HOHENHEIMER BODENKUNDLICHE HEFTE

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1 Yakov Karl Thilo UNIVERSITAT HOHENHEIM INSTITUT FUR BOOENKUNDE UND STANDORTSLEHRE HOHENHEIMER BODENKUNDLICHE HEFTE Herausgeber: Ellen Kandeler Kuzyakov Stahr Streck Heft 110 Ambreen Shah N20 and C02 emissions from arable and grassland top soils under laboratory and greenhouse conditions 2014 UNIVERSITAT HOHENHEIM (310), D70593 STUTTGART ISSN

2 Table of contents 1 General introduction Climate relevant aspects of greenhouse gases N2O emission CO2 emission Agricultureinduced GHG emission Agricultureinduced N2O emission Agricultureinduced CO2 emission A short biochemistry ofn Mineralization Nitrification Immobilization Denitrification Ammonia (NH3) volatilization Biological N2 fixation Nonsymbiotic N2 fixation The contribution ofsoil to C cycle Carbon sequestration through agriculture Application of manure to soil Application of manures and N2O and CO2 emissions from soil Application techniques of manure to the soil and CO2 and N20 emissions Compost Methods ofcomposting Biowaste compost Animal manure compost N2O and CO2 emissions during composting and after application to the soil Soil dryingrewetting cycles Soybean and BNF N2O emission during biological nitrogen fixation 18 2 Justification and research problem Animal manure and compost application Dryingrewetting events Contribution of legumes to mitigate N2O Method limitations Gas sampling technique Soil texture determination method Plant sample analysis Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis Soil NR,+ and NO3" Organic residue analysis Soil ph Methods of composting Aims and objectives 25 i

3 2.6 Hypothesis Outline ofthe thesis 26 3 N2O and CO2 emissions from arable soil after amendment of manures and composts Introduction Materials and Methods Soil sampling and manure collection Experimental setup N2O and CO2 flows measurement Analytical methods used for organic fertilizers Soil analysis Physicochemical properties of soil Statistical analysis Results Chemical and biochemical properties of organic fertilizer added Cumulative N20 flow Cumulative C02 flow Course ofn20 flow from soil Dynamics ofco2 evolution from soil Total organic carbon Nitrogen concentration SoilpH Discussion CO2 flows and C sequestration N20 flow and N concentration Soil ph as an influencing factor of denitrification Conclusion 63 4 N20 and CO2 emissions from arable and grassland soils under various moisture regimes: a microcosom study Introduction Materials and Methods Soil sampling Experimental setup N2O and CO2 flows measurements Soil analysis Physicochemical properties of soil Statistical analysis Results N20 cumulative flow Temporal dynamics ofn2o over the two months incubation C02 cumulative flow CO2 temporal dynamics over the two months incubation N concentration 83 ii

4 4.4 Discussion N2O flows during a two month incubation and N concentration Mineral nitrogen concentration affected by soil moisture and temperature Temporal dynamics of CO Conclusion 89 5 Determination of BNF (biological nitrogen fixation) induced N2O emission from arable soil by using a "closed chamber technique" Introduction Materials and Methods Soil sampling Experimental setup N2O measurement Soil and plant sampling Soil analysis Statistical analysis Results Temporal flow ofn Effect of soil ph, N03"and DOC on N20 emission Total N, C and CP % contents of plant biomass after harvest Number of nodules and weight of root Discussion N2O emission from nodulated treatments Total N C and CP % contents of, plant biomass after harvest BNF and C sequestration Conclusion General discussion N2O and C02 emissions from arable soil after amendment of manures and composts (Chapter 3) Key results Effect of poultry manureamended soils on N2O emission Cow manure and biowaste compostinduced N2O emissions Efficiency of manures and composts in order to sequester C Compost and manure as an amendment to maintain soil ph Nitrogen content of manures Conclusion Recommendations N20 and CO2 emissions from arable and grassland soils under various moisture regimes: a microcosom study (Chapter 4) Key results Recommendations Carbon sequestration by grassland and arable soils under field conditions Determination of BNF (biological nitrogen fixation) induced N20 emission from arable soil by using a "closed chamber technique" (Chapter 5) 134 iii

5 6.3.1 Recommendations Results in relation to hypothesis Summary Zusammenfassung 144 Acknowledgements 146 Curriculum Vitae 147 Publications and Presentations 148 iv

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