Life Cycle Assessment Greenhouse Emissions from Maize Supply Chain
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1 Life Cycle Assessment Greenhouse Emissions from Maize Supply Chain Mr Tim Grant, Life Cycle Strategies P/L Dr Tom Beer, CSIRO, Div of Atmospheric Research Dr Mick Meyer, Div of Atmospheric Research
2 Aims of the Project To determine the greenhouse gas emission along the maize products supply chain. To examine value generation along the maize supply chain and compare with greenhouse emissions. To develop primary data on Nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated maize including effects on Nitrogen additions, stubble treatment and other farm practice variables.
3 Supply chains examined Corn chip production via Rosita's Australasia Pty Ltd, Bendigo Victoria Corn Starch production via Penford Australia Ltd in Sydney NSW
4 Inventory data collection Surveying and workshop with local farmers. Fertiliser emission from local data and ecoinvent database Corn chip and starch data collected directly from companies.
5 N 2 O flux measurement in fallow maize field at Griffith, NSW
6 Emissions monitoring through to harvest
7
8 Griffith Experiment Outline 7 8 B B 12 Months continuous flux measurement on long-term stubble incorporation experiment. 3 treatments: 1N Rate A A No fertilizer N, stubble burned 300 kg N/ha, stubble burned 300 kg N/ha, stubble incorporated To test for N effect, and stubble incorporation effect 0N Rate B Greenhouse Gas Experiment Plan 2 1 A Burn Bed 5 Incorporate Bed 11
9 Preliminary results for corn chips Pre farm 5% On farm 27% Post farm 68%
10 Pre-farm emissions Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO Fertiliser Pesticide Herbicide Fuel production
11 On farm emissions Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO water pumping N2O from fert. applic. N2O from land disturbance Tractor emissions Pesticide and herbicide degradation Drying maize
12 Greenhouse emissions by gas up to harvest with uncertainty 0.35 Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO CO2 Methane N2O Other
13 Post farm impacts Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO Transport farm to corn chips Corn chip production Box Transport to market Bag Waste managemen
14 Greenhouse impacts along supply chain Pesticide Herbicide Fuel production water pumping N2O from fert. applic. N2O from land disturbance Tractor emissions Pesticide and herbicide degradation Drying maize Transport farm to corn chips Corn chip production Box Transport to market Bag Waste management Fertiliser Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO2
15 Maize starch and corn chip production Post farm On farm Pre farm Corn chips Starch Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO2 per kg maize utilised
16 Maize starch production Pre farm 9% Post farm 40% On farm 51%
17 Post farm impact for Starch 8 7 Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO Transport to market Electricity in starch production Gas usage in starch production Water supply for starch production Packaging
18 Greenhouse emission per kg of maize utilised with uncertainty (95% confidence interval) Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO Corn starch Corn chips
19 Alternative water sources for maize Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO N2O Methane CO Maize growing, irrigated from deep bore Maize growing, irrigated from surface waters
20 Preliminary data on stubble treatment Carbon dioxide equivalents kg CO Maize harvested, average Maize harvested, stubble burned Nitrous oxide Methane Carbon dioxide Maize harvested, stubble incorporation
21 Conclusions so far The on farm and post farm impacts dominate the supply chain emissions from maize products. The default emission factors for nitrous oxide emission from nitrogen application are close to measured emissions Stubble incorporation appears to significantly reduce these emissions Water pumping is a significant determinate of greenhouse emissions from irrigated farming
22 Still to come Harvest over next few weeks finalisation of emission monitoring. Nitrogen balances for crop Finalisation of life cycle data on corn and starch production Comparison of greenhouse emission along value chain.
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