 2. Havested aea, poductivity, and poduction of tomato at disticts and cities of East Kalimantan povince, Indonesia. Disticts/cities Havested Poductivity Poduction aea (ha) (ton.ha -1 ) (ton) Beau Kutai Baat Kutai Katanegaa ,823 Kutai Timu Mahakam Ulu Pase Penajam Pase Utaa ,517 Balikpapan ,374 Bontang Samainda Souce: BPS (2015) Poductivity (ton/ha) ,21 27,78 27, ,29 22, , ,08 23,99 20, Attainable Yield Actual Yield 2015 Poductivity (ton.ha 1) ,02 11,03 8,85 8, , , ,33 10,2 8, Attainable Yield Actual Yield Figue 1. Tomato poductivity tend in East Kalimantan (Souces: BPS, 2012 and 2015) Figue 2. The banana poductivity tend in East Kalimantan (Souces: BPS 2012 and 2015) Table 4. Havested aea, poductivity, and poduction of banana at disticts and cities of East Kalimantan Povince, Indonesia Distict/City Havested Poductivity Poduction aea (ha) (ton/ha) (ton) Pase Kutai Baat Kutai Katanegaa Kutai Timu Beau Penajam Pase Utaa Mahakam Ulu Balikpapan Samainda Bontang Souce: BPS (2015)

5 44 ASIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE 1 (1): 40-45, June 2017 The aveage annual poductivity of banana in the povince (Figue 2) was anging fom ton.ha -1 (2013) up to ton.ha -1 (2007) (BPS 2015). Based on the highest attainable poductivity (53.11 ton.ha -1 ) as the standad of detemination (Table 4). It means that the aveage annual poductivity of banana in the povince wee only eached 38.96% up to 56.88%. The banana poductivity will be lowe if it consideed the well manage banana plantation, including integated management of PPN. Discussion Plant paasitic nematodes was a seious pest of agicultual ecosystem in East Kalimantan, but thei existence still neglected by fames as well as Agicultual Govenment Offices. A special effot of extension and technologies dissemination fo contolling this pest in povincial and disticts level was still limited. Howeve, eseach and field obsevation conducted by lectues and students of Mulawaman Univesity since 1990 poved that PPN was one of the impotant (silent) pest in East Kalimantan (Hambawati 2004; Nu 2004; Numina 2006; Zulaichan 2007; Ngaini 2008; Sanjaya 2008; Satono 2008; Septian 2011; Hidayat 2015, unpublished data). Population densities of plant paasitic nematodes in agicultual ecosystem of East Kalimantan unde intensive cultivation wee always above of the economic injuy level. It was justified that plant paasitic nematodes wee causal pest which contibuting to agicultual ecosystem poductivity eduction. East Kalimantan situated in topical ain foest climatic zone consideed as a zone of floa and fauna divesity cente, including plant paasitic nematodes. Theefoe, vaious genea of plant paasitic and fee leaving nematodes wee obseved in East Kalimantan, majo plant paasitic nematodes genea which fequently detemined in agicultual ecosystem wee Meloidogyne, Radhopholus, Rotylenchulus, Helicotylenchus, Patylenchus, and Tylenchohynchus. Meloidogyne was the most distibuted nematode genus in East Kalimantan, this genus was the majo pest on vegetable cops, and also attacking food cops and fuit cops. Genus of Radhopholus was the majo pest of banana causing toppling disease in ove all of banana development aea in the povince. Genus of Rotylenchulus ae mostly attacking vegetables and food cops, especially on the family membe of Solanaceae and Leguminoceae. Genea of Helicotylenchus and Patylenchus ae mostly attacking food cops of gasses family, and togethe with Radhopholus attacking banana. While, Tylenchohynchus ae adapted to peennial cops and cause seious damage on oil palm seedling in Pase Distict of East Kalimantan (Suyadi 2010, unpublished data). The ole of plant paasitic nematodes on the tomato poductivity eduction In elation to the ole of plant paasitic nematodes as the causal agent of tomato poductivity eduction, it could be elaboated by the fact that the highe tomato yield wee eached at the aea of tomato poduction centes, such as Balikpapan city, Penajam Pase Utaa and Kutai Katanegaa disticts (Table 2). It was due to the impact of the oganic soil amendment which commonly applied by fames at the aea of tomato poduction centes. Oganic soil amendment, especially animal dung aside beneficial fo the soil fetility impovement. Tt was also played a ole as nutient souce fo natual enemies of plant paasitic nematodes. Theefoe, those natual enemies will suppess population of plant paasitic nematodes and moe effective than that of pefomed by synthetic nematicides (Aaldes et al. 2009). Tomato is one of the impotant vegetable cop in East Kalimantan, and tomato fames always manage thei cop intensively, including pest contol activities. So, the majo pest of tomato was successfully solved, except fo PPN - because the existence of PPN was undistinguished due to thei micoscopic size and wapped in the soil paticles o plant oots. Howeve, fames in the povince wee mostly still applying inoganic fetilizes