NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR FORAGE CROPS - A REVIEW
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1 Agric. Rev., 27 (2) : , 2006 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR FORAGE CROPS - A REVIEW M.R. Backiyavathy, A. Gopalan and G. Vijayakumar Department of Forage Crops, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore , India ABSTRACT The scope of increasing the area cultivated for forages is rather limited, because of mounting pressure and preferential need for food and commercial crops. Hence fodder production has to be increased per unit area per unit time. Quality of forage is also very important to animal health and performance. Forage quality can be improved and the toxic principles can be alleviated by efficient nutrient management. Keeping these points in view, the literature pertaining to the fertilizer management in different forage crops to obtain higher biomass production and good quality fodder has been reviewed. Nutrient management in annual forage crops The major annual forage crops are sorghum, maize, pearl millet, teosinte, barley, oats, cowpea and berseem. Sorghum: Sorghum grown for grain as well as forage production is one of the best crops to obtain high forage production with good nutritive value for animals. Application of 120 kg N and 20 kg P 2 ha -1 recorded maximum green fodder yield of 86.7 q ha -1 and crude protein yield of 6.36 q ha -1 (Patel et al., 1994 and Rai et al., 1989). The improvement in the production of protein might be due to augmentation in crude protein content and dry matter yield with increasing level of nitrogen. Crude fibre content was successively decreased by increasing levels of N (Patel et al., 1994 and Shivanand et al., 1987). Application of 80 kg ha -1 significantly increased green forage and dry matter yields of sole cropping and sorghum + legumes intercropping compared with the control and 40 kg N ha -1 (Ram and Bhagwan Singh, 2001; Sood and Sharma 1992 and Barik et al., 1998). The increase in crude protein content of sorghum with increasing levels of nitrogen may be attributed to the fact that nitrogen is the main constituent of amino acids and proteins in plants as reported by Noor Mohammad et al. (1998) and Raju et al. (1997). Plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf area, dry matter accumulation, green fodder yield were increased significantly with an increase in the dose of FYM and N application and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilence (Sudesh Kumar and Sharma, 1999 and Porwal and Singh, 1989). Taneja et al. (1983) found that a significant response of N application was observed upto 90 kg N ha -1 for green fodder and dry matter yields. Similar increase in forage production and also HCN content due to nitrogen application was reported by Desai and Deore (1980). Singh Karwasra et al. (1983) reported that there was an increase in protein content along with digestibility of forage due to P application. Tripathi et al. (1992a) reported that application of S upto 40 kg ha -1 had significant influence on increased protein, sugar and methionine contents with low N:S ratio specially with ammonium sulphate as S source. Mohinder Singh et al. (1992) reported that application of S significantly improved the dry matter yield. Ammonium sulphate was the best source and gave the highest forage yield and uptake of nutrients (Tripathi et al., 1992b). Ammonium sulphate application even at 40 kg S ha -1 was significantly superior to elemental sulphur and pyrite at 60 kg S ha -1 with respect to forage yield, P and S contents in crop plants. Raikhy et al. (1985) indicated a synergistic response of N content with higher levels of S
2 138 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS addition. The effectiveness of elemental sulphur and pyrite was lowest because of slow release of sulphate ions due to slow rate of oxidation (Singh and Singh, 1983). Maize: Application of recommended dose of fertilizer (150:75:50 kg NPK ha -1 ) coupled with FYM (10 t ha -1 ) increased green and dry fodder yield (Nanjundappa et al., 2000; Manoharan and Subramanian, 1993; Khot et al., 1992; Mishra et al., 1995 and Sharma and Singh, 1999). Taneja et al. (1984) found that green and dry matter yield increased significantly with the use of 80 kg N ha -1. Improvement in growth parameters and increase in forage yield have been reported by Nehra et al. (1981). Barley: Barley is grown for several purposes i.e., fodder, malt and beer making, human consumption etc.,. Yadav et al. (2003) reported that application of 80 kg N ha -1 significantly increased the yield; with increasing levels of N, the mineral matter remained unaffected, while the crude protein and lignin contents increased and fibre decreased in both fodder and grain. For seed yield of barley and oat, the response was significant upto 80 kg N ha -1 (Sharma and Bhunia, 2001). The increase in fibre and lignin and decrease in crude protein content with age of the crop could be due to increasing synthesis of more structural carbohydrates (Panwar et al., 1999). Oat: Oat is an important winter forage and cereal crop with high nutritive value for both milch and draft livestock. Grains are equally important for preparation of animal feed and baby foods (Thakral et al., 1993). Sharma and Bhunia (2001) and Singh et al. (1993) found that line sown crop along with application of 80 kg N ha -1 recorded highest forage yield, net return and benefit cost ratio. Increase in forage yield with increased nitrogen levels was attributed to tall plants, more number of shoots and wide leaf