CHAPTER- VI PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA: PUNE DISTRICT HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES LAND USE PATTERN OF PUNE DISTRICT

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1 136 CHAPTER- VI PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA: PUNE DISTRICT HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES AGRO-ECONOMIC FEATURES LAND USE PATTERN OF PUNE DISTRICT LAND USE PATTERN OF SAMPLE TAHSIL FLORICULTURE PATTERN OF PUNE DISTRICT SAMPLE TAHSILS, FLOWER CROPS AND FLOWER GROWERS SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF SAMPLE FARMS CONCUDING OBSERVATIONS

2 MAP.NO.3 PUNE DISTRICT 137

3 138 Chapter- VI Profile of the Study Area: Pune District Introduction For conducting micro level studies and assessing floriculture ventures, the Pune district has naturally chosen. Pune district is being diversified through horticulture and hitech floriculture recently. Therefore, it is necessary to have an intimate about study area mainly influenced by the climatic condition, rainfall, types of soil and other agroeconomic features. In shortly, this chapter presents an idea on land use and cropping pattern, agro-climatic condition and horticulture pattern, floriculture situation and information about selected tahsil, villages etc. The chapter also covers the general information about the sample growers, their family size and educational status, land use and cropping pattern based on primary data, Historical and Geographical Features Pune is one of historical place. It was known as Punnata in second century. At the time of Rastrakut, it was called Punawadi, located at the bank of river Mula- Mutha. In Mogul period, it was called Kasabe Pune, centre of Maratha raj and capital of Peshwai 1. Many revolutionaries have contributed in India s freedom movement belonging Pune. It agreed generally that, the modern Pune came into use as early as the 13 th centuries with the small settlement named Kasba Pune by Arab commandant. After, 1730 Pune rose in prominence to the national level as a power centre due to Peshave. Prime Minister of Maratha Empire reporting to their master, after the town had brought

4 139 under the control of the British rule in 1817 it served as a cantonment town as the monsoon capital of the Bombay Presidency units the independence of India in Pune is well known for its educational and health facilities in independent India. Now Pune became IT city and international educational hub. It is being developed as international city through education, health and information technology. It can be concluded that, Pune is leading district in terms of agriculture, trade, industry, education, health and now become information technology Location Pune district comes under the plain zone (transitional belt) and situated at an elevation of meter above the mean sea level. The district is located between , N altitude, 73019, and E longitude. The Sahyadri runs in the northsouth direction of the district over a distance of above 115 km 3. Pune district bordered by Ahmednagar district in the north, Solapur and Satara districts in the south, Ahmadnagar and Solapur districts of the east, Raigad and Thane district of the west. As a geographical structure Pune district, classify as under. 1. Western Ghat Zone 2. Hill Areas 3. Pathar of Eastern Zone Area Pune district occupies an area of about sq. km, which is 5per cent of the total area of Maharashtra state. Of which sq. km. comes under rural area and 621 sq. km comes under urban area. The district has 1844 villages, 1234 grampanchayats, 13 panchayat samitees, 11 councils, 2 Municipal corporations, 3 cantonment boards and 13 tahsils namely Ambegaon, Baramati, Bhor, Daund, Haveli, Indapur, Junnar, Khed,

5 140 Maval, Mulshi, Purandar, Shirur and Velha. Among the 35 districts of the state Pune ranks 2 nd in terms of area, 3 rd in terms of populations and 4 th in terms density Climate and Rainfall At the Western Ghat and hill region is cool and eastern region having hot and dry climate. The maximum temperature of Pune district ranges between 34 and 41 0 C during April-May, while the minimum temperature varies between 5 0 C to 10 0 C in the months of November to January The average annual rainfall at the district is 675 mm, most of which is received during South-West monsoon. However, medium rainfall zone at district having on average rainfall of 900 mm, eastern region have an average between 600 to 700 mm while western region have an average of 1171 mm 5. The regularity in occurrence in recent years has not experienced in the district Soil and Topography Pune district possesses mainly three types of soils, viz. black-fertile, brown and mixed type. In western region soil, type has brown and low quality while eastern region having fertile and plain type. The richest alluvial soil track found in the Valley of Bheema River. The rivers Velu, Ghod are left side of Bheema and Indrayani, Bhama, Mula-Mutha etc. are at right side. Each tahsil of the district have minimum one river 6. Therefore, the agro-climatic condition of district is favourable Demographic features Table 6.1 shows the trends of population from 1901 onwards. It clarified that since independence population increased rapidly. During , population increased by per cent while it increased by 56 per cent during

6 141 Table 6.1Population of Pune district: 1901 to 2001 Sr.No. Year Male Female Total (107.4) (100.8) (116.42) ( (178.03) (225.10) (290.00) (380.09) (504.85) (660.00) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage change over base year) Source-Census of Pune District 2001 Table 6.2 Tahsil wise percentage share of population Sr. No. Name of tahsil % Share 1 Pune city 37 2 Haveli 19 3 Baramati, Junner and Indapur 25 4 Maval and Shirur 8 5 Ambegaon and Purandar 6 6 Bhore, Mulsi and Velhe 1 Total 100 Source- Census of Pune District 2001 The total population of Pune district according to 2001 census was 7.2 million (7.4 per cent of the total population of Maharashtra State), of which 3.7 million male and 3.4 million female and 3.02 million reside in rural areas and 4.19 million in urban areas. The literacy rate was per cent whereas 11.9 per cent population was below poverty line 7.