and pesticides as the component of poduction inputs fo thei tomato cop. Consequently, the population of PPN was always above the economic injuy level and caused a significant yield loss. The impact of inoganic fetilizes and pesticides application will be educed the divesity of soil mico-floa and fauna, including those natual enemies of PPN. Wheeas, the suvivo and adaptive PPN of tomato will be fee fom thei enemies, and thei population will inceased apidly to each the economic injuy level. Theefoe, the poductivity eduction caused by the PPN cannot be ejected, and the aveage annual poductivity of tomato in the povince consideed low, only anging fom 24.39% (2012) up to 50.45% (2014) compaed to the attainable yield (Figue 1 and Table 2). It means that the poductivity eduction of tomato caused by PPN in East Kalimantan was occued at about 49.55% up to 75.61%. Futhemoe, the poductivity eduction will be highe, if the potential yield (40 ton.ha. -1 ) consideed as the compaison standad, so the poductivity eduction of tomato caused by PPN in East Kalimantan will be about 69.17% up to 85.12%. The ole of plant paasitic nematodes on the banana poductivity eduction The opposite cop management of tomato was implemented on banana, most banana fames managed thei cop taditionally, they neve povide any poduction input to thei cop. They just planted the banana suckes and sometimes implementing weed contol, and then left them up to havest time. Fotunately, banana in East Kalimantan elatively was not faced to the seious pest attack, except the outbeak of bacteial wilt disease at ealy 2000 (Suyadi 2007). Howeve, the impact of bacteial wilt disease could be easily diffeentiated fom the PPN in the banana poductivity eduction. Because, eadication teatment was implemented to banana infected by bacteial wilt. Plant paasitic nematodes distibuted simultaneously with the distibution of planting mateial, because togethe with the suckes wee caied a small amount of soil and/o banana oots which contained PPN in it. Then, those PPN will epoduce apidly on suitable host. As we knew that

6 SUYADI & ROSFIANSYAH Poductivity eduction of banana and tomato by paasitic nematodes 45 the life cycle of plant paasitic nematodes just only about one month unde suitable envionment condition. It means, the population density of plant paasitic nematodes in a yea will almost eached the economic injuy level, if natual enemies wee not functioning effectively to educe the population of PPN. Consequently, banana yield will dastically educe at thid o fouth havest and aftewad, but fames neve pay any attention to contol the PPN and they just expect that yield eduction was due to nutients shotage and soil fetility eduction. In elation to the ole of PPN in the eduction of banana poductivity, field obsevations detemined that PPN was the causal agent of dastic yield eduction on saba cultiva banana (the most common banana cultiva planted by fame in East Kalimantan). At fist havest of the new planted banana, fame will havest a bunches of banana with >10 combs which composed of 18 finges each comb in aveage, but at fouth havest and aftewad fames will only get a banana bunches with five o less combs and smalle finges, if pope management of plant paasitic nematodes wee not implemented (Swandono et al. 2009; Suyadi 2013). Based on the explanations stated above, and detemination of the aveage annual poductivity based on the attainable yield (Figue 2 and Table 4) expeiencing yield loss on banana of about 61% was common in the povince, because quantitatively the numbe of comb was educed and qualitatively the size of finges become smalle. The highest poductivity eduction of banana in the povince could eached 78.65% (Table 4). Just like on tomato management case, fames contolling PPN on banana only indiectly, it was the impact of oganic manue application as soil amendment. Then, the oganic manue will supply a nutient to the cop as well as povide a food fo natual enemies of PPN. That case could easily distinguished on the banana planted aound the fames housing, whee banana plant always eceived oganic mateial fom the household waste. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We ae vey gateful to students who involved in the field eseach to gathe pimay data and also the Statistic Cente Bueau of East Kalimantan Povince which povide the meaningful seconday data. REFERENCES Aaldes LT, Minchin R, Hill RA, Baithwaite M, Bell NL, Stewat A Development of a tomato/oot knot nematode bioassay to sceen beneficial micobes. N Z Plant Potect 62: Batholomew ES, Bathwaite RAI, Isaac WP Contol of ootbuowing nematode (Radopholus similis) in banana using extacts of Azadiachta indica and Allium sativum. J Oganic Syst 9 (2): BPS Statistic of Vegetables and Fuits East Kalimantan Povince, Yea Badan Pusat Statistik Povinsi Kalimantan Timu. 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