Lecture 1: Importance of Irrigation and Drainage

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1 The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department Irrigation and Drainage- ECIV 5327 Lecture 1: Importance of Irrigation and Drainage Prepared by Husam Al-Najar 1

2 Irrigation and Drainage- course description Irrigation water sources and methods of storage, water and soil relationship, salt accumulation and leaching, Water flow through the soil, the quantity and quality of water used in irrigation systems, surface and underground irrigation, drainage, wells and its use for irrigation, water measurements, laws and legislation for irrigation. 2

3 1. Introduction Importance of irrigation Types of irrigation systems 2. Irrigation Water Measurement Velocity of flow Flow measurement 3. Soil-Water Relationships Soil properties Water in soils Infiltration Soil water measurement 4. Irrigation Water Requirements Evapo-transpiration Efficiencies and System capacity Midterm Exam 5. Irrigation Modeling and Scheduling Principles CropWat model 6. Irrigation Water Sources Ground water and wells Reuse of treated wastewater effluent Water quality for irrigation purposes. Course Outline 7. Pipeline Hydraulics and pumping units Basic relationships Friction loss Types of pumps Pump characteristics Pump selection-power units 8. Irri. & Drainage Systems planning & Design Types of systems System components System performance Hydraulics of laterals 9. Laws and Legislative for Irrigation Final Exam Homework and Assignments: 10% Midterm Exam: 30% Final Exam: 60% 3

4 Introduction Importance of Irrigation Definition the supply of water to crops and landscaping plants by artificial means world-wide: 544 million acres (17% of land 1/3 of food production) Purpose Raise a crop where nothing would grow otherwise (e.g., desert areas) Grow a more profitable crop (e.g., alfalfa vs. wheat) Increase the yield and/or quality of a given crop (e.g., fruit) Increase the aesthetic value الجمالية) (القيمة of a landscape (e.g., turf, (نباتات الزينةornamentals 4

5 Reasons for yield/quality increase Reduced water stress Better germination and stands Higher plant populations More efficient use of fertilizer Improved varieties Leaching of salts Frost protection Plant/soil cooling Chemical application Wind erosion control 5

6 Arid to semiarid sites: calcareous soils general characteristics (e.g. Mediterranean region, India, N. China...) little weathering of minerals low development of soils low organic matter (N) content low leaching accumulation of salts inhibited root growth because of drought and salt risk of erosion (wind, water) 6

7 nutritional status/nutrient deficiencies water deficiency inhabit root growth inhibited nutrient acquisition poor water use efficiency because of nutrient deficiency P-deficiency (fixation) Fe-, Zn- (Mn-, Cu-) deficiency B-deficiency toxicity (salt, boron) 7

8 drought stress Soil water content (SWC) 8

9 Saline sites: irrigation and secondary salinization (cotton, Sudan) 9

10 Historical Perspective Nile River Basin (Egypt) B.C. Tigris-Euphrates River Basin (Iraq, Iran, Syria) B.C. Yellow River Basin (China) B.C. Indus River Basin (India) B.C. Maya and Inca civilizations (Mexico, South America) B.C. Salt River Basin (Arizona) B.C. Western U. S s 10

11 Irrigation Techniques 11

12 Types of Irrigation Systems 1. Sprinkler: pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers (water is discharged into the air and infiltrates near where it lands). Used on agricultural and horticultural crops, turf, landscape plants 12

13 2. Surface Irrigation: Irrigation water flows across the field to the point of infiltration. primarily used on agricultural crops and orchards 13

14 3. Micro (drip, trickle): frequent, slow application of irrigation water using pressurized systems. Used in landscape and nursery applications, and on high-value agricultural and horticultural crops. 14

15 Why do we need to irrigate in the Gaza Strip? Rainfall in Gaza Strip The average annual rainfall varies from 470 mm/year in the North to 242 mm/year in the South. Rainfall occurs only in the winter months (October - March). Half of the Rainfall occurs during December to January. The number of rainy days along Gaza strip is 41 days. 15

16 16

17 Metrological Stations in the Gaza Strip No Meteorological Elevation x y Longitude Latitude Station (m) East North 1 Beit Hanoun o 13E 32 o 56N 2 BeitLahia o 21E 31 o 37N 3 Shati o 16E 32 o 21N 4 Gaza City o 27E 31 o 30N 5 Gaza South o 23E 31 o 76N 6 Deir El-Balah o 27E 31 o 51N 7 Khanyounis o 18E 32 o 28N 8 Rafah o 16E 31 o 14N 17

18 GAZA B.Hanoun B.Lahia Elshatia Elmoghraqa Elnusierat D.Balah Khanyuonis Rafah Number of Days Number of Rainy Days According to the Quantity in (mm) for Nine Weather Stations in Gaza strip for the Year 2004 (MOT, 2004) Rainy Days > 5mm 10mm 20mm 30mm 40mm 50mm 0 Stations Location 18

19 Example of Metrological data for Gaza City Month Temperature Humidity (%) Wind Spd (km/d) Max Min Sun shine (hrs/d) Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Average

20 Assignment No. 1 Write a brief report (not more that 2 Pages. 14 Times New Roman, 1.5 spacing) about Gaza Strip Metrological stations showing the following: Location What types of measurements (Rainfall, temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Wind Speed and direction, Sunshine hours and Sunshine Intensity.etc.) Compare one year- rainfall data from metrological station in the north and the other in the south of Gaza Strip. 20

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