7 142 Table 6.3 Population Indicators Sr.No. Particular Nos. 1 Density Resides Urban 6765 Rural 202 Max(Pune city) Min( Velhe) 112 Urban 58 % Rural 42% 3 Sex ratio 919 Urban 899 Rural Literacy 80% Male 88% Female 72% Rural 72% Urban 86% Source- Census of Pune District Agro-Economic Features Some agro-economic features of the Pune district such as irrigation, communication and transportation, agro-markets, livestock etc. have discussed below Water resources River plays a very important role in molding the agro economy of Pune districts. Many rivers originate from the Sahyadri ranges and flow from west to south. Bheema the major river flows along the eastern boarder of Pune district of over 160 kms. Its tributaries are Velu and Ghod on the left and Indrayani, Mula, Mutha and Nira at right. During the rainy season, all these rivers swell but shrink to almost dry stream after monsoon. The Nira flows along the southern boundary of the district for considerable distance 8.

8 Communication and Transport Facilities Pune district is well connected to other parts of the state by an extensive network of roads and railway line. Besides, district also has an international airport. The highway NH-4 (Mumbai-Bangalore) and N.H.-9 (Pune-Solapur-Hyderabad) pass through this district. The district has a good network of roads of which 17 are national and state highways and 277 are main district roads. The communication network of the district has also well established with telephone lines and ever internet connections, 70 per cent villages having at least one communication facility Regulated Agriculture Markets Pune district having 11 agricultural marketing committees and 41 sub committees, of which Junner, Ambegaon, Shirur, Khed, Maval, Pune city, Daund, Purandar, Bhor, Baramati, Indapur have each one regulated market while Gultekadi market yard is one of the huge inter-state market, which is separate flower market promoting flower auction Live Stock According to 2003 data, the total live stock population of Pune district was lakhs. Of which cows and bullock was 37 per cent. Buffalos 14 per cent, sheep and goat 48 per cent and others were 2 per cent, besides this total population of poultry birds was lakhs. District has well developed in poultry business and egg production Industries and Employment Pune is an industrially developed district. The transport and communication facilities available here have contributed to the development of industries. Pimpri- Chinchwad, Chakan, Baramati, Jejuri, Daund, Ranjangaon (Shirur) have industrial area, while Hinjawadi and Talawade have IT park. Pimpri-Chinchwad belt is one of the most industrialized areas in the country 11. Auto parts manufacturers, engineering goods and

9 144 cloth manufacturing units are the major industries in Pune. Besides, there are about seven sugar-manufacturing units. The district also possesses co-operative and large-scale industries. Pune district has become a hub of IT services with IT giants establishing their offices in the district. These industries, along with the agriculture and government sector, provide considerable amount of employment to the population in the district as well as in the adjoining districts Education In 2002/03, in the 4440 primary schools and 1099 higher secondary institutes, 6.70 lakh students attended classes. There were 73 Junior colleges with 0.95 lakh students in 2003/04, and 4 Medical, 4 Ayurved, 3 Homeopathy, 5 Law and 12 B.ed colleges, 15 Postgraduate colleges and several ITI institutes were functioning in Pune Land use pattern of Pune district It can be seen from Table 6.4 the total geographical area remained constant i.e thousand hectare during to The area under forest was decline by 4.0 per cent during the last forty-seven years. This suggests for suitable planning for expansion of area under forests to maintain ecological balance in Pune district. The barren and uncultivable land decreased from 10.5 per cent in to 6.6 per cent in This clarifies that, barren and uncultivable land decreased to 31.9 per cent over the base year. The land put on non-agriculture use an increased by 41.5 per cent over the base year. Whereas cultivable waste decreased by 16.5 per cent and land under permanent pasture increased by 9.8 per cent, However land under miscellaneous trees, crops, current fallow and other fallow increased 1689 per cent, per cent and 81.4 per cent respectively. Net sown area of Pune district decreased by 2.5 per cent and area sown more than once increased by 55.1 per cent over the base year. Eventually, it can be seen that gross cropped area increased only 2 per cent during entire period.

10 Changes in cropping pattern of Pune district The details regarding the changes in the cropping pattern during to in Pune district is presented in Table 6.5. It indicated that, the area under total cereals, total pulses and total food grain crops was increased over a period of time. Whereas sugarcane, fruits, vegetables and flowers showed a significant during entire period. While total spices and fodder crop showed a decline. It clearly indicate that during the last fortyseven years, the farmers have diverted their resources towards the commercial crops such as cotton, groundnut, fruits, vegetables, flowers, sugarcane for getting more returns from the farming. Rice, wheat, jawar, bajra, cereals, tur, gram, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, groundnut, sunflower, soyabean, grapes, pomegranate, custard apple, fig, vegetables, flowers were the major crops grown in the district Changes in irrigation pattern of Pune district It shows from Table 6.6 that 67,143.69, , per cent change in irrigated pattern over the base year in respect to period II, period III and period IV. Net area irrigated in was 1030 hectares, which increased to 2699 thousands hectares in The percentage of net area irrigated to net sown area was 10.4 per cent in , which increased to 26.4 per cent in The percentage of gross area irrigated to gross cropped area was per cent in It reveals that the area under irrigation increased significantly, which is good sign from the viewpoint of agricultural development in Pune district. It indicates that irrigated area in increased by 162 per cent over the year but percentage change of net irrigated area after 1991 was comparatively low. It was 77 per cent net growth during to while18 percent during to

