Environmental Assessment for Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project

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1 Public Disclosure Authorized SFG3416 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Assessment for Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project Report Public Disclosure Authorized Rural Development & Panchayat Raj Department Government of Tamil Nadu

2 Volume 1 Environmental Assessment (EA) 2

3 Abbreviations and Acronyms ACU AHVS CAA CBO CEE CLG CP CSR CRZ DDS DIC DPSIR EA EIA EMP EEZ EG ESMF ESI FAO FFDA FSI FSSAI HTL ICT IFMR INM LTL MCM MFP Adult Cattle Unit Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Coastal Aquaculture Authority Community Based Organization Centre for Environment Education Common Livelihood Group Community Professional Corporate Social Responsibility Coastal Regulation Zone District Diagnostic Study District Industries Centre Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Environmental Appraisal Environmental Impact Assessment Environment Management Plan Exclusive Economic Zone Environmental Guidelines Environmental and Social Management Framework Environmental Sustainability Index Food and Agriculture Organization Fish Farmers Development Agency Forest Survey of India Food Safety and Standards Authority of India High Tide Line Information and Communication Technology Institute for Financial Management and Research Integrated Nutrient Management Low Tide Line Million Cubic Meters Minor Forest Produces 3

4 MSME MT NBR NTFP NP OP PCB PDO PGP PWD SHG SSFE TNEPRP TNRTM TNRTP TOF TMC SRI VCA WHO WLS Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Metric Tonnes Niligiri Biosphere Reserve Non Timber Forest Produce National Parks Operational Policy Pollution Control Board Project Development Objective Participatory Growth Plan Public Works Department Self Help Group Small- Scale Forestry Enterprises TamilNadu Empowerment and Poverty Reduction Programme Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Marketplace Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project Trees Outside Forests Thousand Million Cubic System of Rice Intensification Value Chain Analysis World Health Organisation Wild Life Sanctuary 4

5 Contents: Chapter 1 1. Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP) Background of the project Project Components Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion Component 2: Enterprise Business Plan Financing and Innovations: Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities Component 4: Project Management, Results Monitoring and Implementation Support Systems Environmental Assessment Applicability of Environmental safeguards to TNRTP Methodology for EA and ESMF Overview of the EA Report 15 Chapter Geography of Tamil Nadu Agriculture Agro-climatic Zone Profile Current Trends in Agriculture Current challenges for the Agriculture sector Animal Husbandry and Dairying Fisheries Forest Forest covers Small- Scale Forestry Enterprises (SSFE) in Tamil Nadu Protected Areas Challenges in Forestry sector Water Resources Industrial Profile Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) for the District of Tamil Nadu 41 Chapter 3 Legal and Regulatory Framework for ESMF 44 Chapter 4 Identifcation of key risks and mitigation measures Environmental Guidelines for Agriculture Value Chains Environmental Guidelines for Livestock Value Chains Environmental Guidelines for Enterprises 69 5

6 List of Tables: 1. Table 1.1 Applicability of Environmental Safeguards to TNRTP Table 2.1 Key features of the state Table 2.2 Agro climatic Zones and Types of soil - District covered Table 2.3 Productivity changes of major crops in the last one decade Table 2.4 The Area and Production of horticultural crops during Table 2.5 Livestock and Poultry Population (As per 19th Livestock Census 2012) Table 2.6 Dairy Development (Nos) Table 2.7 Availability, requirement and surplus/deficit of green fodder in Tamil Nadu (2010) Table 2.8 Marine Fisheries Statistics Table 2.9 An Overview of Inland Fisheries Sector Table 2.10: Changing profile of forest produce in Tamil Nadu Table 2.11 List of Protected areas in Tamil Nadu Table 2.12 Overall supply of wood in Tamil Nadu, 2008 (million cu.m) Table 2.13 Overall demand for wood in Tamil Nadu by sector, 2008 (million cu.m) Table 2.14 Drought Prone TNRTP Blocks Table 2.15 MSME Registration criteria Table 2.16 Classification of MSMEs in Tamil Nadu ( ) - TNRTP districts Table 2.17 ESI for the TNRTP Districts Table 3.1 Legal and Regulatory Framework applicable for TNRTP Table 4.1: Agriculture Commodity Value Chains: Environmental issues and best Practices in Interventions for Productivity enhancement, Storage, Processing etc Table 4.2 Potential Environmental / Social issues in the Paddy value chain Table 4.3 PotentialEnvironmental / Social issues in Pepper Table 4.4 Potential Environmental / Soical issues in the Dairy value chain Table 4.5 Goat Rearing: Potential Environmental/ Social issues Table 4.6 Slaughter House: Potential Environmental / Social issues Table 4.7 List of Farm and Non Farm Enterprises Table 4.8 Potential Environmental / Social issues in farm based food product preparation Table 4.9 Potential Environmental / Social issues in food product preparation Table 4.10 Potential Environmental / Social issues in oil extraction Table 4.11 Potential Environmental / Social issues forest based enterprises Table 4.12 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in nonfarm based enterprises Table 4.13 Potential Environmental / Social issues in Garment Stitching process Table 4.14 Potential Environmental / Social issues for Handlooms, handicrafts, basket making, paper plates and paper Table 4.15 Potential Environmental / Social issues in Granite Quarry 75 6

7 List of Figures 1. Fig 2.1 Tamil Nadu District Map Fig 2.2 Trends of net sown area and area under irrigation in to Fig 2.3 Agro Climatic Zones of TN Fig 2.4 Soil Fertility Maps Fig 2.5 Irrigation source of Tamil Nadu Fig 2.6 The distribution of area under different crops in Tamil Nadu Fig 2.7 Trends in Livestock population Fig 2.8 Some of the native cattle and sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu Fig 2.9 Forest Cover Fig 2.10 Tamil Nadu River Basin Map Fig 2.11 Status of TNRTP blocks based on Groundwater Fig 2.12 ESI for the districts of Tamil Nadu Fig 2.13 Comparison of districts across DPSIR components 43 List of Annexures Annexure 1 List of Tamil Nadu Sustainable Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP) Blocks Annexure 2 List of activities field visited Annexure 3 Categorization of blocks based on the assessment of dynamic groundwater resources Annexure 4 District Fact Sheet Annexure 5 District- wise Identified Potential Industrial Opportunities Annexure 6 Regulatory Requirements List Annexure 7 The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Listed species Annexure 8 Procedures for obtaining Consent of the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Consent to Establish Annexure 9 List of Red, Orange, Green and White category Industries as per PCB Directions Annexure 10 Food colors, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units Annexure 11 List of Prohibited Dyes: List of 42 Benzidine based Dyes Prohibited From 1993 Annexure 12 List of chemicals with quantities for application of Public Liability Insurance Act Annexure 13 List of Rivers, Streams, Reservoirs, etc where industries causing water pollution is not permitted Annexure 14 The WHO classification of pesticides by hazard Annexure 15 Summary of stakeholder consultation workshop 7

8 Executive Summary Introduction The Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP), supported by the World Bank, aims at supporting project outcomes with Tamil Nadu state s Vision 2030 and leverage opportunities for rural transformation. The project s focus will contribute to the following seven areas of strategic engagement, namely: i) Enterprise Promotion; ii) Creating Job Opportunities; iii) Value Chain Based Approach; iv) Convergence with existing skills training programs; v) Public-Private Partnerships; vi) Leveraging the strength of existing Community Based Organizations, and vii) Investment driven by market opportunities and by community-centric investment plans. The Project Development Objective is to promote rural enterprises, access to finance and employment opportunities in 120 blocks of Tamil Nadu. TNRTP will be operational in 26 districts specifically focusing on 120 blocks, and 3994 village panchayats of Tamil Nadu (Annexure 1). The project has the 4 following components and sub-components: Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion Sub-Components: 1.1) Inclusive Strategic Analytics and Planning 1.2) Business Development Support Services 1.3) Enterprise Promotion and Value Chain strengthening Component 2: Business Plans Financing and Innovations Sub-Components: 2.1) Facilitating Business Plan Financing; 2.2) Innovation Promotion Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities Sub-Components: 3.1) Pre and Post training Services to Enhance Employment outcomes 3.2) Community- based training and skilling provision 3.3) Upgrading skills in prioritized value chains Component 4: Project Management, Results Monitoring and Implementation Support Systems Environment Assessment Study As per the requirement of the World Bank an Environmental Assessment (EA) study of the project was undertaken by the Rural Development and Panchayathi Raj Deraprtment with the support of Centre for Environment Education (CEE). The objective of the study was to understand environmental implications of project activities, and to define remedial measures to 8

9 mitigate any negative impacts, and to understand the compliance requirements with the national and state legal and regulatory framework and the World Bank Operational Policies. The environment assessment study identified the following key potential environmental issues related to the project interventions. Possible over-exploitation of resources such as soil, water, ground water, forest products etc. Agriculture/Horticulture value chains: o Introducing high yielding varieties which could result in loss of indigenous varieties o Increased fertilisation without soil testing, over use of pesticides can have negative impact on soil, water and biodiversity Livestock value chains: o Promotion of high yielding breeds/species without fodder/feed management plans may result in stress on natural resources and failure of the activity o Absence of manure/litter management results in contamination of surrounding environment Enterprises: o Possible demand for high use of resources water, soil, forests, energy etc. o Use of chemical ingredients/alternatives, disposal of wastes etc. when not aligned with the required standards may result in health hazards to the workers, neighboring communities and consumers. o Setting up mills, processing units and storage facilities will need high energy and water and may release toxic wastes to the environment o Possibility of issues related to worker safety, occupational health hazards etc. o Improper siting and operation and maintenance may result in pollution of the surrounding environment Based on the likely impact, the project triggers the following Safeguard Policies of the World Bank: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Forests (OP 4.36); Natural habitats (OP 4.04) and Pest Management (OP 4.09). Environmental safeguards are applicable to the following components of TNRTP. Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion; Component 2: Enterprise Business Plans Financing and Innovations and Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities. Out of these components safeguards are applicable to 5 sub-components of the project, 1.1: Inclusive Strategic investments, Analytics, and Planning; 1.2: Business Development Support Services; 1.3: Enterprise promotion and Value chain strengthening; 2.2: Innovation Promotion and 3.3: Skilling for prioritized value chain The EA has identified i) applicable legal and regulatory (compliance) requirements to the project interventions ii) the possible environmental implications of the interventions and activities proposed under the project. This volume (Volume I) discussed the results of the EA study whereas Volume II discusses the management framework. 9

10 Chapter 1 1. Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP) 1.1. Background of the project The proposed Project Development Objective (PDO) is to promote rural enterprises, access to finance and employment opportunities in 120 blocks of Tamil Nadu. The project would achieve the project PDO by: i) Creating an enabling environment to promote and strengthen enterprises and creating jobs in targeted areas through identifying market and value-chain strengthening opportunities; ii) mobilizing and aggregating rural producers (from SHG households) into producer collectives; iii) enhancing access to finance through development of appropriate financial products and linkages with formal financial institutions; iv) financing of business plans of producer collectives and enterprises linked to value chain opportunities; v) developing an institutional architecture for efficient delivery of business development and financial services; vi) upgrading skills in selected self-employment occupations and enhancing access to wage-employment jobs in growth clusters; and vii) forging partnerships with key stakeholders (public/private/research/academia) and leverage expertise of partners to engage in specific winwin opportunities to ensure sustainability of project initiatives. TNRTP will be operational in 26 districts 1 specifically focusing on 120 blocks, and 3994 village panchayats of Tamil Nadu. The project will work with a total of 660,000 targeted households that are mobilized into Self-Help Groups, out of which 6000 Producer Collectives and 1000 Enterprise Groups. The project will support around 7,000 individual entrepreneurs; and 87,000 youth for skills enhancement through convergence with existing government skilling programs. The project implementation will be rolled out in a phased manner, in the first 8 months 26 blocks will be taken up for implementation in all project districts, followed by 52 blocks by end of 12 months and the remaining 42 blocks by the end of 18 months from initiation of project implementation. The key results indicators are: Percentage of enterprises supported by the project (individual and collective) with ongoing operations (after 2 years of project support); Percentage of enterprises supported by the project receiving funds from financial institutions (individual and collective); Beneficiaries engaged in self or wage employment following training facilitated by the project (Number); and Project direct beneficiaries (Number) of which female beneficiaries (Percentage). 1 Districts Names: Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindugul, Erode, Kancheepuram, Karur, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Nilgiris, Pudukottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivagangai, Theni, Thiruvallur, Thiruvannamalai, Thiruvarur, Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli, Tiruppur, Trichy, Vellore, Villupuram, and Virudhnagar. 10

11 1.2. Project Components: The project has the 4 following components Component 1: Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion: The main objective of this component is to create an enabling environment for promotion and strengthening of enterprises and job creation. The overall focus of this component is to identify market and value chain development opportunities, support business conditions development in the project areas, and provide informed pathways to effectively and efficiently develop business enterprises. The sub components are: 1.1. Inclusive Strategic investments, Analytics, and Planning. Analytics and Planning will support a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the business ecosystem including agro-climatic and socio-economic aspects in the project areas to contextualize project investments. The subcomponent will identify and prioritize sectors/subsectors/commodities for project interventions and investments through an inclusive strategy and value chain analytical approach, following sequential steps that includes (i) District Diagnostic Study (DDS) - robust analysis at the district level to identify the major commodity/sub-sectors (ii) Value-Chain Analysis (VCA) studies at the State level for selected prioritized commodities and subsectors; (iii) Participatory Growth Plans (PGP). 1.2: Business Development Support Services. The objective of this sub-component is to develop appropriate institutions and mechanism for business development support services to the enterprises in initiating, managing and successfully running the businesses. This will support the producer collectives and enterprises under the project to (i) scope enterprise promotion including business plan development, and (ii) bridge critical gaps in accessing business development services, technology and skills; acquiring required legal licenses and formalities; and securing finance. 1.3: Enterprise promotion and Value chain strengthening. This component will promote individual and collective enterprises (including producer collectives) for prioritized sub-sectoral value chain activities and enhance their capacity to engage with markets and other stakeholders effectively. Each of these enterprises will be supported to enhance production efficiency; establish a predictable inputs infrastructure; mobilize credit from financial institutions and converge with government schemes; and integrate with markets on profitable terms Component 2: Enterprise Business Plan Financing and Innovations: The main objective of this component is to promote producer collectives and individual enterprises for taking up economic activities linked to the value-chain opportunities. The component has sub components. 2.1: Facilitating Business Plan Financing This sub-component will promote their linkages with the formal financial sector. The subcomponent will cover both: financial instruments, as well as capacity building, training and technical assistance to the participating financial institutions. 2.2: Innovation Promotion 11

12 This sub-component will contribute to the design, promotion, and implementation of transformational ideas that use technology, innovation, and partnerships to tackle development challenges in Tamil Nadu. The sub-component will consist of the following interventions: a) Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Marketplace (TNRTM), which will create a platform to identify, showcase and celebrate innovations related to themes that have the potential to impact rural economic growth in Tamil Nadu, b) Pilot Projects Induced Thematic Innovations, which will focus on the piloting of three concepts that are independent, yet consciously induced by the project, and are guided by global and national knowledge, experiences, and best practices. The sub-component will consist of three major pilots, which are: i)agri Food Hub, with the objective to promote the agri-food sector in Tamil Nadu around an economically viable and scalable food system model that promotes economic empowerment and preserves the environment;(ii)green enterprise, with the objective to support the development of a locally owned franchise to manufacture eco-friendly and affordable sanitary napkins; and (iii)tribal Handicrafts in Nilgiris, with the objective to identify potential enterprises that can be taken up, demonstrated as pilots, through focused technical assistance support Component 3 Skills and Job Opportunities: The objective is to create sustainable job opportunities through skilling, and enhance job placement through convergence and private sector interface, with specific strategies to include female youth. The sub components are 3.1: Pre & Post training services to enhance employment outcomes. The objective of this subcomponent is to enhance access to and outcomes for youth from poor target households from training provision through existing flagship government skills training programs. 3.2: Community Based Training and Skilling provision The objective of this sub-component is to enhance access of target households to skills training in locally relevant sub-sectors. 3.3: Upgrading skills in prioritized value chains. This objective of this subcomponent is to enhance skills of three sets of actors service providers, entrepreneurs and producer households - in focus value chains such as horticulture, leading to enhanced income and employment outcomes in these value chains Component 4: Project Management, Results Monitoring and Implementation Support Systems The objective of this component is to provide support services (Knowledge Management, Monitoring & Evaluation, Financial Management, Procurement, Social and Environmental Safeguards Management, Human Resource Management and Information, Communication Technology- ICT and Safeguard Management) to the project staff to achieve the objective of the project. The sub-components are 4.1: Implementation Support Systems: Human Resource, Financial Management, Procurement, Safeguards and ICT 4.2: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Redressal This sub component represents a core component in the implementation of TNRTP. 4.3: Knowledge, Communication and Learning Systems 12

13 The aim of this sub-component is create a knowledge management and learning system which will ensure gathering, codifying and disseminating knowledge. 1.3 Environmental Assessment The World Bank s policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to ensure that they are environmentally sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The principal objectives of the EA are: To understand the environmental status in the project districts (baselines) To identify potential environmental impacts of the activities undertaken through the project. To identify the legal and regulatory (compliance requirements) for the project To identify the scope for green enterprises An Environment Assessment study was undertaken and an Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) was developed for the TNRTP to ensure that the project interventions are environmentally sustainable and are in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and policies of the Government of India, the Government of Tamil Nadu and triggered safeguard policies of the World Bank Applicability of Environmental safeguards to TNRTP Environmental Safeguards are applicable to three components and five subcomponents of TNRTP. Details are depicted in the table below: Table 1.1 Applicability of Environmental Safeguards to TNRTP TNRTP Components Environmental Implications Component 1 Business Ecosystem Development and Enterprise Promotion 1.1: Inclusive Strategic Integrations of environmental aspects like status of natural investments, Analytics, and resources, key environmental issues related to the value Planning chainsand enterprises, opportunities for green enterprises etc. 1.2: Business Development Support Services. 1.3: Enterprise promotion and Value chain strengthening into the district diagnostic studies, value chain analysis etc. One stop shop which will offer services to the enterprises provides necessary inputs to ensure compliance, Environmental Guidelines (EG) and Greening opportunities. Convergence with Government Programs and Schemes; Private Sector Partnerships and Tie-ups with Technical and Financial institutions for greening interventions. Required consents on ESMF like from PCB and others will be availed Component 2: Business Plans Financing and Innovations 2.2: Innovation Promotion Thematic Innovation to promote Green Enterprises. This will increase the environmental benefit through the innovative solution. Component 3: Skills and Job Opportunities 3.3: Upgrading Skills in prioritized value chain Skill up gradation measures to include green skills. 13

14 1.3.2 Methodology for EA: An environmental assessment study was undertaken by the CEE for the TNRTP. The study aims at understanding the environmental conditions, relevant policies and regulations; potential environmenta issues that could arise due to project interventions which would help in preparing an Environment and Social Management Framewirk (ESMF) Plan. The scope of the study is detailed below; To study the environmental scenario for understanding the current state of environment in the 26 selected districts of Tamil Nadu in the context of the enterprises and production interventions, Identifying the possible environmental impacts due to prject interventions Identifying applicable legal and regulatory framework The adopted methodology to do EA and develop the ESMF included: Secondary data collection and review: Both quantitative and qualitative information were collected from government departments, World Bank documents, SHGs/ CLGs, producer groups, and so on. Also this included lessons learnt from the experience of implementation of TNEPRP. Review of legal and regulatory systems: A comprehensive assessment of the relevant laws, regulations, and policies of the government of India and government of Tamil Nadu relevant to the project was carried out. Field visits and Meetings with expertise: The Field Visits were conducted in six sample districts (Coimbatore, Salem, Namakkal, Kanchipuram, Vellore and Thoothukudi) with SHGs/ CLGs (Details enclosed as Annexure 2). And meetings were held with the NGOs, Research Institutes and Line Departments to solicit their comments and suggestions on the the environmental impacts, legal requirements and mitigation measures. These included interactive sessions with Care Earth, IFMR, and Institute for Energy studies, Anna University, Climate Change Cell of Department of Environment. Stakeholder consultation: A workshop to share the findigs of EA and ESMF and to invite inputs for its strengthening was organized on 30 March The minutes of this workshop are provided in Annexure 15. The EA report is developed based on the initial assessment study. However the document may need updation after the project inception once the analytics and planning is completed and investments on commodities, type of enterprises etc. are clear. 14

15 1.4. Overview of the EA Report: The structure of the report in each Volume is as follows: Volume 1: Chapter 1, this chapter provides an overview of the Objectives and components of TNRTP. Chapter 2, provides the Environmental baseline of the state and project districts Chapter 3, provides legal and regulatory framework that is applicable to the project activities Chapter 4, furnishes the Key Risks indentified Volume 2: Chapter 1 discusses applicability of ESMF to project components and provides the Environment Guidelines for the Enterprises and Value chains Chapter 2 presents strategy for the promotion of Green Enterprises on the theme Eco friendly/ biodegradable Menstrual Health Products Chapter 3 provides the Implementation arrangements for Environment Management Framework. 15

16 Chapter 2 Environmental Baseline 2.1 Geography of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is situated on the eastern side of the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula at North Latitude between 8º5' and 13º35' and East Longitude between 76º15' and 80º20'. It has an area of sq km. It has long coast line with Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean and is bounded by Andhra Pradesh in the north, south-west with Kerala and north-west with Karnataka. Tamil Nadu is bordered by Kerala to the west, Karnataka to the northwest, Andhra Pradesh to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari), the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula which is the meeting point of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean is located in Tamil Nadu. The western, southern and the north-western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. Tamil Nadu is the only state in India which has both the Western Ghat and the Eastern Ghat mountain ranges which both meet at the Nilgiri hills. The Western Ghats dominate the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the South West Monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains. The northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central and the south-central regions are arid plains. Fig 2.1 Tamil Nadu District Map 16

17 Climatic Characteristics: Tamil Nadu is heavily dependent on monsoon rains, and thereby is prone to droughts when the monsoons fail. The climate of the state ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-arid. The state has distinct periods of rainfall, which are the advancing monsoon period, South-west monsoon (from June to September) with strong southwest winds, the North- east monsoon (from October to December), with dominant northeast winds, and the Dry season (from January to May). The normal annual rainfall of the state is about 945 mm (37.2 in), of which 48% is through the North East monsoon, and 32% through the South West monsoon. Since the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe drought. Socio Economic Profile: Tamil Nadu State has been divided into thirty two districts and each district has further been divided into number of Blocks for effective administrative control. The total population of Tamil Nadu as per Census, 2011 was 72.1 million which 5.96% of India s population is. It is the seventh most densely populated State in India with a population density of 555 persons per sq.km, significantly higher than the Indian average of 382 persons per sq.km (Census of India, 2011). Tamil Nadu the most urbanized State in India with about 48% of its population living in urban areas. The sex ratio in 2011 is estimated to be 987 females per 1000 males, which is well above the national average in Table 2.1 Key features of the state Geographical Area 1,30,058 sq km Number of Districts (2011) 32 Number of Blocks (2011) 411 Population (2011) 7,21,38,958 Males 3,61,58,871 Females 3,59,80,087 Population Density (2011) 555 per sq. km Average size of agriculture land holding ( ) 0.89 hectare Sex Ratio ( Females per 1000 Males) (2011 Census) 996 Birth Rate Death rate Infant Mortality Rate Literacy Rate 2011 Census at a glance.html Implications for Environmental Management The massive outreach of the project emphasizes the need for (a) a robust, yet simple management system for environmental safeguards that can be implemented across 26districts, 120 blocks and 3994 villages. 17

18 2.2 Agriculture Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized and industrialized States in India and only 22 percent of its income comes from the agriculture and allied sectors and the share has shown a declining trend over the years. The sector, which grew at percent during declined to percent during due to the crop damages caused by natural calamities. However, till date 40 percent of the State population is dependent on this sector for livelihood. Hence the growth in agriculture is important not only to ensure food security, but also for reducing poverty. In addition to the frequent and recurrent hydro-meteorological events such as droughts, extreme rainfall events and cyclones impacting agriculture in the State, the growth of the sector is constrained by a number of other factors such as reduced availability of water and declining cropped area, which has declined from 33 percent of available land area in to 31 percent of total land area in Further, small land holdings, deterioration in soil health due to depletion of topsoil, decline in organic content, decrease in cropping intensity and shortage of labor besides reluctance to work in the farms, and poor adoption of crop management practices etc. are adding to the already existing pressures on agriculture. Fig 2.2 Trends of Net sown area and area under irrigation in to (Source: Statistical Handbook, Dept of Economics and Statistics, GoTN 2 )

19 Currently, land resources are clearly under stress. A balanced use of organic nutrients, chemical fertilizers, bio-fertilizers and other agro chemicals will ensure sustainability. Fig 2.3 Agro climatic Zones of TN Agro-climatic Zone Profile: Based on soil characteristics, rainfall distribution, irrigation pattern, cropping pattern and other ecological and social characteristics, the State Tamil Nadu has been classified into seven agro-climatic zones. The following are the seven agro-climatic zones of the State of Tamil Nadu. Implications for Environmental Management The agro-climatic diversity of the project area emphasizes the need for localespecific environmental management. North Western Zone Western Zone Cauvery Delta Zone Southern Zone High Rainfall Zone High Altitude and Hilly Zone Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Salem and Namakkal (Part) Erode, Coimbatore, Tirupur, Theni, Karur (Part), Namakkal (Part), Dindigul, Perambalur and Ariyalur (Part) Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur, Trichy and parts of - Karur, Ariyalur, Pudukkottai and Cuddalore Madurai, Sivagangai, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi Kanyakumari Table 2.2 Agro climatic Zones and Types of soil - District covered 3 Agro Climatic Zones Districts covered Soil types Annual Rainfall North Eastern Zone Kanchipuram, Tiruvallur, Cuddalore, Vellore, Villupuram and Tiruvannamalai Red sandy loam, clay loam, saline coastal mm alluvium Non-Calcareousred, non-calcareous brown, calcareous black Red loam, black Red loam, alluvium Red loam, alluvium Saline coastal alluvium, deep red loam 849 mm mm mm mm 1456mm The Nilgiris and Kodaikanal (Dindigul) Lateritic 1857 mm 3 Source: 19

20 Fig 2.4 Soil Fertility Maps Implications for Environmental Management Soil testing to identify the soil nutrient status (on the basis of which fertilizer inputs can be planned) is a critical service needed by farmers however, access to this is currently constrained by poor servicing by Government soil testing labs, low awareness on need for soil testing and poor skills in sample collection. CBOs can play an important role in facilitating soil testing by (a) liaison with soil testing labs for organizing systematic collection of samples, timely delivery of results and their interpretation, etc. (b) management of trained Green CPs who use soil testing kits to deliver basic soil testing services to farmers. There is a need to promote fertilizer scheduling based on soil testing and use of organic input. There is thus a need to promote non-chemical, integrated pest management in all districts. Thoothukudi, Sivagangai and Kanchipuram districts are low in nutrient phosphorous. Nutrient nitrogen is low in all TNRTP district except Salem, it is medium in Salem. Potassium level is high and medium in all project districts. 20

21 2.3. Current Trends in Agriculture In the last decade between and , the net sown area was at its peak in in Tamil Nadu, but due to the extreme drought in , the net sown area as well as the total production dipped significantly. Since then the net sown area has not recovered. However, with the increase in the area under assured irrigation from 54 percent of gross sown area in to 58 percent in , the production of cereals, pulses, oil seeds etc. are on the path of recovery, and productivity of majority of the crops are on the rise, except a nominal decline in the case of rice and pulses. Table 2.3 Productivity changes of major crops in the last one decade Crops National Average State Average Tamil Nadu (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Net change (%) Rice Cholum Cumbu Ragi Maize * Pulses Cotton Coffee Source: Directorate of Economics and statistics Source of Irrigation: Water is an important determinant factor of production of crops in agriculture sector. Intensive and extensive cultivation of land depend mainly on the availability of water. The various sources of irrigation are canals, tanks, tube wells, Open wells and springs. The following figure (Fig 2.5) shows the net area irrigated by various sources. Fig 2.5 Irrigation source of Tamil Nadu Canals Tanks Tube wells Open wells Others 0% 42% 26% 18% 14% The distribution of area under different crops in Tamil Nadu in and is shown in Figure 2.6. Paddy and sugar cane occupying around 57 percent and 9 percent of the gross sown area 21

22 in are the most water intensive crops. In fact, 90 percent of the rice in the State is irrigated. The rain-fed rice productivity and sugar productivity are impacted adversely by frequent and continuous failure in monsoon which has implications on the sustainability of their productivity. Fig 2.6 The distribution of area under different crops in Tamil Nadu % 8% 4% 17% 18% Sugarcane Ground nut Pulses Cotton Paddy 57% 9% 11% 19% 4% Sugarcane Ground nut Pulses Cotton Paddy Horticulture Since , with the impetus received from the National Horticulture Mission of the Government of India, the horticulture production in the State has grown dramatically. The varied agro climatic zones in Tamil Nadu are being appropriately harnessed for maximizing the production of horticultural crops. Between and , the vegetable and fruit production has grown by 14 percent. Spices and condiments have grown by 26 percent. Plantation crop production has grown by 45 percent and medicinal and aromatic plant production by 52 percent. The spectacular growth has taken place in flower production which has grown by 450 percent during this period. In fact, Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of flowers in the country 4.Technology breakthrough in horticultural crops has improved the quality and yield considerably besides, bringing higher income to the farmers leading to crop diversification. Though the area under horticultural crops is less than one fifth of total cropped area, its share to total agricultural growth has become significantly high. Table 2.4 below gives the actual area and production figure trends during Table 2.4 The Area and Production of horticultural crops during S. No Items National Production ( 000 Tonne) State ( 000 Tonne) % of state share to National Production 1 Fruits Vegetables Flowers & Aromatics Plantation crops Spices Source: Horticultural Statistics at a Glance

23 2.4. Current challenges for the Agriculture sector The major challenges of the agriculture sector in the State are related to the issue that 57 percent of the area falls under dry land agriculture (Box 2.1) and there is high dependency on rainfall for irrigation. Inadequate, untimely and polluted irrigation water source cripples production and productivity of crops. Low soil fertility, low level of farm mechanization due to small land holdings, monsoon vagaries and at present, the climate changes has compounded the problem further. With exhausted nutrients and microbes, depleted organic carbon status and humus levels, soil deterioration is unabated. Chemical invasive agriculture, development of sodic and alkaline soils, use of salty water drawn from deeper layers through bore wells adds to further complexities. Shrinking agricultural land mainly due to urbanization and industrialization accompanied by repeated monsoon failures resulting in droughts is a concern for meeting food demand in the State. Though the vision of the State is to move towards farm mechanization for maximizing production, the size of the farm holding continues to survive and currently it is 0.83 ha in Tamil Nadu (Vision Tamil Nadu 2023). The State over the years has become vulnerable to various natural disasters, which is a matter of serious concern to the planners. Agriculture is the predominant occupation in Tamil Nadu and is highly dependent on the endowment of natural resources and environmental conditions. Because of its geographical position under the climate variability situations, agriculture in Tamil Nadu is affected by frequent cyclones; droughts and flood occurrences. Further, the inter-annual variability in the Inter-State river flow affects surface water resources available for irrigated agriculture. Current estimates of Demand and Supply gap of important crops in Tamil Nadu for the year 2010 (estimated by the State Planning Commission) indicated that the State is lagging far behind in the production of various crops. As the production and productivity of crops mainly depend on the climatic conditions that prevail during the growing period, it is important to understand the changes that have happened in the climate and its related impact on agricultural production, and plan agriculture as per the anticipated changes to climate. 23

24 Box 2.1: Vulnerability of Dryland Agriculture in Tamil Nadu In Tamil Nadu, of the 5.75 million ha of cultivable area, around 3.3 million ha falls under dryland agriculture. Millet crops such as jowar, bajra, maize, ragi and other minor millets; Pulses such as blackgram, red gram, green gram, horse gram and cowpea; Oilseed crops such as groundnut, gingelly, sunflower and castor are best suited for these dry land as they are mostly grown under rainfed conditions. For example, maximum irrigated area is available for ground nut which is 38percent of the gross area. Rest of the crops has only irrigated areas ranging between 1percent to 12percent of gross sown area. As a result the yield gap between irrigated and rainfed conditions for these crops vary between 41percent in Maize to 100percent in Jowar. About 80 percent of the areas under these rainfed crops are grown during Kharif season, specifically during June-July months (South West monsoon period which has lower rainfall than the North East monsoon in Tamilnadu). But uncertainty in production due to fluctuations in total rainfall and changes in its distribution, decrease in relative productivity in rainfed lands affect the livelihoods of poor and marginal farmers. The following points would explain lower yield under dry land of Tamil Nadu: Less soil moisture due to poor precipitation -annual rainfall less than 500 mm; Uneven / erratic distribution of rainfall both in spatial and temporal means; Deterioration in soil health due to depletion of top soils; Decline in organic matter content; Death of suitable rainfed varieties; Low cropping intensity; Poor adoption of crop management practices; Adoption of generalized cropping system A special package for climate change adaptation should be developed for rainfed areas for minimizing risk. Steps towards this could include Integrated farming including crops, livestock, fisheries, poultry and agro forestry; Promotion of homestead gardens supported by nurseries; Promote farm ponds, legume trees and biogas plants; Farmers participation in selection of thermal and water stress resistant varieties; Soil test-based INM practices for improving soil health; Improving the seed production mechanism; Efficient use of water through micro irrigation; Rain water management; Introduction of Farm mechanization. 24

25 2.5. Animal Husbandry and Dairying The contribution of livestock sector in the year to the Gross State Domestic product at current prices was 2.58 percent and it constitutes percent the total agriculture and allied sector (Twelfth Five Year Plan Report of Tamil Nadu). The dairy sector in Tamil Nadu, is mostly in the hands of 2 million marginal and landless farmers. Fig 2.7 Trends in Livestock population Indigenous cattle (million) Jersey/ HF (million) Source: Statistical Abstract of Tamil Nadu, ; %20.pdf The livestock population in the State has shown a mixed trend since the census has been carried out in 1951 (Figure 2.7). There has been a substantial dip in cattle and buffalo population from 1982 onwards, and since 2003, it has again started increasing due to the various positive policy decisions on dairy development of the government. During the period from 1997 to 2007, the crossbreed population in Tamil Nadu has increased by percent. This is because of the sustained cross 25

26 breeding of poor milk producing indigenous cattle with Jersey / HF breeds. As a result, there has been a reduction in indigenous cattle population by percent during this period. Similarly, indigenous buffaloes have decreased by percent during the same period. Poultry rearing is also an important activity of the people in the State. Dramatic increase in poultry population has been observed from 1997 onwards as it has been taken up on commercial scale. Reasons like access to good quality chicks, good infrastructure, veterinary health care, access to finance and market, good management practices, proper pricing mechanism, etc. may be attributed to large scale growth in poultry in the State. Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore districts have large poultry rearing units. Table 2.5 Livestock and Poultry Population (As per 19th Livestock Census 2012) Livestock and Nos Poultry Cow Buffaloes Sheep Goat Poultry Table 2.6 Dairy Development (Nos) Union Dairies 17 Federation Dairies 4 Milk Chilling Plants 35 Number of Bulk Milk Cooler 274 Units (Source: Dairy Development Policy Note ; India Statistics ) Tamil Nadu is known for its native breeds like Kangeyam, Umbalachery, Burghur, Pulikulam, Alambadi and Toda buffalo. They account for 5.07 percent of the total bovine population of the State. The breeds are highly adapted to local agro-climatic conditions and low management practices. The typical characteristics of the breed include high resistance to diseases, tolerance to high temperature, high fertility, adapted to the tropical environment and possess unique ability to survive even with poor quality feed (Figure 2.8). The sheep and goat population have continuously decreased from 1951 onwards, may be due to shrinkage in grazing land, but has registered a surge as per the 2003 and 2007 census. The reasons for the positive trend in goat population may be connected with easier management practices and high remunerative prices for goat meat over other livestock products. In the total milk production in Tamil Nadu was 5.02 million, which increased to 6.83 million tonnes in Among milk producing cows, crossbreeds contribute to percent. As per available data, Tamil Nadu contributes percent of egg, 8.78 percent of meat and 5.61 percent of milk production in India and stands 2nd in egg and 5th in meat, 8th in milk production in the country (Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services - AHVS Policy note, 2012). 5 HUSBANDRY 26

27 Poultry rearing is also an important activity of the people in the State. Dramatic increase in poultry population has been observed from 1997 onwards as it has been taken up on commercial scale. Reasons like access to good quality chicks, good infrastructure, veterinary health care, access to finance and market, good management practices, and updated knowledge on par with global level, proper pricing mechanism, etc. may be attributed to large scale growth in poultry in the State, making it a front runner in the Indian poultry industry. Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore districts have large poultry rearing units. In Tamil Nadu, the most popular country breed is Aseel as quarrel hen. This species is grown for quarrel. Moreover, kirappukkoli, karunkalikkoli, kontaikkoli, kuruvukkoli species grown in the villages for meat and eggs. Such country chickens when reared under deep mulching or cage system through the integrated farming system, farmers will get more profit. The State is placed between eighth to ninth position in the country in overall milk production in the last 10 years. Cross breeds contribute percent of total milk production in the State. Milk procurement and distribution in the State is managed by 17 government cooperatives and also by private players. Services such as mechanization, appropriate selection of animal, provided for animal shelter, making available fodder and veterinary services, procurement of milk, training to farmers and financial tie ups with banks, insurance and use of advance technologies for value addition etc. have helped the sector to grow in the recent years. Fig 2.8 Some of the native cattle and sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu 27

28 Green Fodder Availability: Total availability of green fodder in the State was lakh tons, of which the largest amount was produced in Erode district ( lakh tons), followed by Namakkal, Villupuram, Salem, Thiruvannamalai, Karur, Cuddalore and Dindigul districts in that order (with 21.11, 17.97, 14.23, 13.35, 12.20, and lakh tons, respectively). These leading districts in green fodder production are located in north and western parts of the State, with all the districts in east and southern parts of the State faring poorly. The total green fodder required for the livestock in the State estimated based on them rule of 2.5% of dry matter per 100 kg was lakh tons. As requirement is based on the livestock population, Villupuram, Salem and Erode districts, owing to their huge livestock wealth, required 22.48, and lakh tons of green fodder, respectively. Vellore, Tirunelveli, Thiruvannamalai, Thanjavur and Kanchipuram districts needed larger amounts of green fodder due to their impressive livestock wealth. The availability ( lakh tons) and requirement ( lakh tons) of green fodder indicated that there was a surplus of green fodder by lakh tons in the State. Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands All grazing lands, whether they are permanent pastures or meadows are considered as Permanent pastures and other grazing lands. Village common and grazing lands within forested area are included under this category. An extent of ha or 0.8% of the geographical area of the state falls under this category. The extent under this category was the highest in Kanchipuram district with ha (16.6%) followed by Karur district with ha (9.8%). Table 2.7 Availability, requirement and surplus/deficit of green fodder in Tamil Nadu (2010) 6 Districts Green Fodder availability in lakh tons Livestock population in lakh ACUs Green fodder requirement in lakh tons Surplus/deficit of green fodder in tons per annum All livestock Per ACU Districts of severe deficit Thiruvarur Nagapattinam Kanchipuram Thiruvallur Thanjavur Kaniyakumari Districts of deficit Thiruchirapalli Ramanathapuram Pudukottai Sivagangai Perambalur Salem Green Fodder Availability in Tamil Nadu A District Wise Analysis. Indian Vet. J., October 2012, 89 (10):

29 Tirunelveli Vellore Districts of moderate deficit Krishnagiri Villupuram Dharmapuri Virudhunagar Madurai Coimbatore Districts of moderate sufficiency Thiruvannamalai Districts of sufficiency Thoothukudi Cuddalore Dindigul Districts of Surplus Namakkal Theni Karur The Nilgiris Districts of Extreme Surplus Erode State of sufficiency Tamilnadu Total availability of green fodder in the State was lakh tons, of which the largest amount was produced in Erode district ( lakh tons), followed by Namakkal, Villupuram, Salem, Thiruvannamalai, Karur, Cuddalore and Dindigul districts in that order. These leading districts in green fodder production are located in north and western parts of the State, with all the districts in east and southern parts of the State faring poorly. The total livestock population of the State was lakh ACUs, of which nearly three-fourth (71.72%) was cattle and 18.24% buffaloes, while sheep and goats were almost equal (5%). The total green fodder required for the livestock in the State estimated based on the rule of 2.5% of dry matter per 100 kg bw was lakh tons. As requirement is based on the livestock population, Villupuram, Salem and Erode districts, owing to their huge livestock wealth, required 22.48, and lakh tons of green fodder, respectively. Vellore, Tirunelveli, Thiruvannamalai, Thanjavur and Kancheepuram districts needed larger amounts of green fodder due to their impressive livestock wealth. The availability ( lakh tons) and requirement ( lakh tons) of green fodder indicated that there was a surplus of green fodder by lakh tons in the State. Implications for Environmental Management It is important that all livestock activities in the project is released as part of a package that also includes fodder cultivation and/or better fodder management practices both at the individual household as well as at the group/federation levels. It is also necessary for periodic monitoring of cumulative impacts to ensure that the growth in the livestock population does not happen without appropriate fodder management. 29

30 2.6 Fisheries Fishery resources of Tamil Nadu are categorized as Marine, Inland and Brackish water. Marine Fisheries Tamil Nadu has 1.9 lakh sq. km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and a continental shelf of 41,412 sq.km. The marine fisher population in Tamil Nadu is 9.24 lakh, living in 608 fishing villages in the 13 coastal districts. The inshore waters of 1,016 km length of the coast on the eastern side and 60 km length of the coast on the western side are overexploited, whereas the offshore and deep sea resources are yet to be exploited to its optimum levels. The marine fish production of the State presently is estimated as 4.32 lakh tonnes against the potential of 7 lakh tonnes. A glimpse of the Marine Fisheries sector is given in Table 2.8. Table 2.8 Marine Fisheries Statistics Coastal length 1,076 km Number of Coastal Districts 13 Number of Fishing Villages 608 Marine Fisher folk Population 9.24 lakh Fishing Crafts Registered (online): as on Mechanised Fishing boats 5,253 2.Traditional Crafts (motorised and nonmotorised) 30,436 (25, ,907) Marine Fish Production ( ) 4.32 lakh tonnes Fisheries Statistics of Tamil Nadu 7 Inland Fisheries Tamil Nadu is endowed with 3.83 lakh ha of effective water spread area in which 69% of the water spread comprises of long seasonal / short seasonal irrigation water resources. Tamil Nadu being a water starved State, has water in most of these water bodies for a short period of 4-5 months only. The inland fisher population is about 2.26 lakh. Inland fisheries has gained popularity and emerged as an important source of livelihood for fisher folk / fish farmers in Tamil Nadu. The inland fishery resources of our State comprises of reservoirs, major irrigation and long seasonal tanks, short seasonal tanks and ponds which are amenable to both capture and culture fisheries. About 5,000 ha of ponds and tanks are being utilised for fresh water aquaculture under the programmes of Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA). Table 2.9 provides an overview of inland fisheries sector. Table 2.9 An Overview of Inland Fisheries Sector Inland Fishery Resources extent Reservoirs (78 Nos*) Large irrigation and short seasonal tanks Brackish water spread area Population of Inland Fishers Inland Fish Production ( ) Fisheries Statistics of Tamil Nadu lakh ha. 62,015 ha. 2, 65,642 ha. 56,000 ha lakh 1.91 lakh tonnes

31 Brackish water Fisheries In Tamil Nadu, the total extent of brackish water spread is estimated as 56,000 ha which is used for capture fisheries. Apart from that, about 7,100 ha area is under coastal aquaculture production mainly comprising of shrimp. In Tamil Nadu, shrimp farming has grown considerably and has emerged as a major commercial enterprise owing to the introduction of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. During , shrimp culture was carried out in 2,753 farms, of which 1,667 farms have been registered under the Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) Act, Challenges: Frequent monsoon failures, cyclones are the natural hazards that pose major threats to the growth of the fishery industry as a whole. Relief measures may be provided or insurance schemes may be introduced. Highest interest rate compared to agriculture for bank loan. Inadequate infrastructure for seed production discourages the farmers in taking up inland fish culture. Lack of post-harvest facilities like cold storage Lack of regional soil, water, feed and disease diagnosis laboratories Forest Fig Forest cover The forest cover in the State is sq.km, which is percent of the total geographical area of the State (Forest Survey of India - FSI report 2013). The forests are spread along the Western Ghats and in Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu Figure 2.9. The State ranks 13 th among the Indian States and Union Territories with reference to the total recorded forest area. The trees outside forests constitute patches outside the recorded forest area and are exclusive of forest cover and are less than the 1 ha. The tree cover in Tamil Nadu is 4718 sq.km, which is 3.63 percent of the State s geographic area. Forest Produce Timber, teak poles, pulpwood, fuel wood, sandal wood, wattle bark and Babul are some of the major forest produce in the State. Between and , teak wood production has increased by 33 times while there has been a marginal increase in pulp wood. 31

32 Fuel wood production has decreased drastically. So has sandalwood production in the State. The Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) which includes, tamarind, cashew nuts, and other forest produce including fodder and honey are found in the State. Of the total wage employment in the forestry sector, NTFPs account for more than 70 percent amongst the tibals who live in the periphery of forests (Table 2.11) Table 2.10: Changing profile of forest produce in Tamil Nadu Products Unit Major Forest Produce Teak wood MT Pulp Wood MT Fuel Wood MT Sandalwood (heartwood) MT Sandalwood (sapwood) No Wattle Bark MT Babul MT Bamboo MT Other minor forest produce MT Cashew nut MT Tamarind MT Source: Wood Balance Study: TN -MSE ( ) Small- Scale Forestry Enterprises (SSFE) in Tamil Nadu SSFEs are an important player in the forestry sector. Farmers and communities are important producers though their contribution. Generally SSFEs are by nature location specific, which is determined on the basis of the availability of resource, labour and markets. For instance, most safety matches are manufactured in Tamil Nadu. The forestry enterprises in India, which produce a wide range of products; Sawmilling: The main uses of the sawn wood are construction, box wood, joinery, furniture and sleepers. Safety matches: Over two-thirds of India's matches are produced in just two districts - Ramanathapuram and Tirunelveli. The bulk of the wood comes from neighbouring Kerala, where there are over 400 small-scale units making veneers and splints for supply to the match industry. This ancillary industry employs over 15,000 people directly and indirectly and produces goods worth Rs. 150 million annually Wood-based panels: There are three major wood-based panel products that are manufactured in India - plywood, including veneers, blackboards and flush doors; fiberboard; and particle board. Wood working: Wood working is a traditional industry in India producing furniture, doors, windows, panels, sports goods, handicrafts, shoe lasts and heels, textile mill accessories (bobbins and shuttles), etc. Sports goods: The main raw materials used were willow, cane, mulberry, maple, ash and rosewood

33 Pencils: Earlier American Cedar wood was used for pencil manufacture, which has been replaced by indigenous species. Wood carving: The industry gets its raw material from the Forest Department as well as farmers. The main products made are boxes, figurines, idols, jewellery boxes, incense boxes and stick holders, candle stands, photo frames, coaster sets, letter racks, stationery holders, pipe stands, tobacco jars, tables, screens and carved furniture. Paper: Paper and paperboard production is an important forest-based industry in Tamil Nadu. Non-timber forest products: Tamil Nadu's forests yield a large number of diverse Non- Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Estimated annual production of some of the commercially important NTFPs MT Bamboo and rattan products: There are a number of SSFEs manufacturing bamboo and rattan based products. The main products manufactured from bamboo are handicraft items such as table mats, trays, lampshades and other household articles. Reed bamboo based traditional industries, such as mat and basket weaving, play a crucial role in the rural economy. Broom making: Broom making is an important forestry enterprise in several parts of the state. A large quantity of brooms is used in India annually and most are made from grasses (such as Thysanolaena maxima), palms (such as Phoenix acaulis) and bamboos. Essential oils: Oils originating from plants are used for perfumery and similar purposes. These are derived from grasses, wood, leaves, roots and flowers. There are a number of tree and plant species which yield oil but only a few are commercially exploited for extracting essential oils. These essential oils are major raw materials for soaps and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, confectionery, aerated water, attars, scented tobacco, agarbattis and incense industries. Resins: There are a number of resins derived from plants, pine resin and turpentine. Herbal medicines: The supply base of medicinal plants used for manufacture of traditional medicines is largely from the wild. Implications for Environmental Management Training on sustainable extraction of non-timber forest produce, community norms for rotational grazing and stall feeding, sustainable management of shifting cultivation etc., need to be part of this strategy Protected Areas Protected areas in Tamil Nadu cover 5465 sq.km, which is 23.9 percent of the State Forest area. The State ranks 14th among all the States and Union Territories of India in terms of protected areas. There are 12 wildlife sanctuaries, 1conservation reserve and 4 National Parks in the Project Districts. The spread of these is shown in Figure 2.9. Tamil Nadu is also a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR, Nilgiris district) existing within the State boundary. The biosphere lies Between N and N latitude and E to E longitude. It encompasses 5,520 sq.km and in the State of Tamil Nadu it covers an area of sq.km in Karnataka it is spread over sq.km and in Kerala it is sq.km. It forms an almost complete ring around the Nilgiri Plateau. The Altitude within the NBR varies from 250 m to 2670 m. The Reserve includes all the important forest types that are to be found in South India as well as some that are just peculiar to the belt are the Evergreen Forests, Semi Evergreen Forests, Moist Deciduous Forests, Shola forests, Dry 33

34 Deciduous forests, Dry Scrub Woodlands and Grasslands. There are four Protected Areas within the reserve and still larger tracts of forests that lie outside of these, known as Reserve Forests. Table 2.11 List of Protected areas in Tamil Nadu Sl. No Name of the Protected Area Year Area Sq. Km TNRTP Districts of Establ. 1 Gulf of Mannar Marine NP Ramanathapuram, Tuticorin 2 Indiragandhi (Anamalai) NP Coimbatore 3 Mudumalai NP Nilgiris 4 Mukurthi NP Nilgiris 5 Chitrangudi Birds WLS Ramanathapuram 6 Indiragandhi (Anamalai) WLS Coimbatore 7 Kalakad WLS Tirunelveli 8 Kanjirankulam Birds WLS Ramanathapuram 9 Karikili WLS Kanchipuram 10 Kilaselvanur- Melaselvanur WLS Ramanathapuram 11 Kuthankulam- Kadankulam WLS Tirunelveli 12 Muthumalai WLS Nilgiris 13 Mundanthurai WLS Tirunelveli 14 Point Calimere WLS Nagapattinam 15 Pulicat Lake WLS Tiruvellore 16 Sathyamangalam WLS Erode 17 SrivilliputhurGrizelled Squirrel Virudhunagar 18 Udhayamarthandapuram Lake Thiruvarur 19 Vaduvoor WLS Thiruvarur 20 Vellanadu (Black Buck) WLS Tuticorin 21 Vellode WLS Erode 22 Vettangudi WLS Sivagangai 23 Thiruppadaimarathur Con. Res Tirunelveli Source: Department of Forest, Tamil Nadu 10 National Parks (NPs); Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLSs); Community Reserves (Com.Res.); Conservation Reserves (Con.Res.)

35 2.7.4 Challenges in Forestry sector Degradation of habitats Due to the initial emphasis given to development related issues, the degradation of habitat occurred resulting to a number of projects coming up in forest lands. The number of migratory corridors also got affected, leading to fragmentation of the habitat especially, for the elephants that later on became the main reason behind human-wildlife conflict in Tamil Nadu. The other reasons include grazing, forest fires, invasion of exotic species, encroachments, quarrying and mining, destruction of the coral reefs and estuarine environments, over exploitation/ unscientific harvesting of Minor Forest Products etc. Encroachment of forest lands Encroachment in forest areas is mostly for cultivation purposes and for the construction of huts and houses. An extent of the ha forest area is under encroachment in the State as on Out of this, about 4327 ha is in Reserve Forest and remaining ha is Reserve Land notified under section (4) of Tamil Nadu Forest Act Threats to the sacred groves The threats vary from one region to the other and even from one grove to the other like disappearance of the traditional belief systems, which were fundamental to the concept of sacred groves, rapid urbanization and developmental interventions including commercial forestry, encroachments, invasion of exotic weeds such as Eupatorium, Lantana and Prosopis and increasing livestock grazing and fuel wood collection. Human-animal conflict 11 The problem of human-wildlife conflicts poses a very severe threat to wildlife conservation. In Tamil Nadu, most commonly involved wild animals in the human-wildlife conflicts, where the damage is caused to humans and their property, are elephants, tigers, leopards, wild boars, bisons, bonnet macaques and marsh crocodiles. Crop Wild life conflict is prevalent in some of the project areas in Vellore, Tiruvnnamalai, Villupuram and Coimbatore districts. Tribal farmers mostly cultivate subsistence food crops that are unfortunately also preferred by elephants and wild boar. Dwindling forests and decreasing availability of forage make these wild animals raid nearby fields. Illicit removal of fire wood, bamboo, minor forest produces (MFP), timber etc In 1977 fuel coupe workings were stopped in Tamil Nadu through a Government order. Further, harvests of green bamboo were also given up. This was the beginning of a new era in the State when conservation forestry took over production forestry. Yet, pressure on forests by way of over grazing, encroachment, illicit felling (mainly for fuel wood and small timber) have increased manifold necessitating strong protection measures (both preventive and detective) with people's co-operation. The 1988 National Forest Policy has laid great emphasis on maintenance of environmental stability through preservation, restoration of ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed by serious depletion of the forest. 11 Tamil Nadu State Action Plan for Climate Change,

36 Engagement of tribal communities in forest conservation The symbiotic relationship between the tribal people and forests has been dealt in detail under 1952 and 1988 Forest Policies. It is imperative to mention here that tribal people and forest dwellers residing in and around forest areas must be necessarily engaged in forest protection. Depleting Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) NTFP contributes to about 20 percent to 40 percent of the annual income of forest dwellers who are mostly disadvantaged and landless communities with a dominant population of tribals. It provides them critical subsistence during the lean seasons, particularly for primitive tribal groups such as hunter gatherers and the landless. Most of the NTFPs are collected and used/sold by women, and so has a strong linkage to women s financial empowerment in the forest-fringe areas. Depleting resource base is either because of diversion of forest land for non-forest use, or due to unsustainable harvesting practices that has been the major ecological challenge in the NTFP sector with growing and visible impacts of climate change on crop production. On the other hand, poor research& development focus, inadequate post-harvesting practices, insufficient funds & infrastructure, and unorganized nature of the trade have made it financially vulnerable particularly for the primary collectors whereas the differential and sometimes contradictory tax & transit regimes in the States have adversely affected not only the trade but even the production of NTFPs. Meeting fuel wood demand Trees Outside Forests (TOF) are estimated to contribute 41 percent of the total fuel wood supply. The industrial demand for timber, poles and pulp wood is primarily met from imports, captive plantations, plantations taken up by the forest department, and farm forestry plantation taken-up by farmers. There is no production of timber and poles from natural forest to meet the industrial demand. However the supply chain of fuel wood is fairly complex. The total demand for fuel wood under various scenarios is expected to vary between to million cu.m. by year 2013 according to the study. Household sector, which contributed 84.5 percent of the total fuel wood demand, continues to dominate with contribution ranging between 70 percent and 80 percent. Thus it is important address fuel wood supply through plantation outside forest etc. The Wood Balance Study for Tamil Nadu (2009) assessed the total demand for wood in Tamil Nadu for the year 2008 as 28.5 million cu.m of which fuel wood constituted 82 percent of the total demand. Households and industries demand accounts for 77 percent and 16 percent respectively of the total demand for wood (Table 2.12 and Table 2.13). Table 2.12 Overall supply of wood in Tamil Nadu, 2008 (million cu.m) Supply Source Fuel Wood Timber Total Forests 0.42 (1.8) 0.07 (1.3) 0.49 (1.7) TOF 9.55 (40.9) 2.37 (46.2) (41.8) Farm Forestry 0.89 (3.8) 1.13 (21.9) 2.02 (7.1) Imports (19.0) 0.97 (3.4) Other Sources (53.5) 0.59 (11.5) (45.9) Total (100) 5.13 (100) (100) Source: Wood Balance Study Tamil Nadu, MSE (2010) 36

37 Table 2.13 Overall demand for wood in Tamil Nadu by sector, 2008 (million cu.m) Sector Wood Demand Total Fuel Wood Timber Household (84.5) (44.6) (77.3) Industry 2.08 (8.9) (49.7) 4.63 (16.3) Services 1.54 (6.6) (5.7) 1.83 (6.4) Total (100) (100) (100) Source: Wood Balance Study Tamil Nadu, MSE (2010) 2.8. Water Resources Overview, Characteristics and Status Tamil Nadu constitutes 4 percent of India s land area and is inhabited by 6 percent of India s population, but has only 2.5 percent of India s water resources. More than 95 percent of the surface water and 80 percent of the ground water have already been put into use. Major uses of water include human/animal consumption, irrigation and industrial use. The demand for water in Tamil Nadu is increasing at a fast rate both due to increasing population and also due to larger per capita needs triggered by economic growth. The per capita availability of water resources however, is just 900 cubic meters when compared to the national average of 2,200 cubic meters. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the State using 75 percent of the State s water resources. Demands from other sectors such as domestic and industries have been growing significantly. Since the State is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe droughts. Fig 2.10 Surface Water Resources: There are 17 river basins in Tamil Nadu (Figure 2.10). Cauvery is the only major basin. Of the others, 13 basins are medium and 3 are minor river basins. At 75 percent dependability, the annual 37

38 surface water generated in the State is TMC (19,619 MCM). The State depends on neighbouring States for considerable quantum of flows, which is about TMC (7411 MCM) annually. Thus, the total surface water potential of the State at 75 percent dependability is TMC (27,030 MCM). Ground water The annual ground water potential of the State is 22,943 MCM and the net annual ground water availability is 20,649 MCM, as assessed during Out of 120 Project Blocks, 37 blocks are Over exploited; 15 Critical; 27 Semi critical; 36 are classified as safe (Annexure 3). Further Nagapattinam and Thalainaiyar blocks in Nagapattinam district, Muthupet block in Thiruvarur district are classified as saline blocks. Thiruvadanai and Thirubhuvanam blocks in Ramanathapuram district are classified as poor quality blocks. Fig 2.11 Status of TNRTP blocks based on Groundwater 4% 30% 23% 31% 12% Over exploited Semi critical Critical Safe Saline & Poor Demand- Supply Gap The total water potential of the State including cross border contribution from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala is TMC (47,680 MCM). This also includes ground water potential of about 20,649 MCM. The sectoral demand for water in 2011 was 49,773 MCM, which is about 2000 MCM more than the potential availability. The demand is projected to increase to 48,766 MCM and 55,919 MCM in 2020 and 2045 respectively. The gap between supply and demand by 2020 is expected to be 5,211 MCM (11 percent) and it is likely to go up to 17 percent by 2050, if there is no intervention. Therefore all possible measures have to be taken to reduce the gap. Over-exploitation of Ground Water As per the available data, up to 80 percent of the total ground water available is being used. This has led to the decline in ground water table in most of the blocks. According to the estimates for 2009, out of blocks, (Chennai District) are over exploited, 33 are critical, 67 are semi-critical and in 11 blocks the quality is bad. Implications for Environmental Management In blocks that have been classified as over-exploited, Project support for irrigation tubewells must not be made available. In blocks that have been classified as critical and semi-critical, support may be provided on integration of required mitigation measures into the CBO s business plans. Project can build the capacity of CPs in facilitating community based groundwater management. 38

39 Decreasing southwest monsoon and increasing northeast monsoon The north east monsoon rainfall has increased from 34 percent to 63 percent and the south west rainfall has decreased from 48 percent to 24 percent, in a span of 10 years between to respectively. Implications for Environmental Management The concentration of rainfall during the North-East monsoon emphasizes the need for promoting rainwater harvesting. Floods Tamil Nadu generally receives copious rains during the Northeast monsoon. The heavy downpour in a short duration results in severe flood causing great risk of damage to life and property of the people and to the States assets like irrigation infrastructure, roads, etc. Every year coastal districts such as Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Thiruvarur are the most vulnerable to floods. Urban flooding is another significant problem in Tamil Nadu. Droughts Major part of Tamil Nadu falls under semi-arid tropical zone with erratic rainfall. To minimize the adverse effects of drought on the production of crops, productivity of land, water and human resources, Drought Prone Areas Programme is being implemented in some districts of Tamil Nadu from and presently in 80 notified blocks of 17 districts identified by Government of India as drought prone areas. Table 2.14 Drought Prone TNRTP Blocks S. No District Block 1 Coimbatore Annur 1 2 Tiruppur Avinashi 2 Tiruppur 3 Krishnagiri Bargur 1 4 Dindigul Kodaikanal 2 Attur 5 Namakkal Puduchatram 1 6 Perambalur Alathur 1 7 Ariyalur Andimadam 4 Ariyalur Jayakomdam Sendurai 8 Pudukkottai Pudukkottai 2 Thiruvarankulam 9 Ramanathapuram Tiruppullani 2 Mandapam 10 Salem Mecheri 1 11 Sivagangai Kalayarkoil 2 Devakottai 39

40 S. No District Block 12 Tiruchirappalli Thuraiyur 1 13 Thoothukudi Thoothukkudi 2 Sathankulam 14 Virudhunagar Virudhunagar 3 Sivakasi Kariapatti Total 25 Implications for Environmental Management The drought prone areas of TNRTP district need interventions focused on drought adaptation that can be promoted as part of the ESMF participatory varietal selection of crop varieties resistant to water shortages for a prolonged period, land management (e.g. contour bunding), fodder management, etc. Low Water Use Efficiency The overall efficiency in surface irrigation like canals and tanks is only 40 percent whereas in well irrigation it is 70 percent. Researchers opine that this level of overall efficiency can be increased to 50 to 60 percent in surface irrigation and to 85 percent in well irrigation. If the overall efficiency were increased in phases from 40 percent to 50 percent and 60 percent, this would annually save about 3,000 MCM for every 10 percent increase in efficiency. (District wise fact sheet is given as Annexure 4 (Sourced from national portal and recent data from state government portal) 2.9 Industrial Profile Traditionally, Tamil Nadu has been in the vanguard of industrialization among the Indian States. The State has had a strong presence in textiles, engineering, automobile production and auto components manufacture and recently in Information and Bio Technology sectors. Definition of MSME The classification of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is defined under the MSMED Act The enterprises are classified in Manufacturing and Service enterprises, based on the investment in plant and machinery (excluding land and building) the classification of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is given below; Table 2.15 MSME Registration criteria Manufacturing Investment Level Service Investment Level Enterprises Enterprises Micro Upto Rs.25 Lakh Micro Upto Rs.10 Lakh Small Above Rs.25 Lakh to Small Above Rs.10 Lakh Medium Upto Rs.5 Crore Above Rs.5 Crore to Upto Rs.10 Crore Medium and Upto Rs.2 Crore Above Rs.2 Crore and Upto Rs.5 Crore Tamil Nadu is a leader in Auto parts and components, Readymade Garments and Leather and leather goods. 40

41 Table 2.16 Classification of MSMEs in Tamil Nadu ( ) - TNRTP districts Code No. Classification of MSMEs Highest no of corresponding units concentrated by the District 15 Food products 6079 Erode 16 Beverages, Tobacco Products 628 Erode 17 Cotton Textiles, Wool, Silk, Synthetic, Fibre Salem Textiles, Silk products 18 Hosiery & Readymade Garment products Coimbatore 20 Wood & Wood Products 5674 Virudhunagar Annexure 5 gives a list of identified potential industrial possibilities, District-wise in the State of Tamil Nadu which was obtained through District Industries Centre (DIC), Industry Associations and field survey etc Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) for the District of Tamil Nadu The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) is a composite index constructed to reflect the key environmental resource endowment and management dimensions in a quantitative and comparable manner. In the current exercise, it is meant to capture the major environmental concerns, consequent impacts and efforts/scope towards improving environmental outcomes across Districts of Tamil Nadu 12. The District-level ESI for Tamil Nadu, being a baseline initiative, provides a quantitative profiling of key environmental dimensions to supplement the ongoing process of decentralized planning for improved and sustainable resource management. The composite ESI results are depicted in Fig 2.12 & Fig 2.13, with Districts being colour-coded across the five categories of sustainability. The relative analysis shows that coastal Districts such as Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Ramanathapuram and Thoothukkudi are relatively better performing, subsequently classified as Most Sustainable and Highly Sustainable. The hilly western Districts of The Nilgiris and Theni, also come under the Most Sustainable category. However, other interior Districts of like Krishnagiri, Karur, Thiruppur, Vellore and Virudhunagar are relatively low ranking, falling under the Least Sustainable category. Viluppuram, Thiruvannamalai, Thirunelveli and Pudukkottai fares as a Less Sustainable. Other industrialized Districts like Coimbatore, Kancheepuram, as well as Namakkal, Dindigul, Salem and Thiruchirappalli are Moderately Sustainable. 12 The Environmental Sustainability Index has earlier been constructed for a comparison of Indian States (Dash et al. 2012) 41

42 Fig 2.12 ESI for the districts of Tamil Nadu Through its DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) framework, the Study classifies indicators of development and environmental performance as Driving Force, Pressure on Ecosystem, State of Environment, Impact on Health and Ecosystem and Response. Table 2.17 ESI for the TNRTP Districts 13 S. No ESI Districts 1 Least sustainable Karur; Krishnagiri; Tiruppur; Vellore; Virudhunagar 2 Less sustainable Pudukkottai; Tirunelveli; Tiruvannamalai; Villupuram 3 Moderately sustainable Coimbatore; Dindigul; Kancheepuram; Namakkal; Salem; Trichy 4 Highly sustainable Erode; Madurai; Ramnathapuram; Sivagangai; Tiruvallur Tiruvarur; Thoothukudi 5 Most sustainable Cuddalore; Nagapattinam; Theni; Nilgiris Project may have special attention for Least and Less sustainable districts while preparing the investment plans. State of Environment and Pressure on Environment components are most considerable factors. 13 Source: Environmental Sustainability Index for the Districts of Tamil Nadu A Baseline for IFMR LEAD 42

43 Fig 2.13 Comparison of districts across DPSIR components 43

44 Chapter 3 Legal and Regulatory Framework for ESMF The objective of the Project is to increase access to value- added activities and job opportunities in the targeted households that would help the producer groups and entrepreneurs to increase their household incomes and attain quality life. It is important that the Enterprises (Individual and Group), Value chains and Producer Collectives are in tune with the laws and regulations of the country and the state. Compliance rather than being restrictive provides an opportunity to align the investments with sound and sustainable management of resources. This section presents a brief listing of the various Acts, Rules and Regulations of the Government of India, the state Government as well as the safe guard policies of the World Bank. On the basis of the alignment of the proposed TNRTP interventions with respect to these laws and regulations, a Regulatory Requirements List has been developed and enclosed as an Annexure 6. 44

45 Table 3.1 Legal and Regulatory Framework applicable for TNRTP S. No Act, Policy or Government Order 1 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and EIA Notification, 2006 Amended: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Amended: 1993 and No.16 of 2003, (17/1/2003) The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 Key provisions Relevance to TNRTP Emission or discharge of pollutants beyond the specified standards is Applicable. not permissible. (Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required for specified categories of industry. To provide for the protection and improvement of the environment. It empowers the Central Government to establish authorities {under section 3(3)} charged with the mandate of preventing environmental pollution in all its forms and to tackle specific environmental problems that are peculiar to different parts of the country. Destruction, exploitation or removal of any wild life including forest produce from a sanctuary of the destruction or diversification of habitat of any wild animal, or the diversion, stoppage or enhancement of the flow of water into or outside the sanctuary is prohibited without a permit granted by the Chief Wildlife Warden. TNRTP will promote setting up of enterprises and food processing units where necessary permissions are to be taken as applicable. Applicable to NTFP based enterprises 3 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 The Act provides for protection to listed species of flora and fauna and establishes a network of ecologically-important Protected Areas (PAs), given in Annexure 7. The Act is an interface between conservation and development. Permits judicious and regulated use of forest land for non-forestry purposes. Applicable. The TNRTP is unlikely to involve diversion of forest land for non forest purposes. However, while supporting activities related to establishment of storage structures, processing centers or procurement centers, 45

46 4 Forest Rights Act Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, Insecticides Act, 1968 Amendment: Insecticides (Amendment) Act, 1977 (24 of 1977) 6 The Fertilizer (Control) Order, 1985 The Act seeks to recognize and vest certain forest rights in the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers such as collection of minor forest produce, access to grazing grounds and water bodies, traditional areas of use by nomadic or pastoral communities. The Central Government can provide for diversion of the forest for infrastructural facilities managed by Government which involve felling of trees not more than 75 per ha such as schools, hospitals, fair price shops, drinking water, irrigation, water harvesting structures, non conventional sources of energy, roads, vocational and skill training centers, community centers etc. To regulate the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals, and for matters connected therewith. A license is required for the sale, stock or exhibition of sale or distribution of any insecticide. The use of certain insecticides are prohibited or restricted under this Act. Registration is required for selling fertilizer at any place as wholesale dealer or retail dealer 7 The Seed Act, 1966 Selling, bartering or otherwise supplying any seed of any notified kind or variety, requires that; a) Such seed is identifiable as to its kind or variety; it will be done in accordance with Forest Rights Act. Applicable. Activities like common infrastructure facilities are likely to happen under TNRTP as part of Value chain interventions. Applicable. Producer Groups under TNRTP may involve in activities like procurement, stocking and sale of insecticides as all the crop productivity enhancement is planned through non chemical methods. Applicable where collective procurement and distribution happens through Producer Groups. Applicable in cases where mass procurement and 46

47 8 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Amended: 1987, 1992 and Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 b) Such seed conforms to the minimum limits of germination and purity specified c) The container of such seed bears in the prescribed manner, the mark or label containing the correct particulars. To provide for regulating the quality of certain seeds for sale, and for related matter To provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution 14 Prescribes standards Parameters Standards Concentration not exceeding ( in mg/nm 3 ) Particulate Matter 150 Total Fluoride 25 Asbestos 4 Fibers / cc and dust should not more than 2 mg/mm3 Mercury 0.2 Chlorine 15 Hydrochloric acid 35 vapor and mist Sulphuric acid mist 50 Carbon monoxide 1% max Lead 10 mg/ Nm3 To regulate and control noise producing and generating sources with the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise. The noise levels in any area/zone shall not exceed the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise as specified in the Schedule. Area Code Category of Limits in db(a) Leq * Area/Zone Day Time 15 Night Time 16 (A) Industrial area (B) Commercial area distribution of seed is done through Producer Groups. Applicable. TNRTP will involve in setting up of processing mills and food processing units which may require to follow some of the prescribed standards (particulate matter, carbon monoxide) as per the Act. Applicable. Activities under TNRTP such as mills and processing units and construction activities shall take into consideration all aspects of noise pollution to avoid noise menace Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to p.m. 16 Night time shall mean from p.m. to 6.00 a.m. 47

48 (C) Residential area (D) Silence Zone Scheduled Tribes and other The Act recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes Traditional Forest Dwellers and other traditional forest dweller over the forest areas inhabited by (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 them, and provides a framework for recording the same. The Act can be summarized as: Title rights - i.e. ownership - to land that is being framed by tribals or forest dwellers as on December 13, 2005, subject to a maximum of 4 hectares; ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family as on that date, meaning that no new lands are granted; Use rights - to minor forest produce (also including ownership), to grazing areas, to pastoralist routes, etc.; Relief and development rights - to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection; Forest management rights - to protect forests and wildlife. 11 Indian Forest Act, 1927 To consolidate the law relating to forests, the transit of forestproduce and the duty leviable on timber and other forest-produce. Acts prohibited in such forests. Any person who (a) makes any fresh clearing; (b) sets fire to a reserved forest; (c) kindles, keeps or carries any fire except at such seasons as the Forest-officer may notify in this behalf; (d) trespasses or pastures cattle, or permits cattle to trespass; (e) causes any damage by negligence in felling any tree or cutting or dragging any timber; (f) fells, girdles, lops, or bums any tree or strips off the bark or leaves from, or otherwise damages, the same; (g) quarries stone, bums lime or charcoal, or collects, subjects to any manufacturing process, or removes, any forest-produce; (h) clears or breaks up any land for cultivation or any other purpose. 12 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 To provide for the prevention and control of water pollution, and for the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water in the Applicable to NTFP related enterprises Applicable to NTFP Transit. Applicable activities to under 17 Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 48

49 Amended: Under the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air {Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Classification of industries for Consent management [Red, Orange & Green Categories] 14 The Biological Diversity Act, The National Green Tribunal Act, Fruit Product Order (FPO) country. No person shall knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined in accordance with such standards in to stream or well or sewer or on land. No person shall cause or permit to enter into any stream any other matter which may tend, either directly or in combination with similar matters, to impede the proper flow of the water of the stream in a manner leading or likely to lead to a substantial aggravation of pollution. Consent is required for setting up and operation of differentcategories of industries from State Pollution Control Board Annexure 8. Category wise list placed in Annexure 9. To provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. To regulate access to biological resources of the country with equitable share in benefits arising out of the use of biological resources. To conserve and sustainably use biological diversity. To respect and protect knowledge of local communities and traditional knowledge related to biodiversity. The National Green Tribunal Act 2010 provides for establishment of National Green Tribunal- a special fast-track court for speedy disposal of environment-related civil cases. Industrial operations and processes shall be carried out as per the safeguards under Environment Protection Act Compensation and relief for any damage to people (death or injury), property and environment. Fruit Products Order -1955, is promulgated under Section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act , with an objective to manufacture fruit & vegetable products maintaining sanitary and hygienic conditions in the premises and quality standards laid down in the TNRTP where water from small scale industries/enterprises and food processing units release wastes that have pollutants that are likely to enter into water bodies. Applicable to TNRTP in cases where mills, processing units and small scale enterprises will be set up. Applicable to TNRTP where collection of minor forest produce and processing is involved. Applicable in areas where damage to property, environment happens due to development activities. Applicable to any fruit based processing units will be planned under TNRTP. 49

50 17 The Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standard and Food Additives) Regulations Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, (PFA) Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937 (Act No. 1 of 1937) (as amended up to 1986) 20 The Bureau of Indian Standards Act Order. It is mandatory for all manufacturers of fruit and vegetable products including some non fruit products like non fruit vinegar, syrup and sweetened aerated water to obtain a license under this Order. Following minimum requirements are laid down in the Fruit Product Order for hygienic production and quality standards: Location and surroundings of the factory. Sanitary and hygienic conditions of premises. Personnel hygiene. Portability of water. Machinery and Equipment with installed capacity. Quality control facility and Technical staff. Product Standards. Limits for preservatives and other additives. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 as a statutory body for laying down science based standards for articles of food and regulating manufacturing, processing, distribution, sale and import of food so as to ensure safe and wholesome food for human consumption. Food colours, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units is enclosed as Annexure 10 Broadly, the PFA Act covers food standards, general procedures for sampling, analysis of food, powers of authorized officers, nature of penalties and other parameters related to food. It deals with parameters relating to food additives, preservative, colouring matters, packing and labelling of foods, prohibition and regulations of sales etc. To Provide for the grading and marketing of agricultural and other produce. An Act to provide for the establishment of a Bureau for the harmonious development of the activities of the standardisation, marking and quality certification of goods and for matters connected Applicable to food manufacture and processing units supported under TNRTP. Applicable to food manufacture and processing units under TNRTP. Applicable to agricultural produce marketing under TNRTP. Applicable to agricultural produce marketing under 50

51 21 Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989/2000 thereto. The bill establishes BIS as a national standard body for development of standardization and assessment and quality assurance of goods, articles, services, processes and systems. It broaden the ambit of BIS and empower Union Government to make it mandatory to carry the standard mark for certain notified goods, articles, processes, etc. The Bill extends the ambit of BIS to include services, products and processes while ensuring production of world class goods. It is mandatory under the provisions of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 framed under section 6, 8 and 25 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for any person handling hazardous wastes, as categorized in the Schedule-I & II to obtain authorization of the State Pollution Control Board for collection, reception, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of such wastes. These rules address management and handling of municipal solid wastes (Collection, Segregation, Storage, Transportation Processing and Disposal). The proposed activities may require handling of specified substances wherein plans/ measures for safe handling and emergency preparedness shall be prepared for safe operation. Any municipal solid waste generated in a city or a town, shall be managed and handled in accordance with the compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in Schedule-I. TNRTP. Applicable to small scale enterprises under TNRTP which may involve handling of Wastes from Dyes and Dye intermediate containing organic chemical compounds (50 kgs per year), waste oils and oil emulsions (100 kgs per year) phenols (5 kgs per year), acid alkaline slurry (200 kgs per year). The list of banned dyes is attached as Annexure 9. Applicable for enterprises disposing wastes 51

52 23 Plastics Wastes Rules, 1999 Manufacture, sale and use of recycled and coloured plastic carry bags less than 20 microns in thickness in the state is banned and levying penalties for violation under Environment Protection Act, Plastic Sale and Usage The Plastics Manufacture, Sale And Usage Rules, 1999; Main Features of the Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules, Slaughter House The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960/ The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Establishment and Regulation of Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) Rules, 2001 The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001 The central government has banned use and collection of plastics less than 40 micron thickness. The government of Tamilnadu has already announced its plan to ban plastics less than 60 microns thickness. No vendor shall use carry bags or containers made of recycled plastics for storing, carrying, dispensing, or packaging of foodstuffs. Dos: A slaughter house wherein 10 or more than 10 animals are slaughtered per day and is duly licensed or recognised under a Central, State or Provincial Act Don ts: No person shall slaughter any animal within a municipal area except in a slaughter house recognised or licensed by the concerned authority empowered under the law for the time being in force to do so. No animal which (i) is pregnant, or (ii) has an offspring less than three months old, or (iii)is under the age of three months or (iv) has not been certified by a veterinary doctor that it is in a fit condition to be slaughtered. Every animal after it has been subjected to veterinary inspection shall be passed on to a lairage for resting for 24 hours before slaughter. No animal shall be slaughtered in a slaughter house in sight of other animals No animal shall be administered any chemical, drug or hormone before slaughter except drug for its treatment for any specific disease or ailment. The blood could not be splashed on other animals being slaughtered or on the carcass being skinned. Applicable to petty shops where use of plastic bags is possible during sale of provisions etc. Applicable of enterprises using plastic for package Applicable to meat enterprises (Goat mutton; Poultry chicken) 52

53 26 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977/Amended The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, amended Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011, and Island Protection Zone Notification 2011 No owner or occupier of a slaughter house shall engage a person for slaughtering animals unless he possesses a valid license or authorisation issued by the municipal or other local authority. No person who has not attained the age of 18 years shall be employed in any manner in a slaughter house. No person who is suffering from any communicable or infectious disease shall be permitted to slaughter an animal. This Act provides for levy and collection of a cess by local authorities on water consumed by persons or industries to augment resources for Pollution Control Boards. The main objective of the Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 is to provide for damages to victims of an accident which occurs as a result of handling any hazardous substance. The Act applies to all owners associated with the production or handling of any hazardous chemicals (Annexure 12) As per the notification CRZ 2011, The Government of India declares The coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action up to 500 meters from the High Tide Line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the HTL as Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ). And imposes restrictions on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations or processes, etc., in the CRZ. The coastal stretch within 500 meters of HTL on the landward side are classified into Category I ( CRZ -1), Category II ( CRZ -II), Category III ( CRZ III), Category IV ( CRZ IV) Regulating the activities under each category by the concern authorities at the state/ union territories : In the area between 200mts-500mts zone the drawl of groundwater shall be permitted only when done manually through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries and where no other source of water is available. Applicable for enterprise involving use of water Applicable for enterprises that may use hazardous substances like dyes. Applicable to coastal areas where TNRTP interventions might happen. 53

54 Category 1 (CRZ -1): Ecologically sensitive area. Following activities are permitted with necessary measures. Salt harvesting by solar evaporation of sea water Desalination plants Category 2 Category II (CRZ -II): The areas that have been developed upto or close to the shoreline. Desalination plants and associated facilities; Storage of non-hazardous cargo, such as edible oil, fertilizers and food grain in notified ports Category 3 Category II ( CRZ -III): the area unto 200 meters from the HTL ( No development Zone) Agriculture, Horticulture, gardens, pastures, parks, play fields, salt manufacture from sea water Facilities required for local fishing communities such as fish drying yards, auction halls, net mending yards, traditional boat building yards, ice plant, ice crushing units, fish curing facilities. 29 Water (P&CP) Cess Act, 1977 Monthly returns (cess) on water consumption for domestic purpose, (as Amended In 2003) industrial cooling and spraying in mines or boiler feeds and waste water generation etc., to be furnished. " Processing whereby water gets polluted and the pollutants are a) easily biodegradable ; or b) non toxic; or c) both non toxic and easily bio degradable - Ten paise per kilolitre 30 Labour Act, 1988 The health and safety of workers employed in construction work etc. This act provides; a. for securing the health and strength of employees, men and women; b. that the tender age of children are not abused; c. that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength; d. just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief are provided. Applicable to the processing units Applicable. This act will ensure the provision of health and safety measure to workers working enterprises 31 National Policy of Safety, The policy is focused on improving safety, health and environment at Applicable to 54

55 Health and Environment at Work Place, Minimum wages Act, 1948 This act ensures minimum wages that must be paid to skilled and unskilled labours 34 Child labour (prohibition and regulation) Act 1986; 2015 This act prohibits the engagement of children below 14 and 15 years in certain types of occupations and regulates the condition of work of children in other occupations. 35 The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, The Protection of Civil Rights (PCR) Act, 1955, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 2015 and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules The 73 rd constitutional amendment the workplace. One of the purpose of this policy is to eliminate the incidence of work related injuries, diseases, fatalities etc. The employer shall pay to every employee engaged in scheduled employment under him wages at the rate not less than minimum wages fixed by such notification for that class of employee without any deductions except authorized. No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A of the schedule, processes set forth in Part B of the schedule which includes building and construction industry. This act outlawed all forms of forced labour and begar (free labour or work without wages), freed all bonded labour from all such forms of exploitation and rendered all such forms of bonded indebtedness null and void. to abolish untouchability and prevent atrocities against Adi Dravidar and Tribal people The 73 rd constitutional amendment empowers gram sabhas / panchayats at the village level to take necessary steps for management of areas under them, including the protection of environment and sustainable utilization of the natural resources. enterprises Applicable for hiring employees for enterprises. Applicable. There is a risk of hiring child laborers in enterprises. Applicable for hiring employees for enterprises Applicable TNRTP where value chain and Human development related interventions happen in tribal areas located near forests Applicable

56 STATE REGULATIONS TAMIL NADU S. NO Law or Regulation Implications for TNRTP Remarks 38 Tamil Nadu Panchayats It mandatory to provide rain water harvesting structure in all Applicable (Second Amendment) buildings. Ordinance, 2003 Quarrying, sand mining 39 Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1959 Dos: A quarrying permit needs to be taken from the District Collector. Quarrying for domestic or agricultural purposes is allowed from river beds, unreserved lands including porambokes provided if the place is in the same revenue village or adjoining revenue village Any individual person or any registered society as defined in the Tamil Nadu Cooperative Societies Act, 1983 engaged in the making of pots or bricks is allowed to quarry if permitted by the Panchayat Union Council if such purpose is certified by the Extension Officer (Industries) A registered holder may quarry free of charge any minor mineral on a small scale for his own use for a specific domestic or agricultural purpose, provided that he has no intention of continuing quarrying operations indefinitely and provided further that the land is not in any way rendered less fit for cultivation than before. Quarrying can be done only for an optimum depth specified so that the land shall be restored to a state fit for cultivation. Quarrying shall be carried out without affecting the interest of the adjoining land owners. A safety distance of 10 m from the village road, cart track and stream courses shall be left and maintained, and also a safety distance of 50 m from the highways and railway lines should be left and maintained. Don ts: Quarrying for minor minerals should not exceed 2,000 cubic feet from any land other than forest land All kinds of quarrying, removal of turf from reserved forest Applicable to the activities like pottery 56

57 Water and air pollution 40 Environment and forests department G.o. ms. No: 213 dated the 30th March, Use of ground water 41 Tamil Nadu Ground Water (Development and Management) Act 2003 land is prohibited except in accordance with the Tamil Nadu Forests Act, 1882 Quarrying or removal of sand is prohibited from rivers to which the Madras Rivers Conservancy Act, 1884 has been extended Don ts: No industry causing serious water pollution should be permitted within one kilometer from the embankments of rivers, streams, dams etc. The details of highly polluting Industries are Distilleries; Tanneries, Sago, Sugar, Dairies and Glue and Textile Dyeing Units. And the details of the rivers in Tamil Nadu are attached as Annexure 13. Dos: Every user of Groundwater in notified area (Notified Area" means the area declared under section 9 Annexure 3) has to obtain the certificate of registration from Authority All the wells sunk in the State on or after the date of commencement (18 th January 2003) of Tamil Nadu Ground Water (Development and Management) Act 2003 (including notified and non notified areas) have to be registered with the Authority. A distance of 250 meters should be maintained between any two bore wells dug for the purpose of agriculture in over exploited and critical blocks (Annexure 3) Don ts: Sinking of wells without permit from authority in notified area is prohibited. Transportation of Groundwater from notified area without permit from Authority is prohibited. Carrying on the business of sinking well in notified area without license from Authority is prohibited. Electrical energy from TNEB will not be supplied for Applicable to activities emerge near natural water bodies Applicable in Agriculture or any enterprises involving with new borewells. 57

58 energizing wells sunk in contravention of the provisions of this Act. Forest 42 Tamil Nadu Forest Act, 1882 Don ts: Penalties for trespass or damage in reserved forests and acts prohibited in such forests: Making any fresh clearing prohibited Setting fire to a reserved forest, or kindling, or leaves burning, any fire in such manner as to endanger the same Trespasses or pastures cattle, or permits cattle to trespass; Felling, girdling, marking, lopping, toping, uprooting or burning any tree, or stripping off the bark or leaves from, or otherwise damages, the same Quarrying stone, burning of lime or charcoal, or collecting, subject to any manufacturing process, or removing any forest produce; Clearing, cultivating or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose In contravention of any rules made by the Government hunting, shooting, fishing, poisoning water or setting traps or snares Damage, alter or remove any wall, ditch, embankment, fence hedge or railing Minor Forest Produces are permitted to be collected from 43 Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules 1968 Forest areas (excluding wildlife sanctuaries). No person shall move timber into or from, or within the State by land, water or air unless such timber is accompanied by a permit. However, The following species are exempted from the purview of Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules and permit to transport them is not required: o Small wood for fuel and bamboos in head loads or smaller quantities o Firewood purchased from depots or markets for domestic consumption with invoice given by depot Applicable Applicable to enterprises involving purchase of fuel wood. 58

59 keepers o Prosopis juliflora- (Tamil Name-Seemaiparambai, Seemai Kuruvai, Velikaruvai, Trade Name-The mesquite) o Casuarina equisetifolia Tamil Nadu Savukku Trade Name Casuarina. o Subabul (Tamil Nadu Sanvuobel; trade name Subabul, Botanical name Leucaena leucocephala) o Eucalyptus hybrid - (Tamil Nadu Nilgiris tree; trade name-nilgiris tree, Botanical name-eucalyptus teriticornis) o Palmyra- (Tamil Nadu-Panai, Trade name-palmyra; Botanical name Borassus flabellifer) o Poovarasu (Tamil Nade-Poovarasu; trade name Poritia, Botanical name-thespesia populnea) o Dadops (Tamil Name-Kalyanamurungai; trade name- Coral tree; Botanical name Erythrina indica) Any person can transport timber outside the State duly obtaining the permit under Timber Transit Rules. No person shall have in his possession any quantity of sandalwood in excess of five kilograms, unless under a license granted by the District Forest Officer or affixed by a Forest Officer No trade shall be carried out on teak, black wood, ebony and sandalwood and ivory and teeth of elephants, unless they have been duly obtained from the Government The trees teak, black wood, ebony and sandalwood shall not be felled by any person (even if they are in his own land) without the written permission of the Chief Conservator of Forests No person shall move timber into or from or within the State by land, water or air unless such timber without permit from Tamil Nadu Forest Department. No person shall possess a quantity of any scheduled timber, 59

60 44 Tamil Nadu Hill Areas (Preservation of Trees), 1955 Tamil Nadu Hill Areas (Preservation of Trees), Rules 1957 more than 0.50 cubic meters unless the scheduled timber bears distinguishable Government mark or property mark affixed under the Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules o Scheduled Timber: Blackwood; Red sanders; Rosewood; Sandalwood; Teakwood; Silver oak Do s: The permission is required from the Hill Area Committee to cut a tree on the ground that it has silviculturally matured. (A tree shall be considered to have silvi-culturally matured- (a) when it is 0.61 metre in girth at a height of 1.37 metres (i.e, breast height), if it is a blue-gum or wattle tree; and (b) when it is 1.83 metres in girth at a height of 1.37 metres (i.e., breast height) if it is any other tree, except sandal which can be extracted only if the sandal tree is found dead) The felled area shall be regenerated with an equal number of trees of the same species or those of other suitable species, if the regeneration is proposed to be done artificially If the regeneration is proposed to be done naturally from coppice:- The trees shall be felled at a height not exceeding six inches from ground; the bark being left in tact on the stump The felled area shall be devoted only for raising a tree crop and it shall be adequately protected against fire, grazing and trampling by cattle Don ts: No person shall without the previous permission in writing of the committee: o Cut, or uproot or burn any tree o Fell or remove any tree which o Cut or remove any tree for the improvement of coffee crop in any coffee plantation except for pruning as required by agricultural or horticultural practices. Each hill area committee for the purpose of this Act consisting of the following member, namely: the District Collector having jurisdiction as Chairman of the Applicable to Hill areas like Nilgiris 60

61 45 Brick manufacturing Notification, dated 14 /9/1999 issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules, Tamil Nadu Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Tamil Nadu Air (Prevention of Control of Pollution) Rules 1983 Committee the District Forest Officer having jurisdiction over the hill area; the Tahsildar having jurisdiction over the hill area; the Executive Engineer of the Agriculture Department in charge of soil conservation having jurisdiction over the hill area No person shall use any land with a slope of more than one in three for cultivation or any purpose other than the growing of trees Dos: It is mandatory for the brick kilns to use fly ash in brick making if located within 50 km radial distance from any coal based thermal power plant Every brick manufacturing unit needs to apply to the District Collector for quarrying brick earth These rules seek to control pollution of water and enhance the quality of water. Under these rules, it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharge of effluents and pay consent fees to Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board (TNSPCB) for any projects causing water pollution within the jurisdiction of the TNSPCB operations. These rules address the prevention and control of air pollution. Under these rules it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharging emissions and pay consent fees to TNPCB for any projects causing air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES OF THE WORLD BANK 48 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. Applicable to enterprises involving purchase of fuel wood. Applicable to enterprises releasing effluents. Applicable to enterprises releasing emissions. Applicable to all Income generation activities under TNRTP 61

62 49 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) The Bank does not support projects that, in the Bank s opinion, involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats. 50 Pest Management (OP 4.09) In Bank-financed agriculture operations, pest populations are normally controlled through integrated pest management approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II (Annexure 14), if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly. 51 Forests (OP 4.36) The Bank distinguishes investment projects that are exclusively environmentally protective (e.g., management of protected areas or reforestation of degraded watersheds) or supportive of small farmers (e.g., farm and community forestry) from all other forestry operations. Projects in this limited group may be appraised on the basis of their own social, economic, and environmental merits. The Bank finances plantations only on non forested areas (including previously planted areas) or on heavily degraded forestland. Applicable. Applicable TNRTP where value chain and Human Development activities happen in tribal areas, wetlands, water bodies, grazing lands etc.. Applicable. TNRTP will not finance pesticide procurement, but there is possibility of pesticide use by farmers as part of productivity enhancement efforts. The commonly used pesticides in India and their status as per WHO classification list are attached as Annexure 14. Applicable. Applicable TNRTP where value chain and Human development related interventions happen in tribal areas located near forests. 62

63 Chapter 4 Identification of Key Risks and Mitigation Measures Environmental Assessment identified the key environmental issues that are likely to come up in TNRTP - value chains (production segment) and enterprises. ESMF (Volume II) suggests the mitigation measures to arrest reduce or mitigate the risks. 4.1 Environmental Issues in Agriculture Value Chains The most common issues are identified and generic guidelines are provided for agriculture value chains and 2 examples are given paddy and pepper. Based on the commodities identified during District Diagnostic studies the issues and guidelines are to be identified at later stage. However Pest Management Plan (presented in Volume II) has discussed the package of practices for all potential commodities. Table 4.1: Agriculture Commodity Value Chains: Environmental/ Social issues in Interventions for Productivity enhancement, Storage, Processing etc. S. Interventions Environmental Impacts No 1 Productivity enhancement Use if high yielding varieities, hybrids may impact local diversity Excess use of ground water for intensive cropping depleting the ground water resource. Increased use of pesticides in more quantities than desired leading to runoff into water bodies and polluting them and polluting environment, negative effects on health etc. Soil degradation due to fertilizer use in more quantities (without soil testing) and high uptake of nutrients due to high responding varieties. Lack of information on weather updates may lead to untimely operations leading to crop loss due to unexpected dry spells or rains. 2 Drying Storage of grains and products like turmeric, red gram etc. needs drying to attain prescribed moisture level to avoid pest and disease infestation which may call for chemical use for management. Drying on open grounds may contaminate the produce with dirt, microbes etc. which will reduce the quality of produce will have an impact on health. 3 Storage Storage facilities when not properly ventilated will attract pest and moisture which will spoil the produce. And pest infestation may lead to pesticide use which may leave harmful residues on produce. Storage pest infestation is a common problem during storage. Stored product pest control involves use of fumigants which leave residues on food products and are harmful for health. Chemicals stored along with food commodities may 63

64 contaminate the Produce or give off flavors. Organic produce stored along with non organic produce may lead to adulteration. 4 Milling Noise pollution to the workers and in the neighborhood due to milling. Fine dust during milling will lead to health issues like allergy, asthma in long run. 5 Processing and value addition Processing and value addition may require high amount of energy and water depleting local fuel and water resources and increasing emissions due to energy use. Accidents and health hazards are possible during processing involving machinery. Unhygienic environment or practices at processing will contaminate the food products. 6 Transport Organic produce may get contaminated when transported along with other non food commodities like fertilizers, pesticides etc. 7 Waste Disposal of wastes openly after milling or waste (water, seed disposal coats, peels, etc.) after processing may create unhygienic environment due to decomposition. 8 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues There is a risk of hiring child labour 9 Possibility of using child labour 10 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 11 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries 12 Including disabled beneficiaries Table 4.2 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in the Paddy value chain: S. Activity in the Possible issues No value chain Interventions for Productivity Enhancement 1 Varietal selection Varieties not suitable to local environmental conditions may not respond well and increase cost of pest and disease management. 2 Method of cultivation (withrespect to irrigation and water use) Long periods of flooding rice fields results in Methane emission which is green house gas playing key role in global warming. Flood irrigation increases the use of precious water resources and in ground water irrigated areas it also increases the energy consumption for pumping ground water. This leads to over exploitation of ground water. Application of urea under flood conditions leads to Nitrous oxide emissions. 3 Cropping pattern Continuous mono cropping of paddy may lead to depletion of similar kind of nutrients from the soil which 64

65 4 Managing soil fertility 5 Weed management in turn would lead to decreased productivity in long term. In irrigated areas of Tamil Nadu rice is grown in Rice- Rice rotation which is very detrimental to the soil health. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers without knowing the nutrient status of the soil can be detrimental for soil health. This also increases cost of cultivation. Besides the chemical fertilizers leave residues in the soil which leads to salinity and alkalinity of the soil which in turn affects the soil structure. Application of weedicides causes damage to Fish, impeded propagation of Algae and other non targeted organisms. This will also lead to chemical residues in soil and water. 6 Pest control Use of chemical pesticides cause damage to aquatic bio diversity in rice fields and surrounding water bodies and leaves chemical residues. 7 Storage Fumigation of storage godowns and storage spaces with Methyl bromide and phosphine in order to control store product pests may cause damage to human health. 8 Transportation Contamination is possible during package and transport. 9 Milling Water used for soaking the paddy, especially for parboiled rice production, if not properly treated could result in water pollution and odour nuisance to local community. Air pollution both on site and in the surrounding locality due to release of dust to the atmosphere from handling or processing of the paddy or its by-products is a major environmental concern for rice mills. 10 Energy usage Different operations in paddy processing require considerable energy for parboiling, mechanical drying and milling. 11 Waste management Disposal of solid wastes, particularly unused rice husk occupies space and creates inconvenience. Effluent produced during cleaning of equipment will pose a problem to surrounding environment. 12 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers. 13 Possibility of using There is a risk of hiring child labour child labour 14 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 15 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries 16 Including disabled beneficiaries 65

66 Table 4.3 Potential environmental/ social issues in whole pepper and powdered pepper S. No Component Possible Issue 1 Pepper nursery / plantation Non availability of steady cultivation and of pepper / cultivation nursery plants. 2 Pepper cultivation and Absence of Good cultivation practices can worsen harvest the plant yield and lead to losses 3 Machinery and powdering Poor Health and safety conditions that leads premises contamination and affect the safety of workers. 4 Grading and Storing Improper storing and grading will affect the Pepper market value additions. It may cause damage to product and be a hindrance to create premium products. 5 Worker safety Dust accumulation in working space may lead to 6 Shelf life and market cost enhancement by value addition measures. allergic infections. Lack of training and skilling for value addition of raw pepper and introduce appropriate machinery to make premium products. Non availability of information about pepper market prices; fluctuations and demand which will help SHGs to customize their production; suitable value addition and fetch better prices for their effort. 7 Institutional support Lack of Institutional support in capacity building; market linkages can help SHGs to produce and market their pepper products better. 8 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers. 9 Possibility of using child There is a risk of hiring child labour labour 10 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 11 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries 12 Including disabled beneficiaries 4.2 Environmental Issues in Livestock Value Chains Dairy: TNRTP targets to produce of milk through best livestock management practices. The interventions will include induction of high yielding animals, capacity building, and fodder requirements etc. Table 4.4 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in the Dairy value chain: S. No Component Possible Issue 1 Breed selection Selection of breeds that cannot adapt to the local climatic conditions will lead to loss of cattle or results in low 66

67 productivity and health issues. 2 Open grazing Even though open grazing is a traditional practice and recommended for better health conditions of the animals, over grazing will lead to loss of pasture lands due to reduced regeneration capacity as a result of continuous grazing. The local biodiversity is also affected and soil becomes susceptible to erosion as the green cover is removed. This will also increase the strain on the animal to walk longer distances in search of fodder affecting the productivity. 3 Fodder cultivation 4 Chemical Fertilization Tackling the fodder scarcity 5 Stall feeding with unchopped green fodder 6 Shed spacing, sanitation and waste management 7 Interventions for improving milk yield Exclusive dependence of fodder varieties like CO4 will not supply all vital nutrients to the cattle, besides it depletes soil nutrients and water resources as the water requirement for such crops is high. Over use of chemical fertilizers or use of pesticides will lead to biomagnifications and affect the quality of milk. Fodder scarcity in dry seasons or drought periods will create stress on available vegetation like trees and insufficient fodder affects animal health. Stall feeding with unchopped green fodder will lead to wastage of fodder and feeding efficiency of animal is decreased. Congested and unclean sheds (without proper facilities for draining the urine etc, lack ventilation etc.) will lead to outbreak and spread of diseases. Open disposal of the shed leanings - fodder wastage, manure, urine etc. will create unhygienic environment in the surroundings. Injecting hormonal substances like oxytocin under misconception that it increases milk yield will have negative impact on animal health and will make the animal go dry early. 8 Milking Unhygienic milking practices -milking without washing hands Not addressing any injuries or disease of the animal will contaminate the milk 9 Open disposal of carcasses The dead bodies of calves, or small ruminants that are dead due to epidemics will further spread the infection when disposed openly. 10 Cleaning and The chemical and acids used in cleaning the unit pollute the soil maintenance of and water when discharged without being treated equipment in Bulk milk cooling units 11 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues 12 Possibility of There is a risk of hiring child labour or sending children for using child labour grazing. 13 Fair and equal Possibility of discrimination in the wages wages 67

68 14 Women Participation 15 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of women workers Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries Table 4.5 Goat Rearing: Potential Environmental/ Social Issues S. No Component Possible Issue 1 Breed selection Selection of breeds that are not suitable to the local climatic conditions 2 Disease management Diseases and infections can create loss of productivity and damage to the whole goat stock. 3 Shed spacing Congested and unclean sheds (without proper facilities for draining the urine etc, lack ventilation etc.) will lead to outbreak and spread of diseases. 4 Grazing Open grazing increases the strain on the animal to walk longer distances in search of fodder affecting the productivity. Continuous grazing leads to loss of pasture land. 5 Insurance and Financial Lack of insurance can lead to major loss during times services of emergency and group assets 5 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues 6 Possibility of using child There is a risk of hiring child labour labour 7 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 8 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers 9 Including disabled Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries beneficiaries Table 4.6 Slaughter House: Potential Environmental/ Social Issues S. No Component Possible Issue 1 License and permissions Waste water discharge, waste disposal and carcass disposal may not be adhred according to guidance without licence. 2 License of Butchers Butchers without liscence may contain contagious diseases and corntain health problem which will further cause infections. 3 Site location Slaughter houses near to residential and public places can create public nuisance and compromise public health safety issues. 4 Stamping of animals for butchering Meat from animals witout stampling and without examinatiuon may spread diseases. 68

69 5 Meat sales Meat from slaughter houses cannot be directly sold to customers. 6 Waste management and Improper disposal of wastes from slaughter houses health control in slaughter will lead to health issues due to animal disease. house; maintenance of machinery and premises. 7 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers. 8 Possibility of using child There is a risk of hiring child labour labour 9 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 10 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers 11 Including disabled Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries beneficiaries 4.3 Environmental and Social Issues in Enterprises: This part discusses the potential environmental issues and environment friendly alternatives (environment guidelines) of Farm Products and Non Farm Products. The farm and non farm products that TNRTP enterprises may deal with are presented below: Table 4.7 List of Farm and Non Farm Enterprises Farm based enterprises Non Farm enterprises Pickle Garment Stitching Rice Mill Granite Quarry Coconut Oil Other handicrafts Sweet Pottery Milk Products Welding Snacks & Bakery Petty shop Papads Textiles Fruit Jams Construction Turmeric Powder Storage Powders(Onion, Curry leaves, drumstick) Retailing Minor Millet products Coir Products Bamboo products Banana Fiber products 69

70 Environment/Social Issues in Processing and value addition of Farm products Table 4.8 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in farm based food product preparation S. No Activity in the value chain or steps in the Possible issues process 1 Registration, licenses and permissions 2 Storage of raw materials and finished products. Manufacturing and selling of chemical products without registration and license is illegal. Food processing units also need licenses along with small scale industries. Improper storage of raw materials i.e. in moist, unclean conditions leads to spoilage or contamination of the products and chemical raw materials poses health risks to the people around. Few materials lead to explosions and fire hazards when not stored in required manner. 3 Manufacture Manufacture without following prescribed standards under health and hygiene affects the quality of produce. 4 Use of additives, Use of non permitted additives and preservatives is illegal preservatives and pose health risks to the workers and consumers 5 Energy use Energy is required for heating, boiling, grinding, extraction, drying etc. 6 Use of water Water is required for cleaning, washing, boiling etc. 7 Maintenance and upkeep of machinery Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to contamination and improper functioning. Possibility of accidents during handling machinery. 8 Waste disposal Open disposal of decomposable wastes leads to contamination of surroundings though decomposition, attracting insects, leaving chemical residues etc. 9 Facilities at processing Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of and manufacturing workers. centers. 10 Adoption of Lack of awareness may lead to non adoption of the environment guidelines guidelines 11 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers. 12 Possibility of using child There is a risk of hiring child labour labour 13 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 14 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries 15 Including disabled beneficiaries 70

71 Manufacture of Food products Food products: Masala products and Pickles, Papads, Snacks and Bakery, Sweet and milk products etc. Table 4.9 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in food product preparation S. No Activity in the value chain or steps in the process Possible issues 1 Registration and licenses Manufacturing and selling of food products need license depending on the scale of activity. 2 Drying the raw materials, Drying on unclean floor will contaminate the products produce by inducing microbial growth. 3 Use of machinery Use of unclean machinery for grinding raw (for grinding masala and materials may contaminate food. ingredients for pickle) 4 Use of cook stoves (in bakery and snacks, sweet and milk products) Use of LPG or fuel wood will lead to degradation of the resource and increase the fuel costs 5 Use of preservatives, colour and Use of synthetic agents may have adverse flavor agents effects. 6 Handling and packing Handling the food products with bare hands or unwashed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack. 7 Packing and labeling Edible products beyond the shelf life may lead to illness when consumed. 8 Storage Storage in improper conditions like moist, dusty floor, walls etc. will spoil the produce due to mold infestation. 9 Facilities at processing centre Poor facilities will have impact on worker s health 10 Waste management Open disposal of waste from food processing unit will give bad odour and create unhygienic environment due to decomposition. 11 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers. 12 Possibility of using child labour There is a risk of hiring child labour 13 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 14 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers 15 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries 71

72 Oil Extraction Products: Coconut oil and ground nut oil Table 4.10 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in oil extraction: S. Component Possible issues No 1 Use of machine for grinding Machinery handling should be clean and proper. 2 Handling and packing Handling the raw material and oil with bare hands or unwashed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack. Contamination of rawmaterial may lead to fungal growth and aflatoxins 3 Extraction method Manual extraction is time-consuming, dirty, arduous and fuel-intensive. 4 Facilities at processing centre Poor facilities will have impact on worker s health. 5 By product utilization The oil cake obtained as a by-product will find a ready market as a cattle feed and in the manufacture of mixed cattle feeds 6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers. 7 Possibility of using child labour There is a risk of hiring child labour 8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 9 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers 10 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of diabled beneficiaries Forest based enterprises Products: Hill brooms, tamarind, honey, are dealt under forest based enterprises. Table 4.11 Potential Environmental/ social issues in forest based enterprises S. No Activity in the value chain or steps in the process Possible issues 1 Permissions for Forest based Issues regarding use of forest land, ownership rights, enterprises regulations from forest departments. 2 Harvesting of NTFP NTFP are scarce resources and unsustainable harvesting lead to loss of biodiversity. 3 Method of Collection of Raw material. Destructive methods of collection such as cutting the branches, uprooting the plants, etc. damages the resource. Unscientific methods of collection may affect the quality of product there by leading to less revenue and thus over exploitation. 4 Processing of forest produce Improper drying (drying on bare earth) and storage may contaminate the produce. Processing using machinery for grinding, mixing, boiling etc. may lead to injuries. Energy use in boiling, drying etc. will required fuel wood. 72

73 5 Issuing NTFP cards Unsustainable extraction of NFFPs 6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers. 7 Possibility of using child labour There is a risk of hiring child labour 8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 9 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers 10 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries Environment Issues in Non Farm Products Table 4.12 Potential Environmental/ social issues in nonfarm based enterprises S. Activity in the value Possible issues No chain or steps in the process 1 Registration, licenses and permissions Manufacturing and selling of chemical products without registration and license is illegal. 2 Raw material Poor quality raw material lead to burning of hands, breathing (Chemical) 3 Storage of raw materials and finished products problems etc. during preparation and end use of the product. Improper storage of raw materials leads to spoilage or contamination of products. 4 Processing and manufacture Manufacture without following prescribed standards affects the health of workers. 5 Energy use Energy is required by machinery for heating, running mixing, packing, etc. and will have impact through GHG emissions. 6 Use of water Water is required for cleaning, washing, boiling etc. As the requirement is in large quantities this will have impact on local water resources. 7 Maintenance and Possibility of accidents during handling machinery. upkeep of machinery 8 Waste disposal Open disposal of chemical wastes or cleaned water leads to contamination of surroundings and water bodies. 9 Facilities at processing Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers. and manufacturing centers 10 Packaging Use of packaging material which is not compostable further causes the soil pollution. 11 Adoption of Lack of awareness may lead to non adoption of the guidelines environment guidelines 12 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers. 73

74 13 Possibility of using There is a risk of hiring child labour child labour 14 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 15 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers 16 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries Environment Issues in Garment Stitching Table 4.13 Potential Environmental/social issues in Garment Stitching process S. No Activity in the value chain or steps in the Possible issues process 1 Registration, licenses and permissions 2 Storage of raw materials and finished stitched products. Risk reduction workers and machinery 3 Production and worker health / working space. Manufacturing and selling of garments / stitched garments which involve engagement of child labour; children at risk street children; youth; exploitation of women. Improper storage of raw materials i.e. in moist, humid unclean, unventilated conditions leads to spoilage of the garment / raw materials. Poses health risks to the workers. Garment materials especially polyster materials are at risk of fire hazards when not stored / handled in required manner. Non-insurance of worker lives and unit / machinery may trigger sever financial stress during emergency scenarios. Hence insurance required. Machinery used in the production process must be kept clean and maintained periodically. Electrical wiring should be done properly in a risk proof manner. Seating arrangements and working conditions should be such that there is no noise pollution and comfortable / appropriate seating arrangements. 4 Energy use Energy is required for running the machines; ironing; heating, ventilation-fan. 5 Waste disposal Rags and cut cloth pieces during garment stitching may be collected and re-used / sold. 6 Adoption of Lack of awareness may lead to non adoption of the environment guidelines guidelines. and skilling. Lack of skilling may lead to lower productivity and access to sales of products. Institutional capacity Lack of certification / institutional capacity building may building certification restrict access to benefits of e-accounting; e-salary; up gradation certification and premium payments; lower branding; and access to markets. 7 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health 74

75 issues. Lack of proper facilities at work place (drinking water, toilet etc.) may cause inconvenience to workers. 8 Possibility of using There is a risk of hiring child labour child labour 9 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 10 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers 11 Including disabled Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries beneficiaries Artisans and Handicrafts Table 4.14 Potential Environmental/ Social issues in Handlooms, handicrafts, basket making, paper plates and paper S.No Activity in the value chain or Possible issues steps in the process 1 Work space Poor facilities will have impact on worker s health. 2 Use of machinery and tools Use of machines and tools may lead to injuries at times. 3 Energy use Use of electricity in stitching, paper cup and plate manufacturing units is associated with carbon emission. 4 Use of dyes (handicrafts, handlooms) Handling chemical dyes leads to skin and respiratory related problems. 5 Waste disposal Open disposal of waste like cloth rags from handicraft will create unpleasant sight. 6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues 7 Possibility of using child labour There is a risk of hiring child labour 8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 9 Women Participation Exclusion of women workers 10 Including disabled beneficiaries Exclusion of disabled beneficiaries. Granite Quarry and Cutting Enterprises: Table 4.15 Potential Environmental/ Social Issues in Granite Quarry S. No Component Possible Issue 1 License and Establishment of Granite Quarry without licence may increase the permissions environmental issues and social acceptance. 2 Environmental Environmental non clearance may increases the the negative Clearance Certificate impacts of the Granite operation activities. Operation without 3 Regulations and safeguards. Safe handling of granite tailings; waste. 4 Waste Management in Granite operations Environmental Clearance is an offence. Improper handling may increase the risk of negative impact to environment and human health from Granite processing operations. Improper handling may increase the risk of negative impact to environment and human health from Granite processing 75

76 by products operations. 5 Mitigation measures Unauthorized usage of waste tailings for prevention of unauthorized usage of waste tailings 6 Workers safety Lack of proper facilities to workers may result in health issues 7 Possibility of using There is a risk of hiring child labour child labour 8 Fair and equal wages Possibility of discrimination in the wages 9 Women Participation Exclusions of women workers 10 Including disabled Exclusions of disabled beneficiaries beneficiaries Interventions/ steps in value chains and enterprises were given for the three major sectors which are likely to come up with TNRTP viz., Agriculture commodity value chain; Livestock value chain and Enterprises (Farm and Non Farm sector). Potential environmental and social issues were mentioned which will guide the project teams in identifying the issues. Volume II (Environmental and Social Management Framework) covers the Mitigation measures. This will help the Enterprises CPs and Block Team to do the Enviornmental Appraisal. While the most common issues are covered, there could be site specific issues etc which need to be identified during appraisal. Recommendecd mitigation measures will be implemented in the field after appraisal and will be monitored by Enterprises CPs. 76

77 Annexure 1 List of Tamil Nadu Sustainable Rural Transformation Project (TNRTP) Blocks S.No District Phase (TNSRLM) Name of the Block No.of.Blocks 1 Coimbatore II I 2 Cuddalore II I 3 Dindigul II 4 Erode II 5 Kanchipuram II 6 Karur II Karamadai S.S.Kulam 4 Annur P.N.Palayam Annagramam Banrotti Komaratchi 6 Parangipettai Buvanagiri Kurinjipadi Athoor Oddanchatram Kodaikanal Batlakundu 7 Palani Vedasandur Guziliamparai Thalavadi Bhavanisagar Sathyamangalam 5 Bhavani Chennimalai Thiruporur St.Thomas Mount Thirukalukundram 5 Walajabad Kanchipuram Kulithalai 2 Karur 7 Krishnagiri II Bargur Kaveripattinam Krishnagiri 3 77

78 S.No District Phase (TNSRLM) Name of the Block No.of.Blocks 8 Madurai II I 9 Nagapattinam II 10 Namakkal II 11 Pudukkottai II I 12 Ramnathapuram II 13 Salem II 14 Sivagangai II 15 Theni II Madurai east Melur 4 Kottampatti Thirupparankundram Sirkali Sembanarkovil 4 Nagapattinam Thalainayar Pallipalayam Puduchatram 4 Mohanur Tiruchengode Aranthangi Pudukkottai 4 Thiruvarankulam Viralimalai Thiruvadanai Thirupulani 4 Mandapam RS Mangalam Omalur Mecheri Sankari Panamarathupatti 7 Tharamangalam Attur Veerapandi Devakkottai Manamathurai 3 Kalayarkovil Periyakulam 2 Uthamapalayam 16 Tirunelveli II Keelapavoor Kadayam Valliyoor 6 78

79 S.No District Phase (TNSRLM) Name of the Block No.of.Blocks 17 Tiruppur II 18 Tiruvallur II I 19 Tiruvannamalai II I 20 Tiruvarur II 21 Thoothukudi II 22 Trichy II Radhapuram Palayankottai Naguneri Thiruppur Pongalur Kundadam 5 Avinashi Udumalpet Sholavaram Minjur Kummidipoondi 4 Kadambathur Kalsapakkam Thurinjapuram Vanthavasi 6 Kilpennathur Thellar Chetpet Needamangalam 4 Valangaiman Mannarkudi Muthupettai Sathankulam Alwarthirunagari 4 Thoothukudi Karunkulam Andanallur Manikandam 5 Mosoori Manaparrai Thuraiyur 23 Vellore I II Nemlli Kaveeripakkam K.V.Kuppam Sholingur 6 79

80 S.No District Phase (TNSRLM) Name of the Block No.of.Blocks I 24 Villupuram II 25 Virudhunagar II 26 Nilgiris NRLP Arcot Walajah Mugaiyur Kanai TV Nallur Koliyanur Sankarapuram Vikrapandi Rishivandiam Vallam Sivakasi Rajapalayam Virudhunagar Kariapatti Gudalur Kothagiri Coonoor Ooty Total

81 Annexure 2 List of activities field visited Field Visits S. District Activities visited Key observations No 1 Coimbatore Sanitary napkin (low cost eco friendly sanitary pads, NTFP collection, Coir making 2 Salem Organic Agriculture, Rice Mill, Coconut oil making 3 Namakkal Coffee Processing Pepper processing Coconut Production 4 Kanchipuram Garments making, Textiles, Handicrafts 5 Vellore Dairy, Bulk milk cooling unit, Cattle feed mixing 6 Thoothukudi Goat rearing, Slaughter house Institutions interacted Department of Environment (DoE), Climate Change Cell of DoE, Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR), Institute of Energy Studies of Anna University, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture, Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, Forestry Sanitary napkin-making machine to produce quality products at a lower cost to the consumer. Interested in taking training in sustainable collection of NTFPs. Safety measures (face masks) are not being used in coir making unit. Organic fertilizers and pesticides are used for the production. Good quality paddy is selected, soaked, boiled and milling is done and improved the appearance by polishing. Willing to procure the extraction machines with funding support Coffee and Pepper production by rain fed agriculture. Interested in value addition with training. Burying coconut husks for moisture conservation. Interested in products such as coconut water, oil and oil cake. Mainly involved in stitching children dress and women wear as job works. Involved in granite carving and clay based handicrafts. The problem of fodder availability and water scarcity should be addressed in TNRTP. The dung is sold to the farmers. Poor farmers sell the cowdung waste to the agriculture land. Uses fodder chopping machines. Interested to take up milk based products preparation with adequate training. Green and dry fodder availability during summer is the major problem. Expressed need of fodder storage room, and more no of goats. Components discussed Environmental Impacts Legal Requirements Mitigation Measures 81

82 Annexure 3 Categorization of blocks based on the assessment of dynamic groundwater resources (PWD dt ) OVER- EXPLOITED CRITICAL SEMI CRITICAL SAFE OTHERS [Between 90 and (Poor Quality / 100%] [ 70 and 90%] [ Less than 70%] Saline) [Greater than 100%] COIMBATORE DISTRICT (4 Blocks ) 1) Annur 1) Karamadai 2) P.N. Palayam 3) Sarkarsamakulam CUDDALORE DISTRICT (6 Blocks ) DINDIGUL DISTRICT (7 BLOCKS ) 1) Annagramam 1)Kumaratchi 2) Panruti 2)Kurinjipadi 3) Buvanagiri 4) Parangipettai 1) Attur 6) Palani 7) Kodaikanal 2) Vattalagundu 3) Guziliamparai 4) Oddanchattiram 5) Vedasandur ERODE DISTRICT (5 BLOCKS ) 1) Bhavanisagar 1) Bhavani 1) Chennimalai 2) Satyamangalam 3) Thalavadi KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT (5 BLOCKS ) 1)Thirukalukundram 2) Wallajabad 5) Kancheepuram 3) St.Thomas Mount 4) Thiruporur KARUR DISTRICT (2 BLOCKS ) KRISHNAGIRI DISTRICT (3 BLOCKS ) 1)Bargur 2) Krishnagiri MADURAI DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) 1) Karur 2) Kulithalai 1) Kaveripattinam 1) Thiruparankundram 1) Kottampatti 2) Madurai (East) 3) Melur 82

83 NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) 1) Sembanarkoil 1) Sirkazhi 1) Nagapattinam (Saline) 2) Thalainaiyar (Saline) NAMAKKAL DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) 1)Puduchatram 1) Mohanur 2)Pallipalayam 3) Tiruchengodu THE NILGIRIS DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) 1)Coonoor 2)Gudalur 3)Kotagiri 4)Udhagamandal am (Ooty) PUDUKOTTAI DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) 1) Thiruvarankulam 1) Aranthangi 2) Viralimalai 2) Pudukkottai RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) SALEM DISTRICT (7 BLOCKS ) 1) Attur 1) Mecheri 1)Sankagiri 2) Panamaruthupatti 2)Tharamangalam 3)Veerapandi 4)Omalur SIVAGANGAI DISTRICT (3 BLOCKS ) THENI DISTRICT (2 BLOCKS) 1) Uthamapalayam 1) Periyakulam TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT ( 5 BLOCKS ) 1)Manapparai 2)Manikandam 1) Mandapam 2) R.S.Mangalam 1 )Kaliyarkoil 2) Devakottai 3) Manamadurai 1)Andanallur 3)Musiri 4)Thuraiyur TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT (6 BLOCKS ) 1) Valliyur 1) Keelapavoor 1) Kadayam 2) Radhapuram 2) Nanguneri 1) Thiruvadanai (Poor Quality) 2) Thirupullani (Poor Quality) 83

84 TIRUPPUR DISTRICT ( 5 BLOCKS ) 1) Avinasi 1) Kundadam 2) Pongalur 2) Tiruppur 3) Udumalpet TIRUVALLUR DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) 3) Palayamkottai 1) Gummudipoond i 1) Kadambathur 2) Minjur 2) Sholavaram TIRUVANNAMALAI DISTRICT (6 BLOCKS ) 1) Chetpet 1) Kalasapakkam 1) Thellar 2) Vandavasi 2) Kilpennathur 3) Thurinjapuram TIRUVARUR DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) 1) Valangaimaan 1) Mannargudi 2) Needamangalam THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) 1) Sathankulam 1) Thoothukudi 1) Alwarthirunagari 2) Karunkulam VELLORE DISTRICT (6 BLOCKS ) 1)Arcot 1)Nemili 1)Wallajah 1)Kaveripakkam 2)K.V.Kuppam 3)Sholinghur VILLUPPURAM DISTRICT (7 BLOCKS ) 1) Kanai 1)Sankarapuram 1)Mugaiyur 2)Rishivandhiya 2)Kolianur m 3)Tiruvennainall 3)Vallam ur 4)Vikravandi VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT (4 BLOCKS ) 1) Rajapalayam 1) Sivakasi 1) Virudhunagar 1) Kariappatti 1) Muthupet (Poor Quality) 84

85 Annexure 4 District Fact Sheet COIMBATORE: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between and East Longitude: Between and AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 3671 Reserve Forest (Sq. Km.) : 1052 Total Area (Sq. Km.) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3064 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S. No Crops Area (in hect.) Production (in tones) 1 Paddy (Rice ) Cholam Maize Other Cereal Pulses Sugarcane (Gur) Groundnut Gingelly Cotton e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings :

86 2. Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : IRRIGATION Gross Area Net Area a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals : c. Tanks : d.tube Wells : e.wells& Other Sources: f. Other Sources : Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : 8397 c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Dairies : 1 b Milk Chilling Plants : 4 c No.of milk co-operative Societies : 327 d Quantity of Milk Produced ( in Lakh Litres) : FISHERIES e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests : b. Reserved Lands : - c. Unclassified Forests(Revenue Department Record : NATURAL RESOURCES Name of the Minerals Found in the District 1. Lime Stone 2. Quartz 3. Feldspar 4. Soap stone 86

87 CUDDALORE: GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION Latitude / and N Longitude and E AREA & POPULATION 1. Area (Sq.kms) Population Population Density (Sq.kms) 707 LAND CLASSIFICATION (IN HECT) (Fasli 1423) 1. Forests Barren & Uncultivable land Land put to Non Agricultural use Cultivable Waste Permanent Pastures & other Grazing Land 6. Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops & groves not included in Net Area Sown 7. Current Fallow Lands Other Fallow Lands Net Area Sown Total Geographical Area AGRICULTURE AREA(Ha) CULTIVATED 1. Paddy (i) Kar (ii) Samba (iii) Navarai Total (Paddy only) Ragi Cumbu Maize Varagu Black Gram Green Gram Sugarcane Mango Banana Guava Cashew nut Coconut Tamarind Tapioca

88 16. Flowers Vegetables Other Crops Total Cultivated Area Normal Rainfall (mm) South West Monsoon North East Monsoon RESERVOIRS DEPTH (in CAPACITY( inmcft) feet) Wellington (Reservoir) Veeranam (Tank) Perumal (Tank) Valaja (Tank) NUMBER OF IRRIGATION TANKS(No s) 40 hect < hect > 188 DAIRY DEVELOPMENT Milk Producer Co-op. 235 Society Average Milk Production per day (in liter) Milk Chilling Plants 1 FISHERIES Length of Coastal 57.5 Line(Km) No.of Coastal Blocks 3 No. of Coastal Centers 3 Mining & Quarrying (Taluk Wise) Cuddalore 41 Panruti 20 Chirdambaram 6 Kattumannarkoil 1 Virudhachalam 5 Tittagudi 1 Kurinjipadi 4 88

89 DINDIGUL: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between and East Longitude : Between and AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : d) Population density : 357 per Sq. Km e) Sex Ratio : 998 f) Literacy Rate : 76.85% 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon: Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (He) : b. Net Area Sown (He.) : c. Area Sown more than once (He.) : 5872 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : Jowar : Maize : Bajra : Coffee : Sugarcane (Gur) : Groundnut : Gingelly : Cotton : 2801 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings :

90 2. Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 4228 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 9829 d.tube Wells : 2877 e.wells& Other Sources : f. Other Sources : 721 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : 1 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 243 c Quantity of Milk Produced : FISHERIES e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests : b. Reserved Lands : c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NATURAL RESOURCES Name of the Minerals Found in the District Black granite, Rough stone, Quarries and sand Grey granite. 90

91 ERODE: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 10 36" and 11 58" 2. East Longitude : Between 76 49" and 77 58". 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : Tapioca : Bajra : Turmeric : Sugarcane (Gur) : Groundnut : Gingelly : Cotton : Banana : e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : NA 91

92 6. IRRIGATION Net Area(Hect) Numbers a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : d.bore Wells : e. Dug Wells : Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : 1,48,619 b Buffaloes : 58,665 c Sheep : 1,65,277 d Goat : 3,09,202 e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : 3 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 692 c Quantity of Milk Produced : liters 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests : Hect b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NATURAL RESOURCES Name of the Minerals Found in the District Quartz, Felsper, Black Granite, Color Granite, Gravel 92

93 KANCHIPURAM: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 11 00' and ' 2. East Longitude : Between ' and ' 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.) : 4, POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal : Actual : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy(sornavari) : Paddy(samba) : Paddy (Navarai) : Cumbu : Cholam : Ragi : Green gram : Black gram : Other pulses : Chilies : Turmeric : Other Spices : Sugarcane : Fruits and Vegetables : Gingely : Groundnut : Coconut :

94 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : IRRIGATION Net Area(Hect) a. Govt. Canals : 230 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : d.tube Wells : e. Ordinary Wells : Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Cold Storage and Godown : 7 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 303 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 1,81,83, FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 87.2 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 4 c. Number of Marine fishing villages : 44 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 7852 f. Number of fisherman engaged : g. No.of Families Engaged in Fishing : FOREST a. Reserved Forests : Hect b. Reserved Lands : 3.17 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NATURAL RESOURCES Name of the Minerals Found in the District Silica, Black Granite 94

95 KARUR: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : N to N 2. East Longitude : E to E 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) SOUTH-WEST MONSOON Normal : 156 Actual : NORTH-EAST MONSOON Normal : Actual : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : Jowar : Cumbu : Redgram : Chillies : Sugarcane (Gur) : Groundnut : Gingelly : Maize : Banana : 2909 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : NA 95

96 6. IRRIGATION Net Area(Hect) a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 10 d.tube Wells : 9970 e. Dug Wells : Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Cold Storage and Godown : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 150 c Quantity of Milk Produced : FISHERIES e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 4.05 f. Number of fisherman engaged : 400 g. No.of Families Engaged in Fishing : NA 10. FOREST a. Reserved Forests : Hect b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NATURAL RESOURCES Name of the Minerals Found in the District Limestone, Sand, Quartz, Feldspar, Granites, Rough Stone, Magnesite 96

97 KRISHNAGIRI: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : 11º 12'N to 12º 49 N 2. East Longitude : 77º 27'E to 78º 38'E 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Kms.): POPULATION a) Total Population : 18,83,731 b) Male Population : 9,63,152 c) Female Population : 9,20,579 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Average Rainfall : 830 mm 5. AGRICULTURE The important crops of Krishnagiri District are Paddy, Maize, Ragi, Banana, Sugarcane, Cotton, Tamarind, Coconut, Mango, Groundnut, Vegetables and Flowers. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 82,930 S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1 Paddy (Rice ) : 20,687 2 Ragi : 48,944 3 Other minor crops : 11,937 4 Pulses : 48,749 5 Sugarcane : 4,078 6 Mango : 30,017 7 Coconut : 13,192 8 Tamarind : 1,362 9 Other Crops : 43, IRRIGATION Net Area(Hect) a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 10 d.tube Wells : 9970 e. Dug Wells : Total Irrigated. :

98 7. Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Cold Storage and Godown : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 150 c Quantity of Milk Produced : FISHERIES a. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : 4.05 b. Number of fisherman engaged : FOREST a. Reserved Forests : Hect b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NATURAL RESOURCES Name of the Minerals Found in the District Limestone, Sand, Quartz, Feldspar, Granites, Rough Stone, Magnesite 98

99 MADURAI: 1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION North Latitude : Between and East Longitude : Between and AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : 30,38,252 b) Male Population : 15,26,475 c) Female Population : 15,11,777 Density/S.q.K.m. : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) ii. Millets iii. Pulses iv. Cotton v. Oilseeds vi. Sugarcane e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : IRRIGATION a. Dams - irrigating areas, Madurai District : 3 b. Irrigation channels / canals : 80 Nos. 170 K Ms c. Tanks : 2451 Nos d.wells : 44,701 Nos a)double crop : Ha b) Single crop : Ha. :. Total Irrigated. : Ha 99

100 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT Dairies : 1 a Milk Chilling Plants : 1 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 840 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 2.43 lakhs lits per day 10. NATURAL RESOURCES Limestone, Limekankar, Gravel 100

101 NAGAPATTINAM: 1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 10 10' and 11 20' 2. East Longitude : Between 79 15' and 79 50' 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : Density : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in 000 hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) ii. Cerals and Millets iii. Pulses iv. Oil Seeds v. Cotton e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals :

102 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : -- d.tube Wells : e.dug Wells : f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 78 c Quantity of Milk Produced : (liters) 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : km b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Forests (Hect) : 4633 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Crude oil, Silica Sand, Natural gas and Lime shell. 102

103 NAMAKKAL: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between and East Longitude : Between and AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : Density.506 (per sq.km) 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops No. Crops Area 000 Hec. Production 000 tonnes 1. A.FOOD GRAINS: a) Cereals & Millets b) Pulses B.OIL SEEDS C.OTHER CROPS 1.Cotton Sugarcane L e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings :

104 2. Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : IRRIGATION Numbers Net Area a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : d.tube Wells : e.dug Wells : f. Other Sources : Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Pigs : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : s. 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 482 c Quantity of Milk Produced : liters per day 10. FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Limestone, Rough stone, Granite and Magnestie 104

105 NILGIRIS: 1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : between 11o 30' 00".12 and 19o 30' 00" East Longitude : between 76o 29' 52".55 and 76o 36' 00" AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 2,545 3.POPULATION a) Total Population : 7,35,394 b) Male Population : 3,60,143 c) Female Population : 3,75,251 Population density :289 per Sq. Km 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) ii. Arecanut iii. Garlic iv. Cardamum v. Pepper vi. Ginger vii. Potato viii. Carrot vii. Orange ix. Tea x. Coffee

106 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 0 d.tube Wells : 0 e.wells& Other Sources : f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : 4271 c Sheep : 4643 d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : 6 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 95 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 80 (litres in lakhs) e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests : b. Reserved Lands : 5777 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NATURAL RESOURCES Mining prohibited in this district. 106

107 PUDUKOTTAI: 1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 9 50' and 10 40' 2. East Longitude : Between 78 25' and 79 15' 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : Density : 347/ sq. km 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 5397 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) Production (Tonnes) 1. Paddy (Rice) : Coconut (lakh Nuts)- (Yield rate : nuts/ha.)- : Groundnut (Dry Pods) : Sugarcane (Cane) (Yield rate : tonnes /ha.)-: Black gram : Cholam (Jowar) : Maize : Mango : Banana : Cashwnut : e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) :

108 6. IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 3010 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : d.tube Wells : e.dug Wells : 4420 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : 7492 c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 75 c Quantity of Milk Produced : -- (litres in lakhs) 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 42 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Sq.Km) : b. Reserved Lands : c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NATURAL RESOURCES Multicoloured Granite, Stone, gravel and Pebbles 108

109 RAMANATHAPURAM: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 9 05 and East Longitude : Between and AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : -- d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) Yield Rate(in kg/hec) 1. Paddy Cholam Ragi Greengram Maize Cumbu Corriander Chillies Sugarcane Blackgram Gingelly Ground nut Red gram Coconut(nuts /ha) e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 109

110 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : -- d.tube Wells : 0 e.dug Wells : -- f. Other Sources : Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Pigs : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 103 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 6290 liters per day 9. FISHERIES d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Forests (Hect) : 4488 b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Sand quarrying 110

111 SALEM: 1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : 11 39' 0" 2. East Longitude : 78 10' 0" 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 5, POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : Density : 665/ sq km 4. RAINFALL (In mm) Average Rainfall Rate : mm (2001) 5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : -- b. Net Area Sown (Hec) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : -- d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) ii. Groundnut iii. Fodder iv. Sugarcane e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 2100 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 1708 d.tube Wells : 7830 e.dug Wells : f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. :

112 7. Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 1,208 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 4,50,000 (liters in lakhs /year) e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES NA 112

113 SIVAGANGAI: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 9.43 and East Longitude : Between and AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : 301 Actual - Total Actual Rainfall : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 218 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1. Paddy Cholam Cumbu 6 4. Ragi Maize Green Gram 4 7. Black Gram Red Gram Cow Pea Chillies Sugarcane Onion Fruits & Vegetables (including Root Crops) Groundnut Coconut Cotton

114 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectars) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 4966 d.tube Wells : 0 e.dug Wells : f. Other Sources : Total Irrigated. : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT Dairy : 1 a Milk Chilling Plants : 4 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 236 c Quantity of Milk Produced : (litres in lakhs) 8. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Graphite 114

115 THENI: 1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 11 00' and 12 00' 2. East Longitude : Between 77 28' and 78 50' 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : 70.5 Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops Sl. No. Crops Area (ha.) Production in tonnes Productivity Kg./ha. 1 Rice (Paddy) Cholam Cumbu Ragi Redgram Greengram Blackgram Groundnut Gingelly Sunflower Cotton Sugarcane Chillies Onion Banana

116 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Canals : b. Tanks : 1292 d.tube Wells : e.dug Wells : f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : 6397 c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 403 c Quantity of Milk Produced : FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Rough stone and Gravel 116

117 THIRUCHIRAPALLI: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 10 to 11-30' 2. East Longitude : Between 77-45' to 78-50' 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : 4, POPULATION a) Total Population : 2,41,8366 b) Male Population : 12,08,534 c) Female Population : 12,09, RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 1,85,985 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : 1,71,002 c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 14,983 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in 000 hect.) I. Paddy ii. Millets and Other Cereals iii. Pulses iv. Sugarcane (Gur) v. Groundnut vi. Gingili vii. Cotton (BL) IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 6337 d.tube Wells : e.other Wells : f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. :

118 7. Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : 3,54,301 b Buffaloes : 4,03,878 c Sheep : 2,57,271 d Goat : 3,66,753 e Poultry : 9,40, DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : 2 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 217 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 2,97,117 liters 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NATURAL RESOURCES NA 118

119 THIRUNELVELI: 1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 8.05 and East Longitude : Between and AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops Crops Area (in 000 hect.) A. FOOD GRAINS: a) Cereals & Millets Cholam Cumbu Maize Paddy b) Pulses Red gram B.Gram G.Gram H.Gram B. OIL SEEDS G.nut Gingelly C. OTHER CROPS 119

120 Cotton (lint) e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : IRRIGATION Net Area (Hec) a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : d.tube Wells : 1324 e.dug Wells : f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : 2 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 223 c Quantity of Milk Produced : (litres in lakhs) 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 48.9 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 2 c. Number of Coastal Centres : 7 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 2450 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Forests (Hect) : b. Social Forests : c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Lime stone, Garnet sand, Rough stone sully, Kankar, Illuminate 120

121 THIRUVALLUR: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 12 15' and 13 15' 2. East Longitude : Between 79 15' and 80 20' 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops A. FOOD GRAINS: Area Production ( 000 hec.) ( 000 hec.) a) Cereals & Millets Paddy Cumbu b) Pulses Black gram Green gram B. OIL SEEDS Groundnut C. OTHER CROPS Sugarcane

122 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : d.tube Wells : e.dug Wells : 9916 f. Bore wells : 8226 f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : 1 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 113 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 11,826 liters per day 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 27.9Km. b. Number of Coastal Blocks : NA c. Number of Coastal Centres : NA d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : 9729 e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Forests Area (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NATURAL RESOURCES Savudu, Rough stone, gravel and Black Granite 122

123 THIRUVARUR: 1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 10 20' And 11 07' 2. East Longitude : Between 79 15' And 79 45' 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : 12,64,277 b) Male Population : 6,26,693 c) Female Population : 6,37,584 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops Crops Area (in hect.) Production (in tonnes) Rice Pulses Sugarcane (Gur) Groundnut Gingelly Cotton (BL) e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : IRRIGATION Net Area Irrigated by (Hec) Gross Area Irrigated

124 7. Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Sheep : 4350 d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 65 c Quantity of Milk Produced : (litres in lakhs) 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 47.2 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 1 c. Number of Coastal Centres : 13 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Savudu 124

125 THOOTHUKUDI: 1.GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 0.8 and East Longitude : Between 78 and AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : 427 South West Monsoon : 74.9 Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : 3134 d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S. No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) ii. Millets and Other Cereals iii. Pulses iv. Sugarcane 204 v. Groundnut 517 vi. Gingelly 819 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals :

126 c. Tanks : 4969 d.tube Wells : 257 e.dug Wells : f. Other Sources : 127 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Country Dogs : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 239 c Quantity of Milk Produced : (litres) 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : b. Number of Coastal Blocks : 8 c. Number of Coastal Centres : 24 d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : 7121 b. Reserved Lands : 3889 c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Limestone, Roughstone, Sand 126

127 TIRUPUR: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between and N 2. East Longitude : Between and E 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : 24,79,052 b) Male Population : 12,46,159 c) Female Population : 12,32,893 4.RAINFALL (In mm) Average Rainfall rate (2016) : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : 2,00,360 b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : -- c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : -- d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) -- 13,650 ii. Total Millets -- 1,01,840 iii. Total Pulses -- 38,030 iv. Total Oil Seeds -- 23,080 v. Cotton -- 6,780 vi. Sugarcane -- 11,390 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : -- d.tube Wells : 0 e.dug Wells : -- f. Other Sources : 1,94,770 Total Irrigated. : 1,94,

128 TIRUVANNAMALAI: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between and East Longitude : Between to AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : Density : 665/ sq km 4. RAINFALL (In mm) 1. Normal a).north East Monsoon b).south West Monsoon Actual a).north East Monsoon b).south West Monsoon AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) 1.Paddy Millets and other cereals Pulses Sugarcane ( in terms of can) Groundnut Gingelly Cotton e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) :

129 6. IRRIGATION Numbers Net Area a. Govt. Canals : b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : d.tube Wells : e.dug Wells : f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : -- c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : 2 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 538 c Quantity of Milk Produced : (liters/day) 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Black Granite, Colored Granite and Rough Stone. 129

130 VELLORE: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between and East Longitude : Between and AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : b) Male Population : c) Female Population : d) Density : RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy ii. Millets and Other Cereals iii. Pulses iv. Sugarcane 7296 v. Groundnut 346 vi. Gingelly 22 vii. Cotton 8015 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) : Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals :

131 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : d.tube Wells : e.other Wells : f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Buffaloes : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : 3 b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 395 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 1.59 (litres in lakhs) 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES VERMICULITS 131

132 VILLUPURAM: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between and East Longitude : Between and 790 to AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : 34,58,873 b) Male Population : 17,40,819 c) Female Population : 17,18,054 d)density : RAINFALL (In mm) The average rainfall of the district is mm. 5. AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : NA b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : NA c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : NA d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy ii. Groundnut iii. Gingelly 9897 iv. Sugarcane v. Cotton 3965 vi. Cumbu vii. Ragi 2329 vii. Tapioca 9489 viii. Pulses 9489 e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : NA 2. Area (Hectares) : NA 3. Average Size of Holdings (Hectares) : NA 6. IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 5,

133 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : 49,920 d.tube Wells : 40,990 e.dug Wells : 103,073 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cows : 4.97 Lakhs b Buffaloes : 1.67 Lakhs c Sheep : 1.08 Lakhs d Goat : 1.53 Lakhs e Poultry : 6.66 Lakhs 8. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : NA b No.of milk co-operative Societies : NA c Quantity of Milk Produced : NA 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : 30 b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil 10. FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record : NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Fire Clay, Silica Sand, Sedimentary Limestone, Steatite, Black Granite, Blue Metal. 133

134 VIRUDHUNAGAR: 1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. North Latitude : Between 11 00' and 12 00' 2. East Longitude : Between 77 28' and 78 50' 2. AREA AND POPULATION Geographical Area (Sq.Km.)(as per village Records) : POPULATION a) Total Population : 19,43,309 b) Male Population : 9,67,437 c) Female Population : 9,75, RAINFALL (In mm) Normal - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : Actual - North East Monsoon : South West Monsoon : AGRICULTURE a. Total Cultivated Area (Hec) : b. Net Area Sown (Hec.) : c. Area Sown more than once (Hec.) : d. Area and Production of Principal Crops S.No Crops Area (in hect.) I. Paddy (local variety) ii. Cholam iii. Cumbu iv. Ragi v. Maize vi. Blackgram vii. Groundnut viii. Gingelly vii. Sugarcane ix. Banana x. Onion e. Agricultural Land Holdings (As per the Agricultural Census ) 1. Holdings : Area (Hectares) :

135 6. IRRIGATION Net Area a. Govt. Canals : 0 b. Private Canals : -- c. Tanks : d.tube Wells : 0 e.dug Wells : f. Other Sources : 0 Total Irrigated. : Livestock and Poultry Population a Cattle : b Pigs : c Sheep : d Goat : e Poultry : DAIRY DEVELOPMENT a Milk Chilling Plants : - b No.of milk co-operative Societies : 98 c Quantity of Milk Produced : 333 (litres in lakhs) 9. FISHERIES a. Length of Coastal Line (Km.) : Nil b. Number of Coastal Blocks : Nil c. Number of Coastal Centres : Nil d. Marine Fish Production (Tonne) : Nil e. Inland Fish Production (Tonne) : FOREST a. Reserved Forests (Hect) : b. Reserved Lands : NA c. Unclassified Forests (Revenue Department Record: NA 11. NATURAL RESOURCES Limestone, Limekankar, Multicoloured Granite 135

136 Annexure 5 District- wise Identified Potential Industrial Opportunities Name of the Industrial Opportunities District Service Sector Ariyalur Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Interior decoration, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce. Coimbatore Beauty Parlours, Safety disposal of hospital/medical waste, Printing and book Binding, Auto Four / Two wheeler service centres, Recharging and reconditioning of batteries, Hotels and hospitality services Cuddalore Dindugal Beauty Parlours and Creches. fitness centre for men and women, Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Interior decoration, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce. Manufacturing Sector Readymade garments, Bio fertilizer, Vermi composing, Natural dying and natural fiber based textile products, Poultry, Safety matches, Integrated Dairy farming Dry fish processing, Poultry Feed Manufacturing,, Coir Products, Cane Products, Korai mat, Desiccated coconut Powder, Masala Products, Paper Plate, Paper cups and Areca plate, Purified packaged drinking water, Flour Mills, Rice Mills, Energy Food, Ready mixes for Savories, Meat Gravy Concentrates, Coconut based products, Powder Coating, Bricks/Hollow Bricks. Refractory and ceramic products granite stone processing, food processing, mineral processing, electrical and electronic industries. Textile based rubber and plastic products readymade garments, Fly ash based products Paper products, Fish processing, Power plant from agro waste coir and coir products Organic chemical products Leather Processing, Food Products Paper and Paper Products, Hand looms, Coir Industries Wood & wooden products Low value Agro based Products, Fruit Processing Floriculture cut flowers, Coffee Processing, Coconut Products, Coir products, Tamarind paste and Powder Dairy Development Apiculture, Essential oils Cattle/poultry feed Potato and Tapioca chips, Plastic Tray, Paper Board Tray Finished leather goods Valuated coir products Integrated Milk diary Beverages. 136

137 Erode Coir Products, Coconut Oil, Readymade Garments, Silk Reeling and twisting, Masala Powder and Spice Products, Floral Extraction, Poultry and Cattle Feed, Food Processing Industries Kanchipuram Rice Milling, Silk Weaving, Garments Plastic items Rice Milling, Food Products Fish net, Engineering, Agricultural based products garments, Cashew nut, Fish Food, Rice Milling, Oil Crushing, Bricks Krishnagiri Energy Food, Bacterial Bio-fertilisers, Bakery Products, Microbial Bioesticides/ Insecticides, Vermicomposting, Manure based on human-waste, Readymade Garments/sweaters, Catering and Fast foods, production of seeds and seedlings, Nurseries for companion planting, repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber bricks, Synthetic twine & nuts, Catering and Fast foods, Mushroom plantation and processing, Electrical Equipments/components, Structural fabrication, Packaging of drinking water, Essential Oil Processing, Herbal Products, Medicinal Products, Cut-flowers, Organic forming, Bio pesticides, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics, Integrated Dairy farming. Karur Detergent Cakes, Liquid Detergent,, Vermicelli, Cloth Printing, Power loom Cloth weaving, Screen printing, Oil Mill, Power loom cloth weaving, Detergent Cake and Powder, Coir Products Washing Soap, Country/Chamber Bricks, Oil Mill Madurai Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce. Bio fertilizer, Bio-fertilizer from agricultural waste, Fast Food, Coir fibre, Coconut pith and coir briquettes, Coir mat and mattress Coir pith blocks, Vermi composing, Wafer Cream Biscuits, Mini tool rooms for die making Waste paper recycling, Readymade garment male, female- kids wear, school 137

138 Nagapatinam Nilgiris Namakkal Pudukottai uniform. Industrial Laundry, Dry fish processing, Poultry Feed Manufacturing, Coir Products, Cane Products, Korai mat, Desiccated coconut Powder, Masala Products, Paper Plate, Paper cups and Areca plate, Purified packaged drinking water, Ice Plant, Flour Mills, Rice Mills, Energy Food, Ready mixes for Savories, Meat Gravy Concentrates, Coconut based products, Bricks/Hollow Bricks. Energy Food, Bacterial Biofertilisers, Bakery Products, Microbial Biopesticides/ Insecticides,Vermicomposting, Bio-stimulators for crops, Manure based on human-waste, Readymade garments/sweaters, Catering and Fast foods, Manufacture of seeds and seedlings, Nurseries for companion planting, repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber bricks, Mushroom plantation and processing, Oil Processing, Herbal Products, Medicinal Products, Cut-flowers, Bio pesticide, Organic farming, Interacted Diary farming, Nutraceuticals, Paper bags Bio degradable. Rice Mills, Flour mills, Bakery products, Milk Products, Extraction of edible oils, Readymade Garments, Egg and Egg products. - Egg Tray, Sago Appalam, Jaggery, Raw Granite, Polished Granite, Cotton fabrics, Garments. Eggs. Ornamental, Pottery, artistic brass-ware, wall hangings made of korai mat and terra cotta articles etc., Poultry products, Fruit & vegetable process Raw material Based Coir fiber, Rope and Coir pith, block, Rice mill, Oil mill, Cashew nut Processing, Paper mill, Fisheries based products, Cashew nut Processing Granite Products, Coir Products and Coir pith block Rural artisans based Terracotta and 138

139 Ramanathapuram Salem Sivagangai Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Interior decoration, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce. Theni Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce. Tiruppur Earthenware. Modern rice mill, Coconut based industries; spices manufacturing units Fly Ash Brick Enterprises, Food processing enterprises, Value added coir products Coir Pith Block, Oil Mill, Rice Mill, Organic Manure Agar & Agar, Hallow Blocks, Lime Powder, Chamber Bricks, Charcoal Powder Granite Cutting and Polishing, Agar & Agar, Chamber Bricks, Masala Powder Rice Mill, Rice Bran Oil, Bakery items, Cement Hallow Blocks Coir Pith Block, Oil Mill, Coir Fibre Yarn, Curled Coir, Rice Mill, Jewellary Acutrim Readymade garments, Vermi composing, Aquaculture feed Cookies and noodles making Bio fertilizer, Tamarind Paste Bio-fertilizer from agricultural waste Medicated tissue paper and sanitary napkins Dry fruits and cardamoms processing Vegetable processing and packing Coir fibre, Coconut pith and coir briquettes Integrated dairy farming Coir mat and mattress Eco friendly paper bags Processing of Silk Cotton Handloom Cotton Hosiery Garments, Mfg. of Banians, Cotton Fabrics, Brassiers, Cloth Printing, Cardboard boxes, Plastic items, Pickles, Mfg. of Paper Bags, Mfg. of Purified Drinking Water, Concrete Mixers, Readymade Garments, Tailoring, Flour Mills, Coir Fibre, Areca nut Leaf, Tailoring Work, Embroidery Work, Brassieres, Cloth Printing, Printing press, Cardboard boxes, Wasting Soap, Poultry Feed, Cotton Fabrics, Garments, Sewing Power looms, Garments, Coconut Shell Powder, Areca nut Leaf Plate, Poultry Feed, Power loom, Tomato Products, Vermicelli, Rice Mill, Mfg. of copra, Coir Yarn, Fly Ash Bricks Coconut Kernel, Vermi Compost, Copra Mfg, Coir Fibre, Mfg. of plastic Granules, Copra Drying 139

140 Yard, Tea Shop, Mfg. of Jiggery, Sugarcane Crushing. Herbal base industries, Poultry Feed, Areca nut Leaf Plate, Mfg. of Two Ply Coir Tiruvarur Energy Food, Ready mixes for Savories, Sugarcane Beverage- Bottled, Meat Gravy Concentrate, Ready to-serve Fruit Based Beverages, Coconut Based products Edible oil extraction, Vegetable pickles, Tapioca Chips, Dall Milling, Silica from Rice Husk ash, Activated carbon from Paddy Husk, Cement material from Rice husk ash, Paper Boards, Flower extracts, Tulasi Oil, Spirulina, Natural Food Colours, Natural Dyes for Textiles, Bacterial Bio-fertilisers, Microbial Biopesticides/ Insecticides, Vermicomposting, Bio-stimulators for crops, Readymade Garments, Catering and Fast foods, Manufacture of seeds and seedlings, Nurseries for companion planting, repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber bricks, Catering and Fast foods, Mushroom plantation and processing, Packaging of drinking water. Tiruvallur Food Processing Industry, Paints and adhesives, Processed milk products, Readymade garments, Tiruchi Energy Food, Bacterial Biofertilisers, Bakery Products, Microbial Biopesticides/ Insecticides, Vermicomposting, Bio-stimulators for crops, Readymade garments/sweaters, Catering and Fast foods, Manufacture of seeds and seedlings, Nurseries for companion planting, repellent Crop & Ornamental Plants, Cattle Feed/Poultry Feed, Fly-ash bricks, Chamber bricks, Catering and Fast foods Mushroom plantation and processing, Essential Oil Processing, Herbal Products, Medicinal Products, Cut-flowers, 140

141 Bio pesticides, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics, Integrated Dairy farming, Coir Geo Textiles Tuticorin Dry fish processing, Poultry Feed Manufacturing, Coir Products, Cane Products, Korai mat, Desiccated coconut Powder, Masala Products, Paper Plate, Paper cups and Areca plate, Purified packaged drinking water, Agricultural implements, Ice Plant, Flour Mills, Rice Mills, Energy Food, Ready mixes for Savories, Meat Gravy Concentrates, Coconut based products, Food Supplement Vellore Leather Auxiliary Industries, Coir Value added products - Toughened coir Auto components Coir Board Pesticides Coir briquettes, Readymade garment male, female- kids wear, school uniform, Bio fertilizer Waste paper recycling mini project Bio-fertilizer from agricultural waste Water purifier plant Coir mat and mattress Natural dying and natural fiber based textile Coir pith blocks, Vermi composing, Integrated Diary Fruits and vegetable processing Herbal Extraction Community, Enterprises Health Food Villupuram Coir industries: Edible Oil processing Virudunagar Hygienic Broiler (Beef), chicken, Mutton shop, Embroidering and chamki work, repacking of agriculture produce Medicated tissue paper and sanitary napkins Boutique Medicinal plant extraction Coir fiber, Coconut pith and coir briquettes, Jasmine Oil extraction Fast Food Stall Readymade garment male, female kids wear, school uniform Dairy development Vermi composing Waste paperrecycling mini project Water purifier plant 141

142 Annexure 6 Regulatory Requirements List There are certain kinds of activities which, if taken up, would contravene the laws and regulations of the State Government, Government of India as well as Safeguard Polices of the World Bank. Such activities will not be supported under the TNRTP. Given below is a list of attributes that would disqualify an activity from being supported under TNRTP. This list shall be treated as the screening tool for the activities planned to be taken up by Enterprises and Producer Collectives. Agriculture Digging of irrigation tube well without taking required permission from the relevant authority will not be supported. Digging of tube well (except for public drinking purpose) in an area identified as an overexploited groundwater basin will not be supported. Digging of irrigation tube well within a distance of 250 meters from the nearest tube well will not be supported. Transportation of water of ground water from notified areas without permission from authority is prohibited A minimum distance of 250 m should be maintained between two bore wells in over exploited areas and critical blocks which is listed in appendix 2 / Annexure 2 Purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of the following pesticides will not be supported: o pesticides classified in Class Ia, Ib and II of WHO classification; o pesticides banned by the Government of India; o pesticides banned by the State Government. Purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will not be supported without the requisite licenses. Livestock Not permitted Grazing or movement of the livestock in forest areas without taking required permission from the Forest Department. Grazing of livestock that have not been vaccinated in forest areas will not be permitted. No person shall slaughter any animal within a municipal area except in a slaughter house recognised or licensed by the concerned authority empowered under the law for the time being in force to do so The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001 Forests and Wildlife Activities that involve use of forest land for non-forest purposes without the permission of the Forest Department will not be supported. Extraction, transport, processing, sale of forest produce including non timber forest produce without taking required permission from the Forest Department will not be supported. Clearing, cultivation or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purposes is prohibited in forest and protected areas Felling of trees without taking required permission from the Forest Department will not be supported. 142

143 Setting up of saw mills or any other timber processing mills without the permission of the Forest Department will not be supported. Activities that involve destruction of wildlife or of wildlife habitat will not be supported. Clearing, kindling fire, damaging trees (felling, girdling, lopping, topping, burning, stripping bark and leaves), quarrying stone, etc., in reserved and protected forests will not be supported. Under Tamil Hill areas ( Preservation of Tress)- No person will cut, uproot or burn any tree without written permission for the committee Under Tamil Nadu Timber Transit Rules Trees like teak, black wood ebony and sandal wood shall not be felled (if the they are in his own land) without permission of Chief Conservator of Forest. Fisheries Fishing in the Government declared prohibited/closed season will not be supported. Fishing using nets with mesh size smaller than the permissible size will not be supported. Fishing using destructive fishing practices (use of poison, explosives, etc.) will not be supported. Culture of invasive species (e.g., African Catfish) will not be supported. Infrastructure Construction of roads, buildings, check dams, embankments, etc., will not be supported without prior approval of the design by a qualified Engineer. Activities involving discharge into any water body any industrial waste, sewerage or other polluting substance will not be supported. Any industrial activity will not be supported without requisite permission from the Government (Pollution Control Board). Mining activities will not be supported. The following activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) will not be supported: o discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, towns and communities o withdrawal of ground water unless when done manually through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries, o mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials, o construction activity between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line in the CRZ-I and III without requisite permission o reconstruction, repair works of dwelling units of local communities including fisheries Bulk Milk Cooling Units: Waste water from the bulk milk cooling units should not be discharged without proper treatment. Enterprises Consent for establishment and consent for operation is required from State Pollution Control Board for the following value addition/processing interventions falling under green and orange category industries: Examples for Orange category industries Examples for Green category industries Poultry, hatchery, steeping and processing of Rice mills, dal mills, fish/poultry fed 143

144 grain, flour mills, handloom weaving and power looms (without dyeing and bleaching), organic manure manufacture, food processing (fruit and vegetable), spice grinding. Do not cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter into stream or well or sewer or on land. Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, The Food Safety and Standards: Food Products Standard and Food Additives (FSSAI) permission should be taken for food processing. Permitted food colours, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units (Annexure 13). Fire crackers manufacturing and bulk storage facilities are banned under TNRTP Plastic sale and usage - No Vendor/ beneficiary shall not use the plastic carry bag less than 40 microns which are banned by the GoI and TN Government No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations The health and safety of workers employed is ensured. The employer shall pay to every employee engaged in scheduled employment under him wages at the rate not less than minimum wages fixed. Activities with Significant Adverse Environmental Impact All activities likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented, with impacts that may affect an area broader than the site of the activity are not to be supported. 144

145 Annexure 7 The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Listed species SCHEDULE I PART I MAMMALS 1. Andaman Wild pig (Sus