EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND FARM YARD MANURE ON AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)

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1 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.4, 2008 EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND FARM YARD MANURE ON AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) ABDUL BASIR*, ZAHIR SHAH**, MOHAMMAD NAEEM**, JEHAN BAKHT* and ZAFAR HAYAT KHAN* * Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar Pakistan abasir68@yahoo.com ** Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar Pakistan ABSTRACT Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the major legume crops grown in Pakistan having a considerable importance as a food, feed and fodder but due to imbalanced use of fertilizers its production is low. To find the optimum level of Phosphorus and FYM for chickpea and study their effect on agronomic characteristics an experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during winter season of The experiment was laid out in RCBD with split plot arrangement having four replications. Four Farm Yard Manure (FYM) levels (0, 5, 10, 15 t ha -1 ) were applied to main plots and four phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 ) were evaluated in sub-plots of area 12m 2. The experimental results showed that as compared to other P treatments 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 significantly improved agronomic traits. Maximum plant (94.7 cm), number of pods (81.9), thousand grain (241.5 g), number of nodules (87), above groud biomass (7793 kg ha -1 ), straw (3475 kg ha -1 ) and grain (1993 kg ha -1 ) were recorded for 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1. Similarly, the results also showed that 15 t FYM ha -1 in comparison to other FYM treatments did not significantly increase all the parameters except number of pods, biomass, and straw. Maximum number of pods (76.3), biomass (7522 kg ha -1 ), and straw (3180 kg ha -1 ) were recorded for 15 t FYM ha -1. The interaction of FYM and phosphorus was non significant for all the parameters. These results suggested that the application of FYM to chickpea did not affect its significantly while phosphorus fertilizer at the rate of 60 kg ha -1 proved effective for optimum production. Key Words: Agronomic Traits, Chickpea, FYM, Phosphorus Citation: Basir, A., Z. Shah, M. Naeem and J. Bakht Effect of phosphorus and farm yard manure on agronomic traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Sarhad J. Agric. 24(4): INTRODUCTION Chickpea is a major pulse crop grown in Pakistan for food and also used as a feed for animals. It is a valuable source of crude protein that varies among the cultivars from a low of 12.4 to a high of 31 % (Williams and Singh, 1987). Chickpea is not only a source of dietary protein but it also helps in the maintenance of soil fertility due to its nitrogen fixing capability. The total cropped area of chickpea in Pakistan during was thousand hectare and total production was thousand tones with an average grain of 466 kg ha -1. The total cropped area to chickpea in NWFP during same year was thousand hectare and total production was 21.1 thousand tones with an average grain of 513 kg ha -1 (MINFAL, 2006). Phosphorus deficiency is wide spread in almost 90% of the soils of Pakistan and the application of phosphatic fertilizers is considered essential for crop production. Current phosphorus fertilizer rates average approximately 40 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1, one third of what is actually recommended for optimal crop production (Rashid, 2001). Farm Yard Manure is the most important organic source of nutrients and organic matter addition in Pakistan. Much of the effects of FYM on soil and crop are due to its humus content, which serves as a slow release source of plant nutrient. The efficiency of FYM can be increased by the addition of phosphate fertilizers (Khalil and Jan, 2002). Despite its importance as a pulse and forage crop of chickpea is low in Pakistan. Fertilization is one of the important agronomic practices which greatly affects and profit of many crops including chickpea. It is, therefore, necessary to educate our farmers on the need for judicious use of fertilizers and manures. The current research was conducted to find out best dose of phosphorus with different levels of FYM for obtaining higher and nodulation as a seat of nitrogen fixation.