11 Land Use and Cropping Pattern of Sample Tahsil The details regarding the land use pattern of sample tahsil ( ) is presented in Table 6.7. It showed from Table 6.7 the total geographical area of sample tahsil ranges from 7 to 9 per cent of district. The area under forest was highest in Khed tahsil (11.29%) followed by Haveli (4.42%). Dound and Haveli have more cultivable waste (above 11%) than Khed and Purandar (6 and 5%). Net sown area was more or less same (8 to 9%). Whereas, gross cropped area was more in Dound (9.85%) followed by Khed (8.97%), Haveli (7.89%) and Purandar (7.60 %). The details regarding the cropping pattern of sample tahsil ( ) is presented in Table 6.8. It is noted that the area under total cereals, total pulses and total food grain crops was highest in Dound (9.28%) followed by Khed (8.91%). Sugarcane and vegetables showed a significant proportion in Dound. Fruits were dominant place in Haveli and Purandar. Area under oilseed seen more in Khed (21.24%) followed by Purandar (9.69%). Fodder crop grown more in Haveli (19.46%). Gross cropped area was more in Dound and Khed of 9.89 and 8.97per cent, respectively Area under irrigation of sample tahsil Table 6.9 shows the area under irrigation of sample tahsil (Ha). Dound having per cent of district total (highest proportion among sample tahsil) followed by Haveli of 8.86 per cent, Khed of 6.68 per cent and Purandar of 4.83 per cent. As regard to gross irrigated to gross cropped area ultimately same position have seen. Dound tahsil was more irrigated, it was 1.5 times more than district average.

12 147 Table 6.4 Changes in land use pattern of Pune district during to (Area in 00 ha) ` Sr.No. Particulars Period I Period II Period III Per cent change over base year Total geographical area Area under forest 1900(12.1) 1856(11.8) 1780(11.0) Barren & uncultivated 1655 (10.5) 1513 (9.8) 1042 (6.6) Land out on non-agriculture use 272 (1.7) 452 (3.7) 640 (4.0) Cultivable waste 27 (0.1) 389 (2.4) 329 (2.4) Permanent pasture and other 293 (1.8) 597 (4.2) 656 (4.2) Land under miscellaneous trees, crops, etc. 12 (0.07) 31 (0.08) 256 (1.6) Current fallow 82 (0.5) 102 (3.0) 621 (3.9) Other fallow 180 (1.16) 371 (2.7) 673 (4.3) Net sown area 10183(65.2) 10309(65.8) 9920(63.5) Area sown more than once 917 (5.8) 1167 (7.4) 1811 (11.5) Gross cropped area 11099(70.7) 11476(73.4) 11731(75.9) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage of total geographical area) Source-Socio-economic abstract of Pune -2007/08

13 148 Table 6.5 Changes in cropping pattern of Pune district during to (Area in 00 ha) Sr.No. Particulars Period I Period II Period III Period IV Per cent change over the base year Cereals 7211 (64.9) (66.88) 8947 (67.75) 7541 (62.70) Pulses 738 (6.65) 800 (6.85) 822 (6.22) 935 (7.77) Total Food grains 7950 (71.64) 8602 (73.74) 9769 (73.98) 8476 (70.47) Sugarcane 131 (1.18) 269 (2.30) 452 (3.42) 668 (5.55) Spices 72 (0.64) 65 (0.55) 56 (0.42) 68 (0.56) Fruits 34 (0.30) 45 (0.38) 85 (1.64) 170(1.191) Vegetables 162 (1.46) 281 (2.41) 468 (3.54) 633 (5.26) Flowers N.A. N.A. 04 (0.03) 22 (0.18) Fiber crop 74 (0.66) 59 (0.50) 04 (0.03) 378 (3.14) Oil seed 425 (3.83) 691 (5.92) 101(7.70) 748 (6.21) Fodder crop 2079 (18.73) 1645 (14.10) 1345 (10.18) 1208 (10.04) Gross cropped area (Figures in the bracket indicate percentages to gross cropped area) Source: Season and Crop report (2002) published by Department of Agriculture. Government of Maharashtra, Pune.

14 149 Table 6.6 Changes in irrigated area of Pune district during to (00 ha) Sr.No. Particulars Period I Period II Period III Period IV Per cent change over the base year PeriodII PeriodIII PeriodIV Net cropped area Net irrigated area Percentage at net irrigated to net cropped area Area sown more than once Gross irrigated area Percentage of gross irrigated area to gross cropped area Source Season and Crop report (2002) published by Department of Agriculture. Government of Maharashtra, Pune

15 150 Table 6.7 Land use Pattern of Sample Tahsil (2000/01) Sr.No. Particulars Sample Tahsil District Total 1 Total geographical area (8.26) 2 Area under forest 4904 (2.76) 3 Barren & uncultivated (11.58) 4 Land out on non-agriculture use 7272 (11.28) 5 Cultivable waste (11.47) 6 Current fallow 4277 (11.17) 7 Other fallow 3756 (5.59) 8 Net sown area (8.58) 9 Area sown more than once 2745 (1.52) 10 Gross cropped area (9.85) Dound Haveli Khed Purandar (8.56) 7864 (4.42) (14.21) 4091 (6.35) (11.21) 1178 (3.08) (16.59) (8.75) (5.68) (7.89) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) (Source-Socio-economic abstract of Pune -2007/08) (8.80) (11.29) 7533 (7.23) 1997 (3.10) 9530 (5.65) 864 (2.26) 5737 (8.53) 6601 (0.55) (8.97) (8.97) (7.07) 2221 (1.25) 5567 (5.35) 2641 (4.10) 8208 (4.87) 1999 (5.22) 2621 (3.90) (8.18) 3335 (1.85) (7.60)

