Northern NY Agricultural Development Program 2011 Project Report
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1 Northern NY Agricultural Development Program 2011 Project Report Project Title: Management of Brown Root Rot of Alfalfa in New York Project Leader(s): Julie Hansen, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics; 101 Love Lab; Cornell University; ; Donald Viands, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics; 523 Bradfield Hall; Cornell University; ; Jamie Crawford, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics; 101 Love Lab; Cornell University, ; Collaborator(s): Gary Bergstrom, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology; 316 Plant Science; Cornell University; ; Michael Davis, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Farm Manager at Cornell Baker Research Farm, Willsboro NY; ; Background: Phoma sclerotioides, causal agent of brown root rot (BRR), is a soil-borne fungus causing root and crown rot of alfalfa, other perennial legumes, and overwintering grasses. Primarily active during late winter and early spring (Cormack 1934), it is associated with yield loss, winterkill, slow emergence from winter dormancy, and stand decline of alfalfa (Berkenkamp et al. 1991, Hollingsworth et al. 2003) and with winterkill of grasses (Larsen et al. 2007). BRR was first detected in the eastern United States in 2003 in Clinton County, NY on alfalfa. The results of subsequent surveys of alfalfa production fields conducted in Clinton County in 2004 and in New York, Vermont and New Hampshire in 2005 suggest that BRR may be a serious factor impacting the health and persistence of alfalfa in the region. BRR was found on a high percentage of plants in many fields, and most of the lesions caused by the disease progressed into the cortical (internal) tissues of roots and crowns (Wunsch et al. 2007). The BRR incidence observed in northeastern United States is similar to that observed in Saskatchewan, Canada, where the disease has long been recognized as a serious problem for alfalfa production. BRR can have severe effects on alfalfa yields. In Saskatchewan fields with heavy BRR disease pressure, BRR-resistant alfalfa varieties yield 40 to 65 percent higher than BRR-susceptible varieties (second and third production years, three cuts per year); alfalfa varieties with moderate BRR resistance yield 23 to 43 percent higher than BRRsusceptible cultivars (Berkenkamp et al. 1991). No management tools currently exist for BRR in New York. Peace, the BRRresistant alfalfa variety grown in Saskatchewan and Alberta, performs poorly in New York, as it is highly susceptible to other alfalfa root rots common in New York. Crop rotation is not an effective alternative; P. sclerotioides produces resting structures that
2 can persist extended periods in the soil without a suitable substrate (Cormack, 1934), it has a very broad host range, and it can survive on organic matter in the soil (Davidson, 1990). Significant differences in BRR resistance have been observed among alfalfa varieties grown in Saskatchewan and in Wyoming (Berkenkamp et al., 1991; Hollingsworth et al., 2005). If significant differences in BRR resistance are also observed among alfalfa varieties grown in New York, adoption of the most resistant varieties by growers in fields with high BRR pressure would be expected to increase forage yields. The most resistant varieties would also serve as sources of BRR resistance for alfalfa breeding to develop varieties with higher levels of resistance in plant material that is more adapted to our region. Methods A field plot trial was planted at The William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute at Chazy NY on May 4, The soil type is a Roundabout silt loam. The trial design is a split-plot with BRR inoculated and non inoculated as the main plot treatments, and alfalfa varieties as the sub-plots. Six main plots were planted. One-half of each main plot was inoculated with barley grains infected with Phoma sclerotioides prior to seeding. Inoculations were conducted with an equal mix of four genetically and morphologically divergent fungal isolates originating from Clinton County and representative of four intra-speccific varieties, namely P. sclerotioides vars.champlainii, sclerotioides, steubenii, and viridis (Wunsch and Bergstrom, 2011). The grains were raked into the soil. Plots were seeded with a 6-row Carter seeder that seeded plots that are 3.5 feet wide and 20 feet long. Sub-plots are 11 alfalfa varieties / experimentals. Three varieties are from seed companies. These varieties were recommended by Deborah Samac, USDA-ARS Research Plant Pathologist, and have done well in other BRR trials in the Midwest. Six varieties are from the Cornell Alfalfa Breeding Program and are currently or have been recently marketed in New York. One variety is a PLH-resistant alfalfa and one is Vernal a standard check variety in alfalfa trials. Seed germinations tests were completed for each variety. The number of seeds that germinated ranged from 330 to 425 seeds per gram. The grams of seed per plot were adjusted so that about 80 live seeds per square foot were planted for each variety. Seeds per plot ranged from 14.9 to 19.2 grams. The plots were sprayed with herbicides and an insecticide in early July to control weeds and insects, and two harvests were taken the seedling year. In 2010, the trial was harvested on June 8, July 20, August 24. In 2011, the excess rainfall in the spring delayed the first cut until June 20, so only one more cut was taken on August 3. Results: In 2010, the non inoculated plots had yields that averaged 5.47 tons per acre and the inoculated plots averaged 5.55 tons per acre (Table 1). Differences among the varieties for yielding ability were significant, but inoculating with BRR had not impacted yield at this point. Plants were dug from the Vernal plots in the spring of 2010 and it was verified in Bergstrom s plant pathology lab that plants from the inoculated plots had the BRR fungus (51% incidence) in the roots and the non inoculated plots did not have the BRR fungus (1% incidence) at a significant level (Table 2).
