European agriculture faces numerous challenges

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1 BIORESOURCE Sustainable intensification of agricultural cropping systems in a Nordic climate to increase nitrogen and carbon yields, while reducing losses Uffe Jørgensen, Kiril Manevski & Poul Erik Lærke Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University Foulum

2 European agriculture faces numerous challenges Productivity Biomass for food, feed, material and energy Stagnating yields Large import of protein feed Environment High nutrient leaching (Nitrate and Water Framework Directives) High pesticide use Agriculture must contribute to EU climate goals (EU climate policy) The answer may be sustainable intensification more with less!

3 However, it seems to be hard to increase yields (sustainably) in existing crops in Europe Patricio Grassini, Kent M. Eskridge & Kenneth G. Cassman, 2013.Nature Communications 4, no. 2918

4 Why do we mainly grow grain crops that utilize only part of the growing season? Case: spring barley in Denmark

5 Tightening the nitrogen (N) cycle

6 Production systems designed to cover the whole year investigated Headline Optimized Crop Rotation Energy maize + Winter rye (direct sowing end October) Energy beets Hemp + Triticale Triticale early harvest (10-15 July) + undersown grass clover (two cuts: autumn and spring) Conventional crop rotation Cereal crop rotation (2013: spring barley, 2014: winter barley, 2015: winter rape, 2016: winter wheat) ermanent crops Continuous triticale with straw removal (reference) Continuous fodder maize (reference) Miscanthus (M. x giganteus) Miscanthus (M. sacchariflorus Sibirian) Tall fescue x perennial ryegrass (Festulolium) Bare soil plots Mechanical weed control + herbicides Herbicides only Reed canary grass (phalaris arundinacea) Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) Grass clover SLU (Bamse + Hykor + Donata + Lucerne (Alfalfa), Medicago sativa CRENO + Alsike clover, T. hybridum, FRIDA + White clover, T. repens, HEBE + Eastern galega, Galega orientalis, GALE) Grass clover DLF - (DLF TRIFOLIUM mixture36 (10% white clover+10% festulolium+40% tall fescue+ 15% ryegrass+10% timoté+10% meadow fescue+5% red fescue)

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9 Perennial crops intercept approx. double as much solar radiation as annual crops Intercepted PAR, MJ m -2 (accumulated, annual) Foulum 2014 Foulum 2013 Jyndevad 2014 Jyndevad Manevski et al., 2017

10 High variation in total biomass yield Manevski et al., 2017

11 Maize moves down the range when roots are included (preliminary data)

12 Above ground Radiation Use Efficiency is high in beet and maize Manevski et al., 2017

13 RUE over time in grasses Manevski et al., 2017

14 When root estimates are included grasses have high RUE

15 Nitrate leaching much lower from grass than from maize and barley irrespective if fertilized or not

16 Cumulated leaching is up to six times lower in grasses than in annual crops Nitrate leaching (kg N ha -1 ) Nitrate leaching 1.2 m (accumulated, 1 Apr Apr 2014) 0 * * Not calculated yet

17 Crop or fertiliser N (kg ha -1 ) More biomass production More N-uptake 600 Soil N mining fert Synchronised N uptake Foulum

18 N-balance mean of

19 It is possible to increase yield and decrease nitrate leaching Barley 130 kg N/ha Wheat 175 kg N/ha Beets 130 kg N/ha Grass clover unfertilized Festulolium 425 kg N/ha Jørgensen & Lærke, 2016

20 Other measurements Soil carbon measured after the first 5 years that have gone We are measuring nitrous oxide emissions to improve GHG balance Weed development Pest & Diseases Pesticide use Economy..

21 So, what to do with all that grass?

22 Total crude protein yield in Foulum biomass Solati et al., 2018

23 Protein-N in plant material A Non-protein B1 Soluble B2 Non-soluble B3 Hemicellulose C Cellulose & lignin Cell content Cell walls Jørgen Eriksen

24 Protein in legumes and in grass Råprotein (g/kg TS) A B1 50 B2 0 blad st. blad st. blad st. blad st. B3 C Lucerne Alm. rajgr. Hvidkløver Rødkløver Strandsvingel Jørgen Eriksen

25 200 Protein fractions B1+B2 Råprotein (g/kg TS) Hvidkløver Lucerne Rødkløver Høstdato Jørgen Eriksen

26 Protein fractions B1+B2 Råprotein (kg/ha) 500 Hvidkløver Rødkløver Lucerne Høstdato Jørgen Eriksen

27 3000 Protein yields 4 cuts per year Råprotein (kg/ha) A B1 B2 0 Lucerne Rødkløver Hvidkløver 525N 350N 175N 525N 350N 175N B3 C Alm. rajgræs Strandsvingel Jørgen Eriksen

28 Will production of biomass crops reduce food availability?

29 Implementation of a radical new crop production paradigm is conditional to development of green biorefineries Colours Flavors Medicin Other chemicals High-value components Oil Harvest Pretreatm. Storage Transport Bio-refinery C 6 C 5 Syngas Fibres Fuels Chemicals Materials Lignin Soil conditioner Fertiliser Rest Food Feed Residual Reactor Biogas Syngas

30 rops are separated, protein precipitated and animals fed to determine feeding value in current projects BioValue ( Biobase (dca.au.dk/en/research/bioeconomy-andbiobased-production )

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34 Grass pulp vs grass silage for cows Dry matter intake unaffected Milk production increased by approx. 10% Vinni K Damborg phd

35 Pilot facility 2017 Input capacity: 1-2 tonnes fresh biomass per hour Protein concentrate yield: 5-15 % of input DM Protein content in concentrate: % of DM Optimisation of yield and quality is ongoing Protein concentrate from centrifuge Johannsen, Institute for Engineering Science

36 Farmers are eager to produce grass if there is a market

37 Demonstration facility for protein extraction from 2019 financed by GUDP, Central Region Denmark, Arla, DLF, DLG and DC

38 Some experimental conclusions Grasses are more efficient than annual crops in intercepting radiation Maize and beets have high above-ground RUE However, if roots are included grasses have as high RUE (probably) Grasses can produce much product and soil carbon (if water is not limiting) Extract the high contents of protein in grass & legumes Nitrate losses can be kept low even at high input

39 The bioindustry (e.g. DONG Energy (Ørsted) & Novozymes) were concerned about the bioresource Will there be enough biomass for establishing a significant biorefinery industry? Will it be sustainable (soil C, pesticides, GHG, nutrient leaching, biodiversity..)? What about iluc? What types of biomass can be available for which technologies? This was answered by a scenario analysis (Gylling et al., ) Prerequisite: No change in Danish food production See more in

40 Three Danish biomass scenarios Business as usual: No changes in crops or technologies Existing resources (straw, manure, rape oil etc.) Biomass optimised: Straw rich grain varieties Increased straw harvest Less grain and rape > high productive biomass crops (beets 19 t ha -1 DM) Fertilization of natural grasslands Road sides, aquatic weeds, catch crops etc. Environmentally optimised: No straw removal from land with critical low carbon content Perennial biomass crops (grass 15 t ha -1 DM) No grain crop production in nitrate sensitive areas No fertilization of natural grasslands Increased afforestation Gylling et al., 2013

41 Danish agriculture and forestry can deliver 3-4 times more biomass Gylling et al., 2013

42 Different biomass types for different conversion technologies approx. 1 mio. tonnes for feed/food Yellow = straw Gylling et al., 2013

43 Increased biomass utilisation can reduce nitrate leaching Change in nitrate leaching for Denmark (ton N y -1 ) BAU Biomass Environment Animal manure SRC New biomass crops substituting rape New biomass crops substituting grain crops Afforestation Additional catch crops Total Will fulfil the demands of the EU Water Framework Directive Jørgensen et al., 2013

44 Energy system scenarios were defined to analyse the effect on TOTAL Danish GreenHouse Gas emissions Gylling et al., 2016

45 The scenario effects on fossil fuel substitution and on Land Use Change (mio. T CO 2 eq.) Gylling et al., 2016

46 How agroecology can contribute to the circular bioeconomy Create win-win solutions instead of linear chains and end-ofpipe solutions Think creative Develop cropping systems with low losses and optimized resource use Grass and legumes Integrate agronomic and engineering expertise to improve whole chain efficiency Green biorefinery Extract the high contents of protein in grass and legumes for European protein supply Local, green protein Develop bioenergy use of the side-streams from highervalue productions e.g. biogas

47 Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy (CBIO) Interdisciplinary approach to whole chains Inaugurated May 2017 Cooperation with internationally leading research institutions and companies More sustainable & more productive biomass producticon system development is one of our flagships

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European agriculture faces numerous challenges

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