16 151 Table 6.8 Cropping Pattern of Sample Tahsil (2000/01) Sr.No. Particulars Sample Tahsil Sample District 1. Cereals (9.67) 2. Pulses 5838 (6.21) 3. Total Food grains (9.28) 4. Sugarcane (25.20) 5. Spices 631 (9.50) 6. Fruits 321 (2.29) 7. Vegetables 8366 (14.56) 8. Oil seed 2468 (2.93) 9. Fodder crop (8.89) 10. Gross cropped area (9.89) Dound Haveli Khed Purandar Total (5.87) 2824 (3.00) (5.54) 9400 (15.79) 513 (7.72) 1312 (9.36) 6887 (11.99) 4652 (5.52) (19.46) (7.89) (8.11) (15.16) (8.91) 60 (0.11) 1040 (15.65) 405 (2.89) 8624 (15.00) (21.24) 3019 (2.51) (8.97) (8.64) 3902 (4.15) (8.13) 810 (1.37) 1434 (21.58) 1289 (9.20) 4258 (7.42) 8166 (9.69) 6015 (5.00) (7.60) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) (Source-Socio-economic abstract of Pune District-2007/08)

17 152 Table 6.9 Area under irrigation of sample tahsil (Ha) Sr.No. Particulars Sample Tahsil Sample District 1. Open (14.22) 2. Wells (16.78) 3. Net irrigated area (15.81) 4. Gross irrigated area (15.36) 5. Gross cropped area (9.85) Dound Haveli Khed Purandar 9430 (7.35) (9.96) (8.86) (7.93) (7.89) 8160 (6.36) 9845 (6.77) (6.68) (8.37) (8.97) 5883 (4.59) 7152 (4.92) (4.83) (4.56) (7.60) Percentage at gross irrigated to gross cropped area (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) Source-Socio-economic abstract of Pune District -2007/08) Floriculture pattern of Pune district Pune district is leading all the way ahead of other districts in acreage and production of flowers. Area and production of famous flowers in Pune district is showing in Table It shows that marigold, tuberose, rose, chrysanthemum and aster covered major area. Marigold covered higher area i.e per cent where as tuberose, aster and chrysanthemum covered 13.05, and per cent area, respectively, while rose cultivation covered 4.31per cent area. Table 6.10 Area and production of flowers in Pune district Sr.No. Flower Area (Ha) Production (MT.) 1. Aster 900 (13.46) 3010 (L.P.) 2. Chrysanthemum 791 (11.80) 2075 (M.T.) 3. Marigold 3737 (55.75) (M.T.) 4. Rose 289 (4.31) 1192 (L.P.) 5. Tuberose 875 (13.05) 3760 (L.P.) 6. Others 110 (1.64) 76 (MT/LP) Total 6702 (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) Source- Data on flowers ( ) District Superintendent Agriculture Officer, Pune district (GSAO), Pune.5

18 153 Table 6.11 Tahsil wise distribution of major flower (Ha) cultivation Sr.No. Tahsil Aster Chrysan themum Marigold Rose Tuberose, Other Total 1. Ambegaon (5.02) 2. Baramati (19) - 402(6.00) 3. Bhor (0.33) 4. Daund - 300(38) 700(19) 40(14) 600(69) (24.84) 5. Haveli (38) (10.18) 6. Indapur (2.81) 7. Junnar 420(47) 215(27) 710(19) (20.59) 8. Khed 198(22) (6.48) 9. Maval (2.18) 10. Mulshi (0.97) 11. Purandar (31) (18.89) 12. Shirur (1.68) 13. Velha (0.08) Total 900 (13.43)) 791 (11.80) 3740 (55.80) 289 (4.32) (12.94) 101 (1.51) 6703 (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) Source- Data on flowers ( ) District Superintendent Agriculture Officer, Pune District (DSAO), Pune.5

19 Tahsil wise Concentration of Flowers Table 6.11 presents the tahsil wise distribution of major flower (Ha.) cultivation. It showed that, Dound, Junner and Purandar occupied 65 per cent area while Haveli, Khed, Baramati and Ambegaon occupied 28 per cent area. As regard to flower crops, Junner and Khed occupied 69 per cent of aster, Dound and Junner 65 per cent of chrysanthemum, Dound, Junner and Purandar 69 per cent of marigold, Dound and Haveli 52 per cent of rose, Baramati and Dound 80 per cent of tuberose. It can be concluded that, Dound, Haveli, Junner, Khed and Purandar were the famous tahsil for flower cultivation in reference period. It is remarkable feature that, each tahsil concentrated with one or two flower crop. This is showing in Table Table 6.12 Tahsil Wise Concentration of Flowers Sr.No. Tahsil Flowers 1. Daund Tuberose, Chrysanthemum, Marigold 2. Haveli Aster, Chrysanthemum, Rose and Tuberose 3. Junnar Aster, Chrysanthemum, Marigold, Rose 4. Khed Aster and Marigold 5. Purandar Marigold, Chrysanthemum 6. Baramati Tuberose, Marigold 7. Indapur Aster, Chrysanthemum, Rose, Tuberose 8. Ambegaon Aster, Chrysanthemum, Marigold Source- Data on flowers ( ) District Superintendent Agriculture Officer, Pune district (GSAO), Pune Sample tahsils, flower crops and flower growers Present course of study considered five flowers namely aster, marigold rose, chrysanthemum and tuberose. Flowers taking into account as criteria of maximum coverage of area under flowers in 2007/08 and sold at APMC, Pune. As per this criterion, Khed, Purandar Haveli, and Dound, tahsils were selected for aster, marigold, rose, chrysanthemum and tuberose, respectively. Sample tahsil occupied major area i.e. Khed for aster (198 ha), Purandar for marigold (1154 ha), Haveli for rose198 ha, Dound for chrysanthemum & tuberose (300ha&600 ha).