stem ratio. Joon et al. (1988) found that significant increase in green and dry fodder yields upto 160 kg ha -1 at higher frequency of irrigation applied at 70 mm Cumulative Pan Evaporation. Similar interaction effects of irrigation and nitrogen have been reported by Gill and Malik (1983). Sadhu et al. (1990) found that green and dry fodder yields increased significantly with increase in N levels upto 80 kg N ha -1 however, the crude protein content and its yield increased upto 120 kg N ha -1. Mohinder Singh and Raghbir Singh (1990) reported that application of 50 ppm P significantly increased the dry matter yield. Cowpea: Joshi et al. (1990) reported that SO 2 fumigation resulted in significant increase in Neutral Detergent Fibre(NDF), Acid Detergent Fibre(ADF), cellulose and lignin contents. SO 2 reduced the digestibility in leaf and shoot by 6.00 and 8.39 per cent respectively. Sairem et al. (1985) indicated that phosphorus application and inoculation with Rhizobium increased nodule number and dry weight of nodules/plant. Berseem and Teosinte: Levels of N and P and time of sowing for optimum seed yield have been studied by Taneja et al. (1990). Rana et al. (1992) reported that application of 80 kg P 2 ha -1 gave significantly higher forage and seed yields over 40 kg P 2 ha -1. Sheoran et al. (1992) found that forage and seed yield increased significantly upto 120 kg P 2 ha -1. Nandanwar et al. (1990) also reported that seed yield was significantly influenced upto 180 kg P 2 ha -1. Patel and Rajagopal (2003) reported that application of 30 kg ha -1 and 90 kg ha -1 significantly enhanced the green forage and seed yields. Sood et al. (1994), Kumar and Yadav (1999) and Panday et al. (1997) also observed beneficial effect of P fertilization on forage yield. In Teosinte, Menhi Lal et al. (1980) reported that application of 90 kg N ha -1 was significantly superior to 30 kg N ha -1
3 Vol. 27, No. 2, in registering green forage yield ( q ha -1 in two cuts). Nutrient Management in Perennial Forage Crops Grasses: Grasses are the most widely distributed of all plants, hardy and endure many stresses. Grasses like N-B hybrids, guinea grass, para grass and deenanath grass are suitable for cultivation under irrigated condition. The grass species like Anjan, Deenanath, Marvel grass, Rhodes grass etc., are suited for rainfed conditions both as cultivated and as pasture grass. Rohitashav Singh et al. (2000) reported that application of 75 kg ha -1 gave significantly higher green fodder, dry matter as well as crude protein yields in guinea grass. Singh et al. (1988) and Pisal et al. (1991) observed significant increase in forage production with nitrogen fertilization in multicut forage crops. Patel et al. (1992) found that application of 30 kg N ha -1 increased the green forage yield in guinea grass as well as in Cenchrus cilaris and also found that Azospirillum showed marginal increase than Azotobacter. Gill et al. (1983) reported that perennial grasses responded better to applied N than the annuals. At optimum N level, dry matter response per kg of fertilizer N was 0.77 and 0.69 q ha -1 for Anjan and Guinea grass respectively. In Chrysopogon fulvus, Dwivedi et al. (1980) reported that combined application of 90 kg N and 40 kg P 2 ha -1 gave the higher dry matter production than single application. They also found that maximum crude protein (5.98%), calcium (0.45%) and phosphorus (0.113%) was recorded with the application of 90 kg N ha -1. Ravikumar and Shankaranarayan (1980) found that application of nitrogen upto 120 kg N ha -1 showed significant response in yield increase of 102 % over 30 kg N ha -1 in Sehima nervosum. Raja et al (1988) reported that sweet sudan grass should be fertilized with 100 kg N ha -1 to get maximum green fodder yield and net income. Acceleration of meristamatic activity and encouragement of vegetative growth are some of the well known effects of nitrogen fertilization (Raja et al., 1983 and De et al., 1985). Meerabai et al. (1992) found that there was significant increase in green and dry fodder yields in congosignal grass with the application of 100 kg N ha -1 over 50 kg N ha -1 and the optimum cutting interval was 30 days. In NB Hybrids,Virendra Singh et al. (1984) found that increasing dose of nitrogen increased the forage production and digestibility significantly upto the levels of 100 kg N ha -1 in NB hybrids. They also found that crude protein content increased significantly with N fertilization upto the level of 150 kg N ha -1. Legumes: Forage legumes have immense value in animal nutrition because of their high protein content. Sheoran and Rana (1999) found that phosphorus 120 kg ha -1 had noticeable effect on green and dry matter yields of lucerne which was on par with 80 kg ha -1 during the next year. The improvement in yield brought by phosphorus application may be due to greater root development and increased activity of bacteria. Significant increase in fodder yield of lucerne due to phosphorus has also been reported by Shah et al. (1991). Solanki et al. (1987) reported that application of 150 kg P 2 /ha gave higher green fodder and seed yields with higher BC ratio in lucerne. Verma et al. (1992) reported that application of 40 kg N + 40 kg P 2 ha -1 recorded higher lucerne seed yield of q ha -1. Nandanwar et al. (1990) reported that 180 kg P 2 ha -1 gave significantly higher seed yield of lucerne. Tripathi and Mannikar (1985) found that the maximum forage production and P uptake were recorded at 160 kg P 2 ha -1 in berseem. TSP and rock phosphate were the most and least effective source of P respectively.
