Keywords Women, status, Income management, farm household

Transcription

1 Status and Participation of Women Farmers in Farm Household Income Generation and Management in Isiala-Ngwa North Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria * Osondu, Charles Kelechi and Ijioma, John Chinasa Abstract The study determined status and participation of women farmers in farm household generation and management in Isiala-Ngwa North Local Government Area (LGA) of Abia State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to: describe socio-economic characteristics of women in farm households; identify types of generation sources available to women in farm households; compute the range of managed by women; examine women involvement in farm household management; determine factors that influenced farm household management by women and identify the problems militating against earning and managing by women in farm households in the study area. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 70 farm households from the study area. Data were collected using semi structured questionnaire that was personally administered. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and probit regression model. The result of the analyses showed that women in farm households derived from farming which accounted for 56.69% of annual total. Crop farming was subsistence in nature and was by far the most important single source of for the women, providing about 32.70% of total of women in farm households % of women managed between N21, 000 to N40, % of the women took decision on household expenditure budget. The probit regression analysis revealed that age, employment status and farm of women were positive significant determinants of farm household management at varied alpha levels, while, spouse educational level was the only negative but significant determinant of the dependent variable at 5.0% alpha level. We recommend that Government should motivate women to enroll in training programmes in order to improve their involvement in generating activities and management to improve their standard of living and also enhance their productivity within the farm households in the country. Keywords Women, status, Income management, farm household A I. INTRODUCTION GRICULTURE is a major source of livelihood to the rural households, generating employment opportunities, source of food and a major facilitator for [1]. An Kelechi Charles Osondu lectures in Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Abia State University uturu, Umuahia Campus PMB 7010, Abia State Nigeria ( ; osonducharles87@gmail.com). John Chinasa Ijioma is an Asso. Prof in Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Abia State University uturu, Umuahia Campus PMB 7010, Abia State Nigeria ( ijiomajohn2010@yahoo.com). understanding of gender issues in management of rural farm households is a necessary condition for agricultural development. Women farmers contribute significantly to household welfare. Recognition of the role played by women farmers in rural farm household management is important in developing countries like Nigeria where the major concern is to boost rural economies and sustain adequate food supplies. In Africa most rural households rather than being nuclear family are usually extended with more individual production and consumption units embedded within it [2]. Women in each unit have some responsibilities independent of the household to feed, clothe or educate the children in the unit. The women are also responsible for other needs or all family needs during certain periods [3]. In most cases they fulfill this responsibility with an got from farming activities. The separate activity of and expenditure management by women is a unique feature in rural farm households. Husbands and wives sometimes lend money to each other at rates slightly less than prevalent interest rate or pay themselves wages for services rendered in the household. The household is seen as a joint firm rather than a unitary entity in which wife s budget is distinct from her husband s. In Nigeria, generation and management vary within different farm households. According to [4] women responsibilities associated with farming and reproductive functions are increasing. Women are heads of 25 percent to 35 percent of households [5]. Their husbands are always away for long periods making it necessary for the women to make economic decisions alone. Within the household structure, decision making status may be influenced by personal wealth, access to resources of other family members, type of household head and cultural preferences, particularly in patriarchal societies [6]. The focus of household decision-making is determined by who controls and allocates economic resources within the family. A change in generating capacity of partners precipitates a change in household decision-making prerogatives [6]. Household s leadership structure is classified into two: male headed and female headed households. Female headed households are further disaggregated into de jure and de facto female headed households. The first arises in households headed by widows or unmarried, separated or divorced women. The latter occurs in households headed by females following migration or illness of the male head. Widowed and single parent heads 11

