3 Assessing your pasture

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1 3 Assessing your pasture Objective: To improve pasture productivity through regular assessments of sward growth and quality. Challenge: Develop sward assessment skills Increase grass intake by at least 0.5 tonne utilised DM/cow this year. Target Obtain 1 tonne more utilised DM/cow from grass, worth at least 80/cow/year. Better Sward Management What s in this section? How the Grass Plant Grows capture this for your benefit Using sward assessment to improve pasture productivity Developing the skills to understand pastures Measuring field cover to assess and monitor grazing Ensuring pasture quality. 3 Assessing your pasture Achieving the best possible balance between sward growth and grazing has been shown by research and experience to depend on accurate, regular assessments of sward condition. Regardless of grazing system, regular field walking at least once a week allows sward growth to be monitored carefully to establish when fields are ready for grazing and when they should be closed to allow re-growth. Contents How the Grass Plant Grows 3:3 The DairyCo 3-step Approach 3:6 Pasture Walking 3:7 Sward Assessment 3:10 Pasture intake can be increased by over one tonne utilised DM/cow by careful grazing management, better sward budgeting and regular sward monitoring. Improvement through grassland management 3:1

2 Action plan To obtain 1 tonne more utilised DM/cow from grass. 1. Assess Your Pasture Production Estimate the pasture dry matter levels of all your swards regularly to plan and manage grazing for the greatest grass utilisation (Page 3:7). 3. Assess Your Sward Quality Monitor the ryegrass content and live leaf content of your swards as a measure of their nutritive value (Page 3:10). 2. Plan Grazings with Field Cover Measurements Use a rising plate meter to assess pasture production and establish when your swards are ready for grazing and when grazing should cease (Page 3:12). 3:2 Improvement through grassland management

3 How the grass plant grows To maximise the production from grazed grass it is necessary to ensure the optimum production and intake of the most palatable, highest feed value grass. Grass naturally wants to grow a seed head but this will reduce sward palatability and digestibility, so grazing systems need to prevent this happening if grass quality and quantity are to be maintained. Effective systems graze the plant at the point where it is growing fastest with the highest ratio of leaf to stem. The plant grows fastest between the emergence of the second and third leaves, when sunlight capture is maximised. The amount of grass grown is 25-30% more with the third leaf present than with just two. The fastest growing paddock on-farm has three leaves. A clump of ryegrass is made up of tillers. Each tiller has its own independent roots. They reproduce by budding off daughter tillers at the base, which build up new clumps. Buds are your future sward density. Grass is a living plant in a continuous cycle of growing and dying, so a ryegrass tiller only has three live green leaves at any time. Water and fertiliser will influence the size of those leaves. A new leaf takes a minimum of six days to appear in spring. But depending on the temperature this will be extended to 30 or 40 days in winter. This can be influenced by soil moisture in extreme cases. Therefore, in spring when it is taking six days for a new leaf to appear, three leaves will appear in 18 days, so the pasture will be ready to graze 18 days after grazing or cutting. When new leaves appear at a slower rate, the optimum time between grazings will be longer. However, the plant also wants to reproduce, so it aims to grow reproductive tillers which put all their energy into producing a seed head. This is influenced by: Day length Temperature with a ryegrass typically requiring a temperature of about 10 o C for a week Grass variety. A reproductive tiller becomes fibrous and suppresses the daughter tillers at the bottom. When managing a grazing sward we need to understand this and manage grass to resist reproduction and to maximise grazing potential. Grass has a central leaf pushed up from the growing point at the base of the tiller; a second leaf, collecting sun and producing sugars; and a third leaf doing the same. The oldest leaf will die as the newest leaf takes its place, so the plant will only ever have three living leaves. Improvement through grassland management 3:3

4 Understanding the Sunlight and Sugar Relationship The first leaf grown after grazing uses up sugars stored in the bottom 4cm of the tiller to initiate its growth, not from plant roots. This sugar store is built up again as the plant puts out its second and third leaf. This first leaf is the smallest, the second leaf is larger and finally the third leaf is the largest. It is possible to maximise the sunlight capturing ability of grass by preventing back grazing or grazing of silage aftermaths and allowing the third leaf to grow before the plant is grazed. When cows graze off the pale lime green new regrowth of the first leaf, the plant is unable to replenish its sugar store, thus regrowth slows. Grass with just the first leaf is also an unbalanced feed. It is high in nitrate, low in sugar, low in calcium and magnesium and high in potassium. Allowing the tiller to grow its second leaf gives it a chance to build up its store of sugars. Then its rate of growth will increase. When grazed too frequently, parent tillers can t support daughter tillers as there is too little sugar available. Down to Grass Roots There is evidence that rotational grazing increases the efficiency of the roots at capturing moisture and nutrients from the soil and this helps prolong grass growth through the summer. Roots do not start to grow until at least one leaf has grown, as all the plant energy is diverted into this first leaf. In a dry period, roots need to work hard at picking up any available moisture and when the first leaf is grazed off this is affected. Grazing at the Three-leaf Stage In Victoria, Australia (from the Target 10 campaign) the average dairy farmer gets cows to graze 8t of DM/ ha of grass. In one year of practising the three-leaf principle, this can be increased by 1-2tonnes DM/ha without any extra inputs. Some farmers achieve 15t of DM/ha of grass eaten. Tiller quality is best at the threeleaf stage in terms of: sugar nitrate minerals starch fibre. 3:4 Improvement through grassland management

5 How Hard to Graze? Grazing below 4cm will diminish plant reserves for plant regrowth. The aim should be to leave a height of 4-5cm between clumps and 8-10cm over clumps, with a maximum of 30% clumps in a paddock. When there is more grass than this post-grazing, consider topping the paddock to 10cm within 24 hours before the lime green regrowth occurs, as topping this will slow regrowth. (Anecdotally a mower is better than a topper, as it cuts cleaner and you should get better regrowth.) If you don t top in this situation, the amount of ungrazed grass can increase after each grazing. It should not be necessary to top after every grazing when the amount of grass allocated is correct but it can be useful to get the grazing back under control. Measuring Grass Grass production can be measured in two ways: 1. Using a plate meter and measuring kg of dry matter/ha of grass present which is the method used by Grass+ 2. Counting the leaves the threeleaf method, see Factsheet 15. There are other ways to measure grass such as the use of cages and cutting and weighing but these methods may not be as practical on-farm as a plate meter or the three-leaf method. Both systems rely on grazing grass at the optimum point in terms of growth and quality. Both are rotational grazing systems which allow grazing management to suit the grass habit and to achieve the maximum return. Improvement through grassland management 3:5

6 The 3-step approach The DairyCo 3-step Sward Management System provides a practical approach to improved sward management involving: Pasture Walking to monitor the amount of grass available for use Sward Assessment to judge the best time to let cows into and remove them from individual pastures Sward Budgeting to plan grazing availability ahead of time to make the most of grazed grass over the entire grazing season (Section 4). 3:6 Improvement through grassland management

7 Pasture walking The first essential of the DairyCo 3-step Sward Management System involves walking pastures on a regular basis to assess the amount of field cover available. Field cover is the total supply of pasture DM available for grazing and expressed in kilograms of dry matter per hectare measured by a plate meter. Pasture walking needs to be a weekly activity from around early February until early December. At periods of peak growth it is advisable to assess pastures more frequently as the condition of swards can change very rapidly. Assessing Swards Visually height while ankle height grass represents a cover of around 2000kg DM/ha (Figure 3.1). These are just guidance and it must be remembered that measurement with a plate meter or using the three-leaf method will give you the more accurate information you will need to achieve maximum utilisation. Assessing all fields available for grazing allows them to be ranked in order of cover (from highest to lowest) to determine the order in which they are grazed. Sward cover assessments can also be used throughout the season to determine the best time to start and finish each grazing. Target field cover for the start of grazing (Pre-graze Point): kg DM/ha. Assessments must be made of both sward height and density. Target field cover for the removal of stock (Residual): 1500kg DM/ha. Density is important because swards with a high proportion of clover and a large number of grass tillers may contain a much greater amount of herbage than open ryegrass-only swards of a similar height. Estimating field cover can be difficult when swards are grazed unevenly as a result of poaching, spoilage and/or contamination with urine and faeces but with measurement, an overall cover can be assigned to the field. The height of pasture growth relative to a Wellington boot can provide a useful practical reference point a 1500kg DM/ha field cover roughly equates to heel The key target is achieving the residual of 1500kg DM/ha, as this maintains good regrowth and quality in the next grazing round, so the easier it is for cows to graze to 1500kg DM/ha the better. For cows that are not aggressive grazers, such as cows receiving supplementation/buffer, it may be better to enter these cows at a lower cover of 2600kg DM/ha which will enable them to achieve the required residual. This is as opposed to the aggressive grazing animals of a solely grass based system which should be able to graze from 3000kg DM/ha to 1500kg DM/ha relatively easily. For ease of reading, we will now refer to the mid point of 2800kg DM/ha as pre-graze target. Improvement through grassland management 3:7

8 Figure 3.1: Typical Field Cover Assessments (Staffordshire March 2003) Field cover of around 1500kg DM/ha (Residual Target) Field cover of around 2000kg DM/ha Field cover of around 2500kg DM/ha (Lowest Pre-graze Target) 3:8 Improvement through grassland management

9 Field cover of around 3000kg DM/ha (Top Pre-graze Target) Field cover of around 3500kg DM/ha silage ground, grazing this will lead to large amounts of waste Improvement through grassland management 3:9

10 Sward assessment Regular monitoring of swards for growth and quality is the second element in the DairyCo 3-step Sward Management System. It involves assessing pre- and post-graze points for individual pastures by field cover measurement using a plate meter or the three-leaf system (see Factsheet 15) and evaluating quality. Field Cover Measurement A rising plate meter should be used to get assessments of field cover. The relationship between measured height and field cover is imperfect but provided the same assumptions are made throughout it can be a valuable guide. Rising Plate Meters There are two types of plate meter; the mechanical and the electronic. Both work in the same way and provide an accurate and convenient way to measure and assess field covers. The plate meter measures both height and density of the sward. The height is measured in compressed centimetres and then converted into kilos of dry matter per hectare via an equation, (these equations are discussed below). Factsheet 2 gives practical guidance on using a rising plate meter to assess field cover. How to use the Plate Meter Walk the field or paddock to be measured and take a minimum of fifty random readings (plonks) as you walk across a representative part of the area, this will take into account the better and worse areas, so you get a true cover assessment. It is advisable to take the same route across the field week after week so that you have comparable data. Do not choose where to plonk, it must be random so that you get the best and worst so that the measurement is representative of the field. If you just plonk the best parts of the field, then you are only deceiving yourself into thinking there is more there than there actually is. The reason you need to take a minimum of fifty plonks is to even out the extremes of growth you may encounter. Plate metres are designed for grass clover swards and are not for use on cereals or other crops. They are most accurate between 1200 and 3200kg DM/ha. (Read the manufacturer s recommendations on calibration.) If the plate meter seems to be reading high then check: There is no grass wound around the bottom of the plate That you are placing the plate meter vertically in the pasture and not rocking it like you would with a walking stick Check the density of the pasture at the base. If the sward is really thick and dense at the base, the reading may be correct as the density has a large affect on the plate meter reading. 3:10 Improvement through grassland management

11 Accuracy and technique is very important when plonking, as inaccuracy can lead to pasture covers varying up to 600kg DM/ha, which can lead you to believe you have adequate covers or surplus when the reverse may be true. Place the plate on the top of the sward with no downward force and then push the shaft to the ground making sure the shaft remains vertical all the time; if you rock it, as you would with a walking stick, the measurement will be exaggerated compared to the actual cover. It is the plate moving up and down the central shaft that measures the readings. Using the correct technique, there is no difference in readings between the electronic and mechanical plate metres. Rising plate meter assessments can be calibrated to accurately reflect individual sward characteristics by measuring the DM yield of representative samples. Following assessment, fields should be ranked in order of cover (from highest to lowest) to determine the order in which they should be grazed. Factsheet 3 details the best field cover calibration technique. The field cover or height should also be used to determine when grazing can commence and when cows should be removed from the field (Figure 3.2). For Mechanical Plate Meters Height readings can be converted to field cover using a simple formula (Example 3.1) or a ready reckoner (Factsheet 2) based on the density of typical well-managed leafy swards. The electronic plate meter does the calculations shown in Example 3.1 automatically. After taking fifty readings all you have to do is press the cover button and the display reveals the average cover of the area you have just recorded. Pre-graze Point Target: Field cover of kg DM/ha. Residual Target: Field cover of 1500kg DM/ha. Example 3.1: Rising Plate Meter Conversion Field cover (kg DM/ha) for a green leafy sward = average rising plate meter reading (RPM units) x A 6.68 average RPM reading indicates a cover of (6.68 x ) or 1475kg DM/ha. NB: Because there are other equations which may work differently it is important to take specialist advice when first making plate meter conversions. Improvement through grassland management 3:11

12 Figure 3.2: Typical Field Covers (Staffordshire March 2003) Assessing Sward Quality The quality of pastures is influenced by the species of grass, previous management and whether or not clover is present in the sward. The presence of a large number of weeds or inferior grass species will compromise nutritional quality, as will large amounts of dead or dying leaves. Field cover of 1500kg DM/ha The aim must be to achieve a leafy well-managed sward where ryegrass is the predominant grass species (Section 4). Field cover of 2250kg DM/ha Winter is a good time to assess ryegrass quantity in a sward, by doing a stem base check to identify the proportion of ryegrass in relation to other grasses. Most perennial ryegrass has a red stem base and when the leaf underside is shiny, it is almost certainly ryegrass. By walking fields and randomly checking 10 to 20 plants in several metre squares and counting the proportion, you can get an idea of ryegrass percentage content. Target Ryegrass Content: Minimum of 50% of the sward, preferably 70% or more (Section 10). Field cover of 3000kg DM/ha Regular assessments of field cover result in better utilisation of pasture throughout the grazing season. In these swards nutritional quality will generally not constrain cow performance. The energy content of good, well-grazed ryegrass swards is consistent at above 11.5 MJ/kg DM. Factors known to reduce sward energy content include: Previous grazing residues Prolonged grazing intervals Poor species mix Poor pasture topping practice. 3:12 Improvement through grassland management

13 With clover in the sward at the target level (Section 10) protein levels will be a percentage point or two higher than in grass-only swards around 18-20%. This will allow useful economies to be made in the protein content of any supplementary concentrates. The quality of swards, as measured by their organic matter digestibility, increases with the proportion of live leaf (Table 3.1). Table 3.1: Live Leaf % and Grass Sward Digestibility Live Leaf (%) Organic Matter Digestibility (%) The proportion of live leaf in a sward can be estimated as follows: Step 1: Take a range of grass samples from the sward, cutting down to a height of 4cm. Step 2: Mix the samples and take a 50g sub-sample. Step 3: Divide the sub-sample into two piles, one containing live leaf and the other all remaining plant material. Step 4: Dry both samples in a microwave oven for 5-6 minutes. Step 5: Calculate the live leaf percentage of the combined weights, as follows: Dried weight of live leaf 6.5g Dried weight of plant material 2.8g Total weight ( ) 9.3g Live leaf percentage ( x 100) 70% WARNING: If the atmosphere within a microwave becomes too dry it may combust. To avoid this include half a beaker of water in the oven with the grass samples being dried, changing it when it becomes warm. Target Live Leaf Content: Minimum 65%. Improvement through grassland management 3:13

14 Summary For greatest pasture productivity and utilisation grazing should be planned and managed on the basis of regular sward assessment Swards should be walked at least once a week and assessed and monitored using a Rising Plate Meter and/or the Three-leaf System (Factsheet 15) After grazing the sward should be 4-5cm in height, equivalent to a cover of 1500kg DM/ha with about one quarter to one third of the area covered in manure or urinerelated clumps no higher than 8-10cm In ryegrass or ryegrass and clover swards grazed and fertilised appropriately quality will be maintained. Grazing should commence when field cover is kg DM/ha See also... Section 4: Section 5: Section 15: Planning Your Grazing Managing Your Grazing Factsheet 2: The Rising Plate Meter Factsheet 3: Field Cover Calibration 3:14 Improvement through grassland management

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