20 155

21 Khed tahsil for aster crop Khed tahsil selected as sample tahsil according to famous for aster crop, which occupied 22 per cent of Pune district. Aster crop concentrate at Chakan region of Khed

22 157 tahsil that shown in Map-4. Sample villages taking into consideration as famous for aster crop that selected from different circles which shown in Table 6.13(a). Table 6.13(a) Distribution of sample flower grower of aster by size class (ha) District Total-900 ha. (100%), Total of sample tahsil (Khed)-198 ha. (22%) Sr.No. Name of the circle Name of the village Number of respondent as per land holding size Small Medium Large Total number of respon dents Sampling % to total flower growers in respective village 1 Bhose Bhose 5(24) 3(12) 2(7) 10(43) Bhose Rase 5(20) 3(10) 2(7) 10(37) Wadgaon (Ghenand) 4 Wadgaon (Ghenand) Wadgaon (Ghenand) 5(18) 5(10) 3(6) 13(34) Koyali 5(8) 2(4) 1(3) 8(15) (70) 13(36) 8(23) 41(129) (Figures in the bracket indicate respective total) (Data compiled from circle offices of respective villages /09) Table 6.13 (a) shows that, distribution of sample flower grower of aster by size class (ha). It shows, as per villages, 10 respondents selected from 43 flower growers of Bhose village. 10 respondents selected from 37 flower growers of Rase village. 13 respondents selected from 34 flower growers of Wadgaon Ghenand village. 8 respondents selected from 15 flower growers of Koyali village, In terms of numbers, small landholders seems to be maximum followed by medium and large size group of farms, respectively whereas sampling proportion is on an average 32 per cent of total flower growers in respective villages. Table 6.13(b) Distributions of area under aster in selected villages (ha) Sr.No. Name of the village Area under aster of the sampl villages(ha) Sample area(ha) 1 Bhose (25) 2 Rase (28) 3 Wadgaon(Ghenand) (43) 4 Koyali (48) (35) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) (Data compiled from circle offices of respective villages /09)

23 158 Table 6.13(b) shows that, Bhose village occupied maximum area under aster followed by Rase, Wadgaon, and Koyali, respectively. In terms of area, sampling proportion is on an average 35 per cent in respective villages Purandar tahsil for marigold crop Purandar tahsil selected as sample tahsil according to famous for marigold crop, which occupied 30.8 per cent of Pune district. Marigold crop concentrate at whole region of Purandar tahsil that shown in Map-5. Sample villages taking into consideration as famous for aster crop that selected from different circles which shown in Table 6.14(a). Table 6.14 (a) Distribution of sample flower growers of marigold by size class (ha) Study area: Pune district ha. (100%), Sample tahsil: Purandar-1154 ha. (30.8%) Sr.No. Name of the circle Name of the village Number of respondent as per land holding size Total number of respon dent Sampling % to total flower growers in respective village Small Medium Large 1 Shivari Shivari 3(20) 3(13) 5(11) 11(44) 25 2 Shivari Valunjgaon 3(14) 3(8) 1(2) 7(24) 29 3 Dive Zendewadi 5(19) 1(3) 1(3) 7(25) 28 4 Malshiras Malshiras 3(22) 3(10) 2(8) 8(40) 20 5 Malshiras Ponde 4(23) 3(11) 1(3) 8(37) (98) 13(45) 10(27) 41(170) 25 (Figures in the bracket indicate respective total) (Data compiled from circle office of respective villages-2008/09) Table 6.14 (a) shows that, distribution of sample flower grower of marigold by size class (ha). It shows, as per villages, 11 respondents selected from 44 flower growers of Shivari village. 7 respondents selected from 24 flower growers of Valunjgaon village. 7 respondents selected from 25 flower growers of Zendewadi village. 8 respondents selected from 40 flower growers of Malshiras village and 8 respondents selected from37 flower growers of Ponde village, In terms of numbers, small landholders seems to be maximum followed by medium and large size group of farms, respectively whereas

24 159 sampling proportion is on an average 25 per cent of total flower growers in respective villages. Table 6.14 (b) Distributions of area under marigold in selected villages (ha) Sr.No. Name of the village Area under marigold of the sample villages(ha) Sample area(ha) 1 Shivari (32) 2 Valunjgaon (34) 3 Zendewadi (30) 4 Malshiras (23) 5 Ponde (25) (29) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) (Data compiled from circle offices of respective villages /09) Table 6.14(b) shows that maximum area under marigold occupied Shivari village followed by Malshiras, Ponde, Valunjgaon and Zendewadi, respectively. In terms of area, sampling proportion is on an average 29 per cent in respective villages Haveli tahsil for rose crop Haveli tahsil selected as sample tahsil according to famous for rose crop, which occupied 38 per cent of Pune district. Rose crop concentrate at Solapur highway area of Haveli tahsil that shown in Map-6. Sample villages selected from different circles taking into consideration as famous (large area) for rose crop which shown in Table 6.15(a). Table6.15 (a) Distribution of sample cultivator of rose by size class (rose) District total-289ha (100%), Total of sample tahsil (Haveli) 110 ha (38 %) Sr.No. Name of the circle Name of the village Number of respondent as per land holding size Small Medium Large Total no. of respon dents Sampling % to total flower growers in respective village 1 Hadapsar Phursungi 4(11) 4(9) 3(7) 11(27) Loni kalbhor Sortapwadi 5(13) 3(6) 2(5) 10(24) Theur Kunjeerwadi 3(8) 3(5) 2(4) 8(17) Total (32) 10(20) 7(16) 29(68) (Figures in the bracket indicate respective total) (Data compiled from circle offices of concerned villages -2008/09)