2 make all decisions on generation and management affairs of the household. Good as these household structures may be, women confront several risks and experience uncertainties in their farming operations. Most farms at the end of the season do not realize the expected yield and from output for reasons of pests and diseases, damages arising from poor product handling, storage problem and the likes. This affects the generation in the households and this have led to lower standard of living and denied access to investment. In many co-gender headed households, women most times work for the men who earn the s, take decisions and spend the with the women simply making requests for money for household upkeep. This condition has left the women dependents and minors on household money control and uses. This is a case of gender imbalance in household financial management. A starting point for determining the extent of women s participation in agriculture and household welfare is the gender division of labour and household work as to who does what in household s, savings and management of financial resources. For a woman who is a household head, all earned and financial expenses made would have to be solely accounted for by her, hence her personal cash flow ( earning and management) becomes complex. This special feature of women s role in generation and management is worth investigating. It is on this premise that this study is predicated to investigate position of women farmers in generation of farm and its management in Isiala-Ngwa North Local Government Area (LGA) of Abia State. The overall purpose of the study is to determine the status and participation of women in farm household and management in Isiala-Ngwa North of Abia State, Nigeria. Specifically the study sought to: (i) describe socio-economic of women in farm households; (ii) identify types of generation sources available to women in farm households in the study area; (iii) compute the proportion and component of farm household managed by women in the study area; (iv) examine women involvement in household farm management in the study area; (v) determine factors that influenced farm household management by women in the study area and (vi) identify problems militating against earning and managing by women in farm households in the study area. A. Study Area II. METHODOLOGY This study was carried out in Isiala-Ngwa North Local Government Area (L.G.A.) of Abia State. It s headquarter is at Okpula Ngwa and it occupies an area of 283km 3 with a population of 155,734 persons [7]. The Local Government Area is bounded on the North by Umuahia South LGA, on the West by Ahiazu Mbaise LGA of Imo state, on the East by Ikot-Ekpene and Abak LGA of Akwa Ibom State and on the South by Isiala-Ngwa South LGA. At no point does the land rise above an elevation of 50 feet (15.2m). Isiala Ngwa North Local Government Area has 53 autonomous communities. The LGA has distinct wet and dry seasons, which characterize its humid tropical climate, with the dry season extending from November to March. The state has an annual mean temperature of about c and a relative humidity ranging from 70% to 80%, with January to march as the hottest months. The people are largely farmers growing yams, cassava, cocoyam, maize, melon, garden egg, okra, oil palm, cocoa, fruits and vegetables. Animals reared are Sheep, Goats, Cattle, Pigs and Poultry. Some prominent markets in the area include Orie-altigha, Orie-Ukwu Amaorji, Obikabia Modern Market, Nkwo-Ebe and Nbawsi township market. B. Sampling Technique Multi-stage random sampling technique was adopted in this study. Stage I: Five autonomous communities were selected randomly from the 53 autonomous communities in the LGA. The selected autonomous communities are Ahiaba Ubi, Amachi, Eziala-Nsulu, Ikputu and Umuekpe. Stage II: Two villages were selected randomly from each of the five communities to give ten villages. Stage III: In the final stage seven farm households were selected randomly from each chosen village. This gave seventy farm households from which seventy women were chosen as respondents. C. Method of Data Collection Primary data was gathered and used in this study. Semistructured questionnaire was used to collect the primary data. collected Data include socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, participation status of women in household financial management. The questionnaire was pre-tested and standardized before its administration by personal interview method. Pre-testing was done by issuing fifteen (15) sample questionnaires to each community. This was to test the farmers ability to understand and answer the question. Data collection lasted for four months, from July to end of October, D. Analytical Technique Descriptive statistics involving the use of tables, percentages, mean and frequencies were used to analyze objectives i, ii, iii and v. Objective (iv) was analyzed using probit regression model. E. Model Specification The Probit model is appropriate when a response takes one of only two possible values representing presence or absence. The model was adopted as expressed by [8]. Pi [Y=1] = [Fz i ] (1) Where Zi = β 0 + β 1 Xi Yi = β 1 Xi Yi = β 1 = βx 2i + + βkxki + μ...(2) Y* is unobserved but Yi = 0 if Yi* < 0, Y* 0. P (yi =1) = P (yi* 0) = p (μ 1 - β 1 β 2 X 2i.. βkxki) (3) I = 1, 2 70 women farmers. 12