2 Abdul Basir et al. Phosphorus and FYM effect on agronomic traits of chickpea 568 MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of phosphorus and farm yard manure on agronomic traits of chickpea was investigated at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during winter season The experiment was carried out in a RCB design with split plot arrangements having four replications. Chickpea variety Hassan-2k was planted at the rate of 60 kg seeds ha -1. Four phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha -1 ) and four rotten FYM levels (0, 5, 10, 15 tons ha -1 ). FYM was assigned to main plots and phosphorus to sub-plots of 4m 3m. Row to row distance was kept 43 cm and plant to plant distance 15 cm by thinning manually. Composite soil sample at the depth of 0-30cm was taken from the experimental plot just before fertilizer application and then analyzed.. (Table I). The rotten FYM used was also analyzed. (Table I). After thorough seedbed preparation and demarcation of sub-plots, phosphorus fertilizer in the form of P 2 O 5 and well-rotten FYM was applied to respective treatment plots just before sowing and then mixed into the soil. Table I. Concentration of N, P and K in composite soil sample and FYM used in the experiment Sample Total N K 2 O P 2 O 5 Soil (mg kg -1 ) FYM (%) Plant, number of pods, number of grains,were determined at physiological maturity from five randomly selected plants. The 1000-grain was determined by taking 100 grains from thoroughly mixed grains of each subplot, weighed by an electronic balance, and converted to 1000 grain s. Above ground biomass was determined by harvesting the five central rows in each treatment, sun drying and weighing. was determined by threshing those sun s dried five rows. was determined by subtracting the grain from the above ground biomass production. from each treatment and then converted to kg ha -1 and number of nodules at 50% flowering was counted by uprooting four plants in each subplot, washed carefully and then average was worked out. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant Height Plant as affected by various levels of FYM and P 2 O 5 is shown in Table II & Table III. Statistical analysis revealed that FYM application did not significantly (P>0.05) affected plant (Table VI). While the effect of P 2 O 5 levels were significant (P<0.05). Maximum plant (94.7 cm) was recorded from those plots that had received 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1, while minimum plant (85.9 cm) was observed in control plots. Analysis of the soil showed that P content was slightly deficient (Table I), thus chickpea showed a positve response to its addition. These results are in conformity with those of Dahiya et al. (1993) who reported that 46, 57, and 69 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 respectively increased plant and number of branches. The interactive effect of FYM and P 2 O 5 on plant was non significant (Table IV). However, maximum plant (97.9 cm) was attained by plots receiving 15 t FYM ha -1 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1, while minimum plant (83.5 cm) was noted in plots that had received 5 t FYM ha -1 and 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1. Table II. Mean values of agronomic traits of chickpea as affected by FYM Treatments FYM (t ha -1 ) Plant grains 1000-grains Bio. Control c b 2528 c b ab 2713 bc ab a 2968 ab a a 3180a 1919 LSD NS 5.1 NS NS NS NS Means followed by different letters in columns are statistically significant at 5% probability using LSD Test. NS = Non significant.

3 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.4, Table III. Mean values of agronomic traits of chickpea as affected by Phosphorus Treatments P (t ha -1 ) Plant s 1000-grains Bio. yeild Control 85.9 b 53.5 d c 53 d 6739 b 2287 d 1682 c ab 66.3 c b 67 c 7033 b 2610 c 1764 c a 81.9 a a 87 a 7793 a 3475 a 1993 a b 75.3 b b 78 b 7446 a 3016 b 1876 b LSD NS Means followed by different letters in columns are statistically significant at 5% probability using LSD Test. NS = Non significant. Number of Plant -1 Data regarding number of pods as affected by various levels of FYM and P 2 O 5 is presented in Table II & III. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that both FYM and P 2 O 5 application had significantly (p<0.05) affected the number of pods. Treatments that had received 15 t FYM ha -1 produced maximum (76.3) number of pods, while minimum (61) number of pods was observed in the control treatments. Plots that had received 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 produced maximum (81.9) number of pods, while minimum (53.5) number of pods was noted in 0kg P 2 O 5 ha -1. This increase in the number of pods with the application of P 2 O 5 and FYM might have resulted from more pronounced growth of the plant which in turn had increased number of pods. Similar results were reported by Siag (1995). The interactive effect of FYM and P 2 O 5 on number of pods was non significant (Table IV). However, maximum (91.5) number of pods was recorded from those plots that were fertized with 15 t FYM ha -1 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 while minimum (46.6) number of pods was produced by plots where no FYM and P 2 O 5 was applied. Number of s Pod -1 The number of grains as affected by various levels of FYM and P 2 O 5 is presented in Table II & III. Analysis of the data indicated that both FYM and P 2 O 5 application as well as their interaction had no significant effect (p>0.05) on number of grains (Table VI) Table IV. Mean values of agronomic traits of chickpea as affected by Interaction (FYM P) Treatments Interaction (FYM P) grains Bio. Plant 1000-grain Cont. x cont Cont. x Cont. x Cont. x x cont x x x x cont x x x x cont x x x LSD NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Means followed by different letters in columns are statistically significant at 5% probability using LSD Test. NS = Non significant.