25 160 It shows that, distribution of sample flower grower of rose by size class (ha). It shows, as per villages, 11 respondents selected from 27 flower growers of Phursungi village. 10 respondents selected from 24 flower growers of Sortapwadi village. 8 respondents selected from 17 flower growers of Kunjeerwadi village, In terms of numbers, small landholders seems to be maximum followed by medium and large size group of farms, respectively whereas sampling proportion is on an average 43 per cent of total flower growers in respective villages. Table 6.15 (b) Distributions of area under rose in selected villages (ha) Sr.No. Name of the village Area under rose of the sample villages(ha) Sample area(ha) 1 Phursungi (42) 2 Sortapwadi (42) 3 Kunjeerwadi (49) (44) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) (Data compiled from circle offices of respective villages /09) Table 6.15(b) shows that Phursungi village occupied maximum area under rose followed by Sortapwadi and Kunjeerwadi, respectively. In terms of area, sampling proportion is on an average 44 per cent in respective villages Dound tahsil for chrysanthemum crop Dound tahsil selected as sample tahsil according to famous for chrysanthemum crop, which occupied 38 per cent of Pune district. Chrysanthemum crop concentrate at Solapur highway area of Dound tahsil that shown in Map-7. Sample villages taking into consideration as famous for chrysanthemum crop that selected from different circles which shown in Table 6.16(a). Table 6.16 (a) shows that, distribution of sample flower grower of chrysanthemum by size class (ha). It shows, as per villages, 25respondents selected from 85 flower growers of Yavat village. 11 respondents selected from 26 flower growers of Yavat (Station) village. 15 respondents selected from 29 flower growers of Wakhari village, In

26 161 terms of numbers, small landholders seems to be maximum followed by medium and large size group of farms, respectively whereas sampling proportion is on an average 40 per cent of total flower growers in respective villages. Table 6.16 (a) Distribution of sample flower grower of chrysanthemum by size class (Ha) (District total-791 ha. (100%), Total of sample tahsil (Dound)-300 ha. (38%)) Sr.No. Name of the circle Name of the village Number of respondent as per land holding size Small Medium Large Total no. of respon dents Sampling % to total flower growers in respective village 1 Yavat Yavat 12(40) 9(38) 4(7) 25(85) Yavat Yavat (station) 5(18) 4(6) 2(2) 11(26) Kedgaon Wakhari 6(17) 4(8) 5(5) 15(29) (75) 17(51) 11(14) 51(140) (Figures in the bracket indicate respective total) (Compiled from talathi office of concerned villages /09) Table 6.16(b) Distributions of area under chrysanthemum in selected villages (ha) Sr.No. Name of the village Area under chrysanthemum of the sample villages(ha) Sample area(ha) 1 Yavat (32) 2 Yavat(station) (39) 3 Wakhari (63) (40) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) (Data compiled from circle offices of respective villages /09) Table 6.16(b) shows that maximum area under rose occupied Yavat village followed by Wakhari and Yavat (station) respectively. In terms of area, sampling proportion is on an average 44 per cent in respective villages Dound tahsil for tuberose crop Dound tahsil selected as sample tahsil according to famous for tuberose crop, which occupied 38 per cent of Pune district. Chrysanthemum crop concentrate at Sholapur highway area of Dound tahsil that shown in Map-7. Sample villages taking into

27 162 consideration as famous for tuberose crop that selected from different circles which shown in Table 6.17(a) Table 6.17 (a) Distribution of sample flower growers of tuberose by size class District total- 875 ha. (100%), Total of sample tahsil (Dound)-600 ha. (68.57%) Sr.No. Name of the circle Name of the village Number of respondent as per land holding size Total no. of respon dents Sampling % to total flower growers in respective village Small Medium Large 1 Yavat Yavat 11(59) 8(48) 7(30) 26(137) Yavat Yavat (station) 6(20) 4(10) 2(7) 12(37) Kedgaon Wakhari 4(11) 3(7) 2(5) 9(23) Varwand Varvand 2(8) 2(4) 1(3) 5(15) Total (98) 17(69) 12(45) 52(212) (Figures in the bracket indicate respective total) (Data compiled from circle offices of concerned villages /09) It shows from Table 6.17(a) that, distribution of sample flower grower of tuberose by size class (ha). It shows, as per villages, 26 respondents selected from 137 flower growers of Yavat village. 12 respondents selected from 37 flower growers of Yavat (station village. 9 respondents selected from 23 flower growers of Wakhari village. 5 respondents selected from 15 flower growers of Varvand village, In terms of numbers, small landholders seems to be maximum followed by medium and large size group of farms, respectively whereas sampling proportion is on an average 26 per cent of total flower growers in respective villages. Table 6.17(b) Distributions of area under tuberose in selected villages (ha) Sr.No. Name of the village Area under tuberose of the sample villages(ha) Sample area(ha) 1 Yavat (20) 2 Yavat(station) (33) 3 Wakhari 8 3.2(40) 4 Varvand 5 1.8(36) (25) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) (Data compiled from circle offices of respective villages /09)

28 163 Table 6.17(b) shows that maximum area under tuberose occupied Yavat village followed by Yavat (station) Wakhari and Varvand, respectively. In terms of area, sampling proportion is on an average 25 per cent in respective villages Socio-economic indicators of sample farms Information access pertaining socio-economic features of the selected farm i.e. family size, farm size and cropping pattern and analyzed as below Family size of the sample farms Flower cultivation requires comparatively more work force to various farm activities such as planting, weeding, picking of flowers, etc. To check the relationship between family size and their farm involvement, data has collected pertaining to this aspect as presented in Table-6.18 It observed from the Table that average size of family was 5.7 at the overall level. The average number of members among small, medium and large size group of farms was 5.3, 5.7 and 6.1, respectively. The composition of family at the overall level shows that each family has 2.1 adult males, 1.7 adult females and 1.9 children. As compared to different size group of farms, number of men, women and children showed relatively more in large size group followed by medium and small. According to cost of cultivation record, family member used as a labour relatively more in small. As a result of family size and cost of cultivation record, member of families among large size group involved relatively low in farm activities. As regard to number of earner and dependent, it showed 42 per cent and 58 per cent, respectively, at overall level while different size group indicate that dependent numbers were more (60%) among small and medium size group of farms Educational status of the sample farms The data on educational status of the selected farm family has presented in Table It observed from the Table that the percentage of illiteracy observed 10 per cent of

29 164 male while 11 per cent of female at overall level. The percentage of primary level schooling observed 36 per cent of male while 41 per cent of female and 40 per cent of children s. The percentage of secondary level schooling observed 41 per cent of male while 37 per cent of female and 39 per cent of children. The percentage of graduation level observed 13 per cent of male while 12 per cent of female Land use pattern of the sample farms Land use pattern in different size groups of farms is presented in Table The average size of the holding in the small, medium and large groups of farm found 1.37, 2.79 and 5.85 hectares, respectively. The proportion of operational land was 88 per cent at overall level it was 91, 87 and 85 per cent at small, medium and large size of farms, respectively. It was seen that the land under irrigation was more in large size group (2.65 ha.) in fact proportional percentage of irrigated area was more in small sized group (77%) followed by medium (67%) and large (53%). Flower crop wise comparison showed that aster and marigold concentrated area (Khed and Purandar) was relatively less irrigated compare to others at all categories. It would be seen the same features of proportion of area sown more than once and gross cropped area which related to irrigation facilities Cropping pattern of the sample farms To understand the cropping pattern of sample flower grower, crops classified in four categories such as food grains, flowers, other cash crops and ordinary crops. This presented in Table Food grains include jawar(r), bajara (K), wheat(r); other cash crops include sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables; flowers include aster, marigold, chrysanthemum, rose and tuberose; other ordinary crops include gram mug fodder, etc. It can be observed from Table 6.21 that at the overall level the gross cropped area was 3.50 hectares. Food grain crops occupied 34.3 per cent, flower crops 19 per cent, other cash crops 26.6 per cent and other ordinary crops 20.1 per cent at overall level. As compare to different size group of farms food grains occupied major area i.e per cent 33.5 per

30 165 cent and 36.5 per cent of small, medium and large size group of farms, respectively. Flowers occupied of 15.5, 18.3, and 20 per cent; other cash crops of 20, 22, and 31.3 per cent; other ordinary crops of 36, 26.2 and 12.2 per cent among small, medium and large size group of farms, respectively. Above analysis, indicate that food grains occupied major area at all size groups whereas, flower crops occupied noticeable proportion with compare to others. Cropping intensity showed decreases with increasing size of farms because decreasing ratio of operational land. It was 177, 167 and 153 per cent of small, medium and large size of groups, respectively whereas; it was per cent at overall level. Table-6.18 Average family size of the sample flower grower by size class Sr.No. Farm size/ Flower type 1 Small Adult Children No. Male Female Male Female of earner No. of dependent a Aster b Marigold c Chrysanthemum d Rose e Tuberose Medium a Aster b Marigold c Chrysanthemum d Rose e Tuberose Large a Aster b Marigold c Chrysanthemum d Rose Overall 1 Small 1.84 (34) 2 Medium 2.02 (35) 3 Large 2.34 (38) 4 Overall 2.07 (36) 1.56 (30) 1.82 (32) 1.9 (31) 1.76 (31) 0.98 (18) 1.02 (18) 1.04 (17) 1.02 (18) 0.98 (18) 0.88 (15) 0.86 (14) 0.91 (15) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) 2.16 (40) 2.3 (40) 2.76 (45) 2.4 (42) 3.2 (60) 3.46 (60) 3.40 (55) 3.34 (58) Total

