Harry Harmens and Gina Mills
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1 Impacts of ozone on European crops Harry Harmens and Gina Mills ICP Vegetation Coordination Centre CEH Bangor
2 Outline ICP Vegetation Ozone critical levels Ozone-sensitive crops species Field-based evidence Mapping areas at risk (EMEP) Economic crop losses Future research needs
3 ICP Vegetation Established in late 1980s to consider the science for quantifying damage to plants by pollutants Reports to the Working Group on Effects (WGE) WGE is a scientific working group of the Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Convention
4 Organization of the LRTAP Convention Executive Body Implementation Committee Working Group on Effects EMEP Steering Body Working Group on Strategies and Review ICP Forests Programme Coordinating Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections Expert Group on Ammonia Abatement ICP Integrated Monitoring Programme Centre on Measurement and Modelling on POPs ICP Modelling and Mapping Coordinatio n Center for Effects Chemical Coordinating Centre Network of Experts on Benefits and Economic Instruments ICP Materials Main Research Centre Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - West Expert Group on Techno-economic Issues ICP Vegetation Programme Centre Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East on Heavy Metals ICP Waters on Health Programme Centre WHO Bonn on Integrated Assessment Modelling Centre for Integrated Assessment Modelling on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Expert Group on Particulate Matter
5 ICP Vegetation participation 35 countries in UNECE Ozone: biomonitoring studies field-based evidence critical levels for vegetation economic impacts mapping vegetation and areas at risk
6 LRTAP Convention Mapping Manual Chapter 3: Mapping Critical Levels for Vegetation Substantially revised in 2004 Updated in 2006 & 2007 based on workshop in Obergurgl, Austria, Nov See 25th May, Curno
7 Two main approaches AOTX Sum of hourly means over X ppb Represents O 3 concentration in air AFstY Sum of O 3 fluxes over Y nmol m -2 s -1 Represents O 3 uptake by the leaf
8 Sensitive AOT40-yield response functions Cotton (cotton)* Lettuce (foliage) Onion (bulb) Pulses (pods) Soybean (seed) Tomato (fruit) Turnip (root) Watermelon (fruit) Wheat (grain) * Within brackets: yield based on weight of. Mills et al. (2007) Atm. Env. 41, Moderately sensitive Potato (tubers) Oil seed rape (seed) Sugarbeet (root) Tobacco (foliage) Relative yield Soybean Resistant Barley (grain) Fruit (plum & strawberry) y = x R 2 = AOT40 (ppm.h)
9 Crops: flux-based critical levels 1.2 Wheat Wheat: AFst6 = 1 mmol m-2 over a period of 900 C days, starting 200 C days before anthesis Relative yield BE FI IT SE y = * AFST6 r2 = 0.83 p < AFst6, mmol m Potato: AFst6 = 5 mmol m-2 over a period of 1130 C days, starting at plant emergence Potato Relative yield BE FI y = * AF ST6 r2 = 0.76 p < GE SE 12 AF st6, mmol m Pleijel et al. (2007) Atm. Env. 41, th May, Curno
10 Evidence report ( ) 2007: Review Gothenburg Protocol Collation of evidence of ozone damage to vegetation Aim: quantifying link between field observations and ozone critical level exceedances Three main types of data in papers and reports: 1) Leaf injury recorded during field surveys 2) Effects detected in biomonitoring experiments 3) Effects detected in experiments exposing plants to ambient air and ozone filtered air
11 Ozone impacts on white clover NC-S/NC-R biomass ratio Other countries Italy R 2 = AOT40 (ppm.h) Sensitive (NC-S) Resistent (NC-R) Concentration-based critical level of 3 ppm.h exceeded at majority of sites in all survey years ( )
12 Visible leaf injury Injury score White clover Injury score for Italy, July ( ) Year Injury score: % of leaves affected 1: <1% 2: 1-5% 3: 5-25% 4: 25-50% 5: 50-90% 6: %
13 Areas at risk in 2000 AOT40 crops AF st 6 wheat Higher risk: central and southern Europe The gradient between northern and southern Europe is much higher for concentration than flux-based index AF st 3 generic crop - Simpson et al. (2007) Env. Pol. 146, EMEP Status Report 1/2006, chapter 5
14 Economic crops losses due to ozone Scenario baseline D 23 low (CAFE) D 23 mid (CAFE) D 23 high (CAFE) MFR Rains model EU s Strategy A.P. Core % confidence Units: billion Euros per year
15 Uncertainty estimates Largest sources of uncertainty in concentrationbased estimates crop losses are: Response functions for vegetables Variation in ozone concentration with height Crop yield estimates Response function for potato Variability between years for ozone Holland et al. (2006) Report to Defra
16 Research needs (Obergurgl, 2005) Experimental New research network of exposure experiments which include O 3 -deposition measurements Modelling Validation and improvement model approaches Standardised procedure for identifying g max Quantification of detoxification Identification of most important endpoints: quality etc. Interpretation Integrated analysis for Europe of O 3 sensitivity of crops Well defined biomarker for O 3 effects to support validation Epidemiological methods based on yield statistics
17 Acknowledgements Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) The participants of the ICP Vegetation Thank you for your attention!!
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