3 In 2011, the yields were low due to extreme wet spring conditions and extreme dry summer conditions. The non inoculated plots averaged 0.10 tons per acre dry matter more than the inoculated plots and this difference was not statistically significant (Table 3). However for 2011 yields, the error mean square for the inoculated trial was 2.4 times greater than for the not inoculated trial (0.086 vs 0.035). These results may indicate that the BRR organism is beginning to impact the yield of the trial varieties. In Figure 1, many of the varieties in the non inoculated trial have yields slightly above those in the inoculated trial. However, for 55V48 and WL 347LH in 2011, the average yield in the non inoculated plots averaged 0.24 tons per acre higher than the yields in the inoculated plots. We expect if there are BRR resistance genes in any of the varieties tested in this trial, then the resistant varieties will have similar yields in both the non inoculated and the inoculated trials. Another year or two of yield determinations in 2012 and possibly 2013 after further BRR injury over the winters are needed to determine if any of the trial varieties have some resistance. In western Canada, severe BRR is observed in very cold winters especially when early snow protects the ground from an early freeze and snow cover persists all winter. This past winter ( ) had unusually low snowfall and high temperatures. The average snowfall per month from December to February was 11.2 inches or 23.6 inches less than the average snowfall from the two previous winters (data from Ellenburg Depot, 21 miles east of Chazy). Also, the average temperature for December to February was 23.3 degrees F or 4.6 degrees F higher than the average temperature from the two previous winters. If conditions over the winter of were not conducive for BRR damage, then the trial may need to be harvested for a fourth production year in 2013 to complete the research project. Conclusions/Outcomes/Impacts: If significant differences in BRR resistance are observed, adoption of the most resistant varieties by growers in fields with high BRR pressure would be expected to increase forage yields. The most resistant varieties would also serve as sources of genes for BRR resistance for alfalfa breeding in New York. Outreach: Results of this research project were presented at: -Meeting with Seedway and Allied Seed companies on January 13, 2010 and March 8, Cornell Seed Growers Field Days on July 8, 2010 and July 7, Cornell Cooperative Extension In-Service Conference on November 17, 2010 and November 16, 2011 Next steps if results suggest continued work is needed in the areas of research, demonstration and/or education. Once the trial is complete, it will be possible to determine the usefulness of expanding the number of varieties tested for resistance to BRR. Also, an economic analysis will be needed for plant breeders to determine the importance of developing varieties with resistance to BRR. For a breeding program to develop BRR resistant varieties, plants will
4 need to be screened in fields that have the BRR fungus, or a growth chamber screening method would need to be developed. Acknowledgments: Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Reports and/or articles in which the results of this project have already been published. Northern NY is Eastern U.S. Center for Brown Root Rot Research New York Ag Connection - 06/24/2010 Root rot may hinder alfalfa crop Watertown Daily Times 06/04/2011 Researchers focus on North Country alfalfa disease Press-Republican 05/29/2011 Person(s) to contact for more information (including farmers who have participated: Julie Hansen, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics; 101 Love Lab; Cornell University; ; jlh17@cornell.edu Gary Bergstrom, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology; 316 Plant Science; Cornell University; ; gcb3@cornell.edu Literature Cited Berkenkamp, B., Bittman, S., and McCartney, D Resistance of alfalfa cultivars to brown root rot. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71: Cormack, M.W On the invasion of roots of Medicago and Melilotus by Sclerotinia sp. and Plenodomus meliloti D. and S. Can. J. Res. 11: Davidson, J.G.N Brown root rot. Pages in: Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases, D.L. Stuteville and D.C. Erwin, eds. APS Press, St. Paul MN. Hollingsworth, C. R., Gray, F. A., Koch, D. W., Groose, R. W., and Heald, T. E Distribution of Phoma sclerotioides and incidence of brown root rot of alfalfa in Wyoming, U.S.A. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25: Hollingsworth, C. R., Gray, F. A., and Groose, R. W Evidence for the heritability of resistance to brown root rot of alfalfa, caused by Phoma sclerotioides. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 27: Larsen, J. E., Hollingsworth, C. R., Flor, J., Dornbusch, M. R. Simpson, N. L., and Samac, D. A Distribution of Phoma sclerotioides on alfalfa and winter wheat crops in the North Central United States. Plant Dis. 91: Wunsch, J.J., and Bergstrom, G.C Genetic and morphological evidence that Phoma sclerotioides, causal agent of brown root rot of alfalfa, is composed of a species complex. Phytopathology 101:
5 Wunsch, M. J., Schindelbeck, R. R., van Es, H. M., and Bergstrom, G. C Distribution, impact and soil environment of Phoma sclerotioides in northeastern U.S. alfalfa fields. Plant Dis. 91:
6 Appendix: Table 1: Yield results from the first production year of the Brown Root Rot Trial planted at Chazy, NY on May 4, (First Production Year)^ Non Inoculated Inoculated Total % of Total % of Variety 8-Jun 20-Jul 24-Aug Season^^ Trial Mean 8-Jun 20-Jul 24-Aug Season ^^ Trial Mean - -tons per acre dry matter - - -tons per acre dry matter - 55V a a 106 ReGen a a 106 MsSunstra a a 100 AmeriStand 407 TQ a Oneida Ultra a Guardsman II a a 106 Ezra a a 102 N-R-Gee a 104 WL 347LH Seedway Vernal Trial Mean F-entries 1.78 ns 3.87 ** 1.87 ns 2.26 * 2.15 * 5.19 ** 2.42 * 3.15 ** LSD(.05) CV(%) ns = not statistically significant at P<0.05; * = statistically significant at P<0.05; ** = statistically significant at P<0.01. ^ Differences between non inoculated and inoculated treatments were not statistically significant at any harvest or for season total. ^^ Numbers followed by this symbol are in the top group based on the LSD (0.05)
7 Table 2: Percent of roots that developed Brown Root Rot pycnidia from the 2009 Brown Root Rot Trial at Chazy, NY Plot Treatment Phoma incidence (%) 114 Inoculated Inoculated Inoculated Inoculated Inoculated Inoculated 73 Average Inoculated Non Inoculated Non Inoculated Non Inoculated Non Inoculated Non Inoculated Non Inoculated 0 Average Non Inoculated 1 Fifteen root samples were plated per plot Vernal is the only entry collected and sampled
8 Table 3: Yield results from the second production year of the Brown Root Rot Trial planted at Chazy, NY on May 4, (Second Production Year)^ Non Inoculated Inoculated Total % of Total % of Variety 20-Jun 3-Aug Season ^^ Trial Mean 20-Jun 3-Aug Season ^^ Trial Mean - - tons per acre dry matter tons per acre dry matter V a a 109 ReGen a a 114 MsSunstra a a 108 AmeriStand 407 TQ a 102 Oneida Ultra a 97 Guardsman II a 101 Ezra a 102 N-R-Gee a 98 WL 347LH Seedway Vernal Trial Mean F-entries 5.17 ** ** 7.85 ** 1.37 ns 4.60 ** 2.61 ** LSD(.05) CV(%) ns = not statistically significant at P<0.05; * = statistically significant at P<0.05; ** = statistically significant at P<0.01. ^ Differences between not inoculated and inoculated treatments were not statistically significant at any harvest or for season total. ^^ Numbers followed by this symbol are in the top group based on the LSD (0.05)
9 Yield (tons/acre) Non Inoculated Inoculated Varieties Figure 1: Yield in tons per acre by variety of the non inoculated plots compared to the Inoculated plots.
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