31 166 Sr.No. 1 S M A L L 2 M E D I U M 3 L A R G E Illite rate 4 S 0.18 (10) M 0.22 (11) L 0.24 (9) O 0.22 (10) Prim ary Table 6.19Educational status of family of sample flower grower Higher Grad uation Total male (Adult) Illite rate Prim ary Higher Grad uation Total female (Adult) Preprim ary Prim ary Higher Total child ren Grand total (33) 0.7 (35) 0.9 (39) 0.74 (36) 0.8 (45) 0.8 (40) 0.9 (39) 0.84 (41) 0.22 (12) 0.3 (14) 0.3 (13) 0.28 (13) 1.84 (34) 2.02 (35) 2.34 (38) 2.07 (36) 0.14 (10) 0.22 (11) 0.2 (11) 0.19 (11) 0.7 (47) 0.7 (39) 0.7 (37) 0.7 (41) 0.6 (35) 0.6 (33) 0.7 (42) 0.64 (37) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) Source- Derived from primary data collected by researcher 0.12 (8) 0.3 (17) 0.3 (10) 0.24 (12) 1.56 (30) 1.82 (32) 1.9 (31) 1.76 (31) 0.46 (22) 0.26 (16) 0.44 (26) 0.36 (21) 0.8 (39) 0.9 (42) 0.7 (37) 0.8 (40) 0.7 (39) 0.8 (42) 0.8 (37) 0.77 (39) 1.96 (36) 1.9 (33) 1.9 (31) 1.92 (33)

32 167 Table-6.20 Land use pattern of sample flower grower by size class (ha) Sr. No Flower/ Farm size 1 Small Total owned Land Operational Land Irrigated Land Unirrigated Land Area sown more than once Gross cropped area Cropping intensity % Aster Marigold Chrysanthemum Rose Tuberose Medium Aster Marigold Chrysanthemum Rose Tuberose Large Aster Marigold Chrysanthemum Rose Tuberose Overall Aster Marigold Chrysanthemum Rose Tuberose Small (91) 2 Medium (87) 3 Large (85) 4 Overall (88) 0.96 (77) 1.63 (67) 2.65 (53) 1.75 (66) 0.3 (23) 0.81 (33) 2.33 (47) 1.15 (34) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) Source- Derived from primary data collected by researcher

33 168 Table-6.21Cropping pattern of sample flower grower by size class (ha) Sr.No. Flower/Farm size Food grains 1 Small Flowers Other cash crops Other ordinary crop Gross cropped area Aster Marigold Chrysanthemum Rose Tuberose Medium 3 Large Aster Marigold Chrysanthemum Rose Tuberose Aster Marigold Chrysanthemum Rose Tuberose Small 0.55 (28.5) 2 Medium 1.10 (33.5) 3 Large 1.93 (36.5) 4 Overall 1.20 (34.3) 0.30 (15.5) 0.60 (18.3) 1.05 (20) 0.66 (19) 0.38 (20) 0.72 (22) 1.66 (31.3) 0.93 (26.6) (Figures in the bracket indicate percentage to respective total) Source- Derived from primary data collected by researcher Concluding observations 0.7 (36) 0.86 (26.2) 0.65 (12.2) 0.49 (20.1) Concluding observations of sample area, i.e. Pune district summarized as follows Pune district having favourable agro-climatic conditions and infrastructure (market and transportation), which offering tremendous scope for horticulture.

34 169 2 Rice, wheat, jawar, bajra, cereals, tur, gram, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, groundnut, sunflower, soyabean, grapes pomegranate, custard apple, fig, vegetables, flowers were the major crops growing in the district. 3 District having large area under flowers compared to other district. It observed that, Dound, Haveli, Junner, Khed and Purandar were the famous tahsil for flower cultivation in reference period. 4 Tahsil bordered to Pune city observed famous for flower cultivation, particularly those villages situated around urban areas are famous flower growing villages. 5 It observed that, maximum numbers of flower grower belonging small and medium group of farms. 6 Haveli and Dound are canal irrigated tahsil growing perennial flower crops; whereas, Purandar and Khed are less irrigated tahsil growing seasonal flower crops. 7 It shows that marigold, tuberose, rose, chrysanthemum and aster covered major area. 8 Cropping intensity in the district showed decreases with increasing size of farms, due to decreasing ratio of operational land. 9 According to survey, the composition of family of sample flower growers shows that each family have 2.1 adult males, 1.7 adult females and 1.9 children at the overall level. 10 It observed that the percentage of illiteracy observed 10 per cent of male while 11 per cent of female at overall level.

35 170 References 1 Kotak Mahadev Ramchandra(2000) Shivpurvakalin and Shivkalin Pune, Shahar Pune (Ed) Arun Tokekar,Nilubhau Limaye Foundation 2 Maharashtra at a Glance (2005) Directorate General of Information and Public Relation, Government Central Press, Mumbai 3 Maharashtra at a Glance (2005) Directorate General of Information and Public Relation, Government Central Press, Mumbai 4 Maharashtra at a Glance (2005) Directorate General of Information and Public Relation, Government Central Press, Mumbai 5 Maharashtra at a Glance (2005) Directorate General of Information and Public Relation, Government Central Press, Mumbai 6 Maharashtra at a Glance (2005) Directorate General of Information and Public Relation, Government Central Press, Mumbai 7 Socio Economic Abstract of Pune-( ) Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoM, Mumbai. 8 Socio Economic Abstract of Pune-( ) Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoM, Mumbai. 9 Handbook of Basic Statistics of Maharashtra State (2004) Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoM, Mumbai. 10 Socio Economic Abstract of Pune-( ) Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoM, Mumbai. 11 Socio Economic Abstract of Pune-( ) Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoM, Mumbai 12 Maharashtra at a Glance (2005) Directorate General of Information and Public Relation, Government Central Press, Mumbai