4 140 AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS Nutrient Management in Forage Intercropping Systems Intercropping cereal with legume is an effective approach for boosting the production and quality of forage crops. Productivity and quality of fodder has been reported to be improved by mixing legumes with cereal forage crops (Tripathi et al., 1987, Angadi, 1987 and Sharma et al., 1996). Inclusion of legume component along with cereal fodder crops is likely to influence the nutrition requirement of the mixed/intercropping system (Khanna et al., 1996). Purushotham et al. (2003) reported that mixed cropping of maize and cowpea is advantageous in view of higher palatability and nutrient value of the fodder. They found that 40 kg maize with 20 kg cowpea seeds/ha was optimum to obtain higher green fodder yield in combination with the fertility level of 75 per cent recommended dose. Similar findings were reported by Willey (1979). Kameshwar Bhat and Hosmani (1989) also observed higher green fodder yield in the intercropping of sorghum and cowpea at recommended dose of fertilizers. High green and dry forage yields were observed in sorghum + cowpea (4:2 row ratio) with 100 kg N ha -1 (Patel and Rajagopal, 2003, Jeyaraman et al., 1988 and Gupta and Sharma, 1989). The possible reason for higher yield of sorghum + cowpea intercropping might be due to the supplementation of nitrogen synthesized in the root nodules of cowpea by the process of N fixation. Nitrogen 80 kg ha -1 in sorghum + cowpea intercropping significantly increased the leaf area index, leaf stem ratio, forage and crude protein yield compared to 40 kg N ha -1 (Ram and Bhagwan Singh 2003; Barik et al., 1998 and Malik et al., 1992). The increased uptake of N with N application was mainly due to higher dry matter yield and N content (Porwal and Singh, 1989). Intercropping of Lasiurus sindicus with Cenchrus ciliaris resulted in highest green fodder yield at 40 kg N ha -1 with 50 x 50 cm spacing which was significantly higher at 100 x 50 cm spacing at same level of N (Yadav and Beniwal, 2000). REFERENCES Angadi, S.S. (1987). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 21: 137. Barik, A.K. et al. (1988). Indian J. Agron., 43: De, R. et al. (1985). J. Agric. Sci., 105: 1-7. Desai, S.N. et al. (1980). Forage Res., 6: Dwivedi, G.K. et al. (1980). Forage Res., 6: Gill, A.S. et al. (1983). Forage Res., 9: Gill, P.S. and Malik, S. (1983). Forage Res., 9: Gupta, M.L. and Sharma, O.L. (1989). Agric. Sci. Digest, 9: Jeyaraman, S. et al. (1988). Indian J. Agron., 31: Joon, R.K. et al. (1988). Forage Res., 14: Joshi, U.N. et al. (1990). Forage Res., 16: Kameshwar Bhat and Hosmani, M.M. (1989). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 2: Khanna, P. et al. (1996). Indian J. Agron., 41: Khot, R.B. et al. (1992). Agron J., 37: Kumar, V. and Yadav, H.D. (1999). Forage Res., 25: Malik, H.P.S. et al. (1992). Indian J. Agron., 37: Manoharan, S. and Subramanian, S. (1993). Madras Agric. J., 80: Meerabai, M. et al. (1992). Forage Res., 18: Menhi Lal et al. (1980). Forage Res., 6: Mishra, R.O. et al. (1995). Crop Res., 9: Mohinder Singh and Raghbir Singh (1990). Forage Res., 16: Mohinder Singh et al. (1992). Forage Res., 18: Nandanwar, R.S. et al. (1990). Forage Res., 16:
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