4 Abdul Basir et al. Phosphorus and FYM effect on agronomic traits of chickpea 570 Thousand-s Weight Data concerning 1000-grains as affected by various levels of FYM and P 2 O 5 are presented in Table II & III. Statistical revealed that FYM application and its interaction with P 2 O 5 had no significant (P>0.05) effect on 1000-grains (Table VI). However, maximum 1000 grains (236.8 g) was recorded from plots that had received 15 t FYM ha -1, while minimum 1000 grains (214.3 g) was noted from the control plots. The response of 1000 grains to various P 2 O 5 levels was significant (P<0.05). Maximum 1000 grains (241.5 g) was observed in those treatments that had received 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1, while minimum 1000 grains (212.3 g) was produced by control plots. Similar results were also reported by Shinde et al. (2000) who concluded that application of 63 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 increased 1000-grains of chickpea. In case of interaction, maximum 1000 grains (252.2 g) was recorded from plots that were treated with 15 t FYM ha -1 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 while minimum 1000 grains (203 g) was observed from plots where no FYM and P 2 O 5 was applied. Number of Plant -1 Data pertaining to number of nodu1es as affected by various levels of FYM and P 2 O 5 are presented in Table II & III. Analysis of the data revealed that FYM application and its interaction with P 2 O 5 did not significantly (P>0.05) affected number of nodules (Table VI). However, maximum (75) numbers of nodules were recorded from those plots which were fertilized with 15 t FYM ha -1, while minimum (70) were noted from those treatments where no FYM was applied. The response of number of nodules to various P 2 O 5 levels was significant (P<0.05). Maximum (87) number of nodules was produced by plots that received 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1, while minimum (53) number of nodules was recorded from the 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 treated plots. These results agree with those reported by Deepali et al. (2003) and Sudhir et al. (2000) who concluded that phosphate sources (SSP and MRP) significantly increased nodulation, growth and parameter of the crop. In case of interaction, maximum (94) number of nodules was noted in those treatments which received nutrition at the rate of 15 t FYM ha -1 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 while minimum (53) number of nodules was recorded from plots where no FYM and P 2 O 5 was applied. Above ground biomass Yield The biomass ha -1 data as affected by various levels of FYM and P 2 O 5 are presented in Table II & III. Statistical analysis revealed that both FYM and P 2 O 5 application had a significant (P<0.05) effect on biomass (Table VI). Plots that had received 15 t FYM ha -1 produced maximum (7522 kg) biomass ha -1, while minimum (6920 kg) biomass ha -1 was observed in those plots where no FYM was applied. Similarly, plots that had received 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 produced maximum (7793 kg) biomass ha -1, while minimum (6739 kg) biomass ha -1 was observed in 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 treated plots. The possible reason may be the adequate supply of phosphorus and FYM that played a vital role in physiological and developmental process in plant life and the favorable effect of these important nutrients might have accelerated the growth processes that increased the biomass of the crop. Similar results were also obtained by Deepale et al. (2003) who reported that P 2 O 5 and biofertilizer increased the growth and parameters of the crop. The interaction of FYM and P 2 O 5 on biomass was non significant (Table IV). Yield Data regarding straw ha -1 as affected by various levels of FYM and P 2 O 5 are presented in Table II & III. Statistical analysis (revealed that both FYM and P 2 O 5 application had a significant (P<0.05) effect on straw Table VI). Plots that had received 15 t FYM ha -1 gave maximum (3180 kg ha -1 ) straw, while minimum (2528 kg ha -1 ) straw was observed in plots where no FYM was applied. For phosphorus the plots that had received 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 produced maximum (3475 kg) straw ha -1, while minimum (2287 kg) straw ha -1 was recorded in the control P 2 O 5 plots. This may be due to adequate supply of P 2 O 5 and FYM that played a vital role in physiological and developmental processes in plant life and the favorable effect of these important nutrients might have accelerated the growth processes that in result increased straw of the crop. These results are in agreement with those of Singh et al. (1995) and Ramamurthy and Shivasshankar (1996) who reported that P 2 O 5 and FYM increases dry matter production at various growth stages. The interaction of FYM and P 2 O 5 on straw ha -1 was non significant (Table VI). Yield Data regarding grain ha -1 as affected by various levels of FYM and P 2 O 5 are presented in Table II & III. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the application of phosphorus had a significant (P<0.05) effect on grain while FYM application and its interaction with P 2 O 5 had a non-significant (P>0.05) effect (Table VI)..

5 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.4, Our results showed that on average, the maximum grain of 1993 kg ha -1 was obtained with the application of 60 kg P ha -1, which was significantly greater than the other treatments. The application of P beyond 60 kg ha -1 reduced the grain. Siag (1995) and Saraf et al (1997) reported similar results. Though the application of FYM had a non significant effect, however, maximum grain (1919 kg ha -1 ) was recorded from the plots that had received 15 t FYM ha -1 ; while minimum grains (1685 kg ha -1 ) was produced by those treatments where no FYM was applied. Economic Return The economic return from the use of P and FYM was very similar but the cost benefit ratio of P application (0.0625) is much lesser than the application of FYM (0.185) (Table V). This was due to the high cost of the FYM as compared to the P fertilizer. Under these cost scenarios, the farmers are advised to apply 60 kg ha - 1 to their chickpea crop for maximum return. However, if a farmer has an access to FYM at no or minimal cost, he/she would be advised to use FYM. Table V. Comparison of cost and economic return from P (TSP) and FYM Item Cost Benefit/Return Cost benefit Ratio P (60 kg ha -1 ) TSP (46% P 2 O 5 ) FYM (15 t ha -1 ) TSP Value=Rs bag -1 TSP Req.=130 kg ha -1 1Kg TSP= Rs.60. TSP cost=60*130= Rs.7800 Labour cot= Rs.300 Tot cost= =rs full trolley of FYM=2 ton Cost of 2 tons (1 tro.)=rs.3000 Cost of 15 tons=rs Labour cost=rs.600 Total cost= Rs =Rs Yield= 1993 kg 1 kg chickpea= Rs.65 Return=Rs Yield=1919 kg 1 kg chickpea=rs.65 Return=Rs Table VI. Analysis of variance of various traits as affected by different phosphorus and FYM levels SOV df Plant grains 1000-grain Bio. Replication FYM (F) NS 17.31* 0.44NS 0.64NS * 6.47* 2.03NS Error 9 Phosphorus (P) * * 2.67NS 15.47* 26.45* 12.48* 92.54* 14.15* F x P NS 0.66NS 0.55NS 0.18NS 0.31NS 0.60NS 1.03NS 0.07NS * = Significant at 5% level of probability NS = Non-significant CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS These results suggested that P was necessary for the production of chickpea in Peshawar Valley. The application of P at 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 resulted in maximum grain of chickpea and that application of P beyond 60 kg was unnecessary. The combined applications of FYM with P fertilizer did not better than fertilizer P alone. This was due to the fact that P was deficient in the soil and that N 2 fixers were likely present and effective to fulfill the requirement of plants for N from the atmosphere. However, application of FYM can result in the improvement of soil quality and long term sustainability of degraded soils.

6 Abdul Basir et al. Phosphorus and FYM effect on agronomic traits of chickpea 572 REFERENCES Dahiya, S., S. Mehar and M. Singh Relative growth performances of chickpea genotypes to irrigation and fertilizers application. Haryana J. Agron. 9(2): Deepali, P., J.P. Singh, K. Namita and G.K. Dwivedi Response of vasicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), rhizobium and phosphorus sources on nodulation, growth and of pea variety vl-7. College of Forestry and Hill Agric. G. B. Pant Univ. Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar, Ind. Crop Res. 25 (2): Khalil, I. A. and A. Jan Cropping Technology. National Book Foundation, Islamabad. pp MINFAL, Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad. Ramamurthy, V. and K. Shiva Shankar Effect of organic matter and phosphorus on growth and of soybean. Indian J. Agron. 41(1): Rashid, A Soil Science. National Book Foundation, Islamabad. pp Saraf, C.S., B.G. Shivakumar and R.R. Patil Effect of phosphorus, sulphur and seed inoculation on performance of chickpea. Indian J. Agron. 42(2): Shinde, S.H., N.T. Thakur and R.L. Bhilare Effect of field layouts and fertilizer levels on productivity of chickpea. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 25(1): Siag, R.K Response of Kabuli chickpea to genotypes phosphorus. Indian J. Agron. 40(3): Singh, A., R.P. Awashti and R.D. Singh Effect of fertilizers, manure and lime on soybean grown in mid-hills of sikkim. Indian J. Agron. 40(4): Sudhir, K., P.A. Sarangmath, S.R. Salakinkop, A.V. Gaddi and S. Kulkarni Response of chickpea to rock phosphate and phosphate solubilizers in typic chromustert. Leg. Res. 23(1): Williame, P.C. and U. Singh The chickpea nutritional quality and the evaluation of quality in breeding programmes. In: Saxena, M. C; Singh, K. B. eds. The chickpea Willing Food Oxon, U.K. CAB. Int.

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