3 Where Yi = Household management by women (Dichotomous variable, if a woman managed household = 1, otherwise = 0) X 1 = Age of household head (years) X 2 = Household size (number) X 3 = Education Level (number of years spent in school) X 4 = Spouse education level (number of years spent in school) X 5 = Employment status (civil servant = 1, otherwise = 0) X 6 = Farming experience (years) X 7 = Farm Income (Naira) III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Socio-economic characteristics of Respondents The distribution of the women in farm households according to socio-economic characteristics is presented in Table 1. The table showed that the mean age of the women was years. This result indicates that the respondents were mostly middleaged that were within the national active productive work force age of 18 to 65 years. This has implication on agricultural production because of the ability of this segment of the population to effectively withstand the rigours, strain and stress involved in agricultural production [9]. Table 1 also showed that fair proportions (48.57%) of the women were married, while 21.4% of them were single. Going down the gender status, it is seen that 24.29% and 5.7% of the women respondents were widowed and divorced respectively. Married women in farm households have access to extra financial, moral and physical supports from their spouse that could go a long way improving their production activities and earnings [10]. In relation to education level, Table 1 showed that 47.12% of the women respondents had secondary school education, while 7.14% of them had primary school education. The table further showed that appreciable percentage (30.00%) of the women farm household in the study area had tertiary education. In summary, 84.29% of the respondents received formal education ranging from primary school education to tertiary school education. The ability to read and write often acquired from formal educational institutions would enable them to utilize effectively and efficiently whatever resources at their disposal. Acquisition of higher education by farmers would enhance improved technology adoption hence increased farm [11]. Table 1 further showed that the mean years of farming experience of the women was years. This implies that the women in farm households had appreciable years of farming experience. The number of years spent in farming gives an indication of the practical knowledge acquired on how to overcome certain inherent problems in such farm enterprise [12]. Table 1 also showed that the mean household size of the women was 4 persons. This indicates moderate household size and a shift downwards from earlier large household sizes in rural areas. The present economic crises and deepening poverty levels have forced rural households to embark on family planning measures to reduce their number of children. It has been shown in the past, farmers had married many wives and had large household sizes to be able to provide enough labour for agricultural production. This scenario was responsible for high levels of malnutrition, mortality, illiteracy, unemployment especially in the rural economy which led to a change in family emphasis [13]. In terms of primary occupation Table 1 showed that 55.71% of the women were primarily engaged in farming while 15.71% of them were Artisans. Also, 14.29% of the women were civil servants and traders respectively. The predominance of the women in farming explains the rural nature of the area. Lastly, Table 1 showed that the mean farm size of the women was 1.61 hectares. This is a clear indication that the women in the area operated mostly on marginal farm land. This is because in the study area, women s rights of access and ownership to land are secondary to those of men on grounds of customs and is still mediated via patrilineal systems [14]. This has remained so in spite of the intentions of the 1978 Land Use Act. For women, user rights often follow marriage, inheritance or borrowing. An increase in farm size especially to women will lead to gains through economies of scale [15]. TABLE I DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN FARM HOUSEHOLDS BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS IN ISIALA NGWA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA Variables Frequency Percentage Age (Years) Above Mean = 46.42; Standard dev. = Marital Status Single Married Widowed Divorced Educational Status No formal Education Primary Education Secondary Education Tertiary Education Farming experience (Years) Above Mean = 12.56; Standard dev. = Household size Above Mean = 4.38; Standard deviation = 3.43 Primary Occupation Farming Trading Civil Service Artisan Farm Size (hectares) <

4 Above Mean = 1.61; Standard dev. = 1.58 Total B. Types of Generation Sources Available to Women in Farm Households Table 2 shows the types of generation sources available to women in farm household and how much different sources contribute to total of women in farm households in Isiala Ngwa North Local Government Area of Abia State. The table indicates that all the women in farm households derived from farming, which however, accounted for 56.69% of annual total. Crop farming, was subsistence in nature and was by far the most important single source of for the women providing 32.70% of total of women in households. Despite the growing skepticism on the role of agriculture in reducing poverty among rural household, this result shows that crop farming remains the major source of for rural households. A good proportion of the women in farm household have derived from livestock enterprises, with from this source constituting were only 11.35% of their total. This suggests that they had small scale livestock kept extensively on free range. The other proportion 19.98% was derived from different off-farm sources. Self-employed was important as it accounted for 15.69% of total by of the women in farm household. Self-employed came mainly from handicrafts, food processing, shop-keeping and other local services, as well as trade in agricultural and nonagricultural goods. Table 2 further revealed that 4.29% of the women in farm households participated in non-agricultural wage activities. This source contributed only 6.86% to their total annual. The non-agricultural wage employment included jobs in construction, manufacturing, education, health, commerce, administration and other services. The smaller contribution of non-agricultural wage to total annual was based on account of low paying jobs secured outside the farms by the farmers and their household numbers. Another source of to the women farm households was supply of agricultural labour which accounted for 10.65% of their total annual. This suggest a phenomenon by which landless farmers as opposed to land-owning farmers, participated in supplying wage labour to farms and was common in the study area. The reasons for this included the need to earn additional cash to meet urgent financial need; reduce risks and finance farm expansion [16]. Other sources comprised of capital earnings and pensions which contributed 10.39% of total annual of women farm households. TABLE II TYPES OF INCOME AVAILABLE TO WOMEN IN FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN ISIALA NGWA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA. Type of Farm Mean per capita (N) Share of total (N) Women Participation rate (%) Total Household Total on-farm Income Crop Income Livestock Income Agric wage Total off-farm Non-Agric wage Remittance Self employed Other C. Women participation in Household management The literature is replete with varying degrees of women s involvement in household management across different cultural contexts. Limited efforts have, however, been made in Nigeria particularly during the period of economic hardship. Table 3 presents women s involvement in household management in the study area. They were asked to respond to the question on their participation in selected household management decision-making. The table revealed that 40.0% of the women keep household in their possession while a good proportion (51.43%) had their spouse were in possession of household in the study area. Majority (84.29%) of the women in household who kept household money saved it in the bank while 15.17% kept the money in their homes. Similarly, half (50.0%) of the women took decisions on what to buy in their home, while and 4.29 claimed that decision on what to buy in their homes are taken by their spouse and children respectively. Meanwhile, 40.0% of the women respondents took decision on household expenditure budget and 45.71% of the respondents indicated that their spouse took decision on household expenditure budget. The table further showed that 35.71% of the respondents planned for their household while 32.86% of the women earned higher and has greater control of material resources than their spouse in the study area. The result corresponds with [6] that women are more involved in their children s education than spending of family. [17] pointed on the fact that women with greater control of material and social resources tend to make more inputs into household decision making. 14

5 TABLE III WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN HOUSEHOLD INCOME MANAGEMENT IN ISIALA NGWA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA. Household Frequency Percentage management Who keeps the money in your house? Husband Wife Children Where do you keep household? Home Bank Who takes decision on what to buy in your home? Husband Wife Children Who takes decision on household expenditure budget? Husband Wife Children Who plans for household? Husband Wife Children Who earns higher and has greater control of material resources? Husband Wife Children D. Proportion of Income managed by Women The distribution of the women according to the proportion of household managed is shown in Table 4. The results show that on the average, the amount of household managed by the women per month was N40, It was also be observed that a good proportion (37.14%) of the women managed between N21,000 and N40,000 per month and a fairly good proportion (22.86%) of them managed between N1,000-N20,000 per month. This implies that the women in the study area were of low household status and managed small s. TABLE IV PROPORTION OF MONTHLY INCOME MANAGED BY WOMEN IN ISIALA NGWA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA. Income managed (N) Frequency Percentage , ,000-40, ,000-60, ,000-80, , , Total Mean managed 40, E. Factors influencing Women Management of household The result of the probit regression estimates of factors that influenced household management by women in Isiala Ngwa North Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria was estimated with maximum likelihood and is presented in Table 5. Overall, the model posted a log likelihood value of and a goodness of fit chi-square value of which was statistically significant at 1.0% level. Four out of seven explanatory variables fitted to the model were statistically significant at given critical levels and these included age, farm, employment status and spouse education level. Specifically, the coefficient of age ( ) was positive and statistically significant at 5.0% alpha level. This implies that an increase in age of women increased with management of household. The sign identity of this variable is in tandem with a priori expectation. It has been reported that management capacity is enhanced as age rises. Old people are said to be more fragile and thrifty [18]. Another important factor is the employment status of women. Its coefficient ( ) was significant at 10.0% risk level implying that the tendency to manage household increase among women who were employed. Decision making authority of employers of labour, employees and selfemployed tends to be more enhanced relative to the unemployed or full homemaker. Indeed, employment status fosters stronger participation in economic decision making relative to the unemployed and full homemakers [6]. The coefficients of spouse educational level ( ) was negative and statistically significant at 5.0% alpha level. The implication is that an increase in spouse educational level lead to lower management of household by the women. This result is in line with a priori expectations. It must be connected with the fact that acquisition of higher education by the respondents enables women to better utilize available resources in their possession. The positive coefficient of farm (4.70e-06) was statistically significant at 10.0% risk level. This implies that an increase in farm increased women ability in managing household. This result was in consonance with a priori expectation. [17] Pointed on the fact that women with greater control of material and social resources tend to make more input into household decision making. 15

6 TABLE V BINARY PROBIT REGRESSION ESTIMATES OF FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED HOUSEHOLD INCOME MANAGEMENT BY WOMEN IN ISIALA NGWA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA Variable Estimated Standard z-ratios P> z coefficients errors Age ** Household size Education level Spouse ** educational level Employment status Farming experience Farm 4.70e-06* 2.46e Constant Log likelihood Pseudo R Wald Chi ***. **, * indicates that variables are significant at 5.0% and 10.0% risk levels, respectively. F. Constraints to Women Farm Income Generation The constraints perceived by women farmers in farm households that militate against their generation are shown in Table 6. The table showed that the main constraints that militated generation were limited access to land (52.86%) and denied access to credit (45.61%). Another hindrance that militated against generation among the women was inadequacy of mechanized equipment which was attested by 37.14% of them. Other serious constraints that militated against earnings of women households were inadequate power supply/inadequate storage facilities (30.0%), denied access to improved farm input (34.29%), limited access to extension agents (21.34%) and inadequate reliable public transportation (18.57%). The implication of these results is that hindered access to credit and land were major constraints that militated against generation of the women in the study area. This supports the findings of [19] that inadequate access to credit was a problem confronting small scale farmers in Nigeria. It has also been established that in most rural areas, women s rights to land is still regarded as secondary to those of men and many customs suggest that women s access to land is still mediated via patrilineal systems [14]. TABLE VI CONSTRAINTS MILITATING AGAINST FARM INCOME GENERATION AMONG WOMEN FARMERS IN ISIALA NGWA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA Constraints Frequency* Percentage Denied access to farm credit Limited access to extension agents Limited access to land Inadequate access to mechanized equipment Denied Access to mechanized farm input Inadequate reliable public transportation Culture and norms Inadequate power supply/inadequate storage facilities * Multiple responses recorded G. Constraints to Women Farm Income Management The constraints perceived by women households to militate against their managing household are shown in Table 7. The table showed that irregularity or fluctuation and culture and norms were major constraints that militated women management of in household in the study area. This was attested by 54.29% and 50.0% of the respondents respectively. Other serious constraints to household management were inadequate or lack of storage facilities and large family size highlighted by 37.14% of the respondents. Low literacy level and hindered access to credit were reported as minor constraints to women household management in the study area. TABLE VII CONSTRAINTS MILITATING AGAINST FARM INCOME MANAGEMENT AMONG WOMEN FARMERS IN ISIALA NGWA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA Constraints Frequency* Percentage Irregularity or fluctuation Limited access to credit Low literacy Inadequate or lack of storage facilities Large family size Culture and norms * Multiple responses recorded IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Women s access and control of resources affect their status in homes and their participation in control of household earnings. Women are agents of economic and social change. In the past, women were not supposed to participate in household generation and expenditure. At a stage, the rural women as this study has revealed assert themselves as economics and social force that effectively control situation in the households of Abia State and Nigeria in general. Analysis of occupation and diversification showed that land 16

7 cultivation continued to constitute the major source of rural women livelihood. A government programme, which encourages subsistence and commercial farming through a popular poverty alleviation programme, should be designed for rural women to help them earn and control part of household. The significance of gender and household and expenditures management has implication for a social re-orientation to enhance the productivity of rural women. Perhaps the step taken by Enugu State Government in enacting a law, which empowers women and redresses social and cultural bottlenecks that inhibit the freedom of women, should provide a guide in this direction. Government should guarantee rural women output prices. In this direction, the re-introduction of the defunct produce board is hereby canvassed. This board should be re-organized and made functional in order to be able to guarantee stability in the output price of crops by these rural women. This will act as motivating factors to these rural women to produce. Another important policy issue is that women farm would enhance their decision-making status. There is need to mainstream gender targeting in poverty eradication if women household decision status is to be enhanced. To achieve this there should be improved women s education and access to gainful employment in higher generating sectors. [13] C.I. Ezeh. Poverty Profiles and Determinants of Expenditures of Rural Women Households in Abia State, Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Development Studies 2007; 6(1) [14] B. T. Aluko and A. Amidu. Women and Land Rights Reforms in Nigeria. Paper presented at 5 th FIG regional conference, on Promoting Land Administration and Good Governance, Accra, Ghana, March 8-11, [15] U.A.U. Onyebinama. Farm business management for smallholder farm firms in Nigeria. Alphabet Nigeria Publisher, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria [16] R.O. Babatunde, O.A.Adedeji and B.F Segun. Income and Caloric Intake among Faming Households in Rural Nigeria: Results of Parametric and Nonparametric Analysis. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(2): [17] R. Dixon. Population Policy and Women s Rights: Transforming Reproductive Choice. Westport, Conn: Praeger [18] N. Egbeogu. Comparative analysis of saving and borrowing behaviours between male-headed and female-headed farm households in the rural communities of Abia State, Nigeria. M.Sc Dissertation, Department of Agricultrual Economics and Extension, Abia State University, Nigeria [19] C. O. Anyiro and B. N. Oriaku. Access to and Investment of Formal Micro Credit by Small Holder Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. A case study of ABSU Micro Finance Bank, Uturu. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, 6(2): REFERENCES [1] World Bank. Rural households and their pathways out of poverty. A powerful rational for land access policies. World Development Report Page 72. [2] H. Gladwin. Targeting Women Farmers to Increase Food Production in Africa. Proceeding of Women in Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Ghana [3] G. Margaret. Beyond the Policy Table Gender Agricultural and African Rural Household, Proceedings of the Workshop of Agriculture Intensification and Household Food Security Held at the Sabakawa Center, University of Cape Coast, Ghana, June [4] C. Ohuegbe, C. Women in Agriculture Programme in Imo State. A Paper Presented at the World Bank Workshop on Agric Extension, Ibadan, Nigeria [5] A. Iman. Households and Crises in Africa. A Paper Presented to the A.A. World Seminar. The African Crises and Women s Vision of the Wayout, Dakar, Senegal [6] K. A. Oyediran and A. F. Odusola. Poverty and the Dynamics of Women s Participation. African Population Studies Supplement A to Vol. 19: Pp [7] (NPC) National Population Commission. The Population Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Analytical report at the National Population Commission- Abuja [8] D.N. Gujarati. Basic Econometrics. Tata McGraw-Hill Edition, New York [9] F. Onyenucheya and O. O. Ukoha. Loan Repayment and Credit Worthiness of Farmers Participation in Household Decision-Making in Nigeria [10] C.K. Osondu. Performance of Informal Micro-financing on Poverty Level of Women Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. M.Sc Dissertation. Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Abia State University. Nigeria [11] C. K. Osondu and J. C. jioma. Analysis of Profitability and Production Determinants of Fish Farming in Umuahia Capital Territory of Abia State, Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2 (7): December [12] O.E. Okolo. Economic analysis of broiler production in Jos, Plateau State. B.Sc. Project. Department of Agricultural Economics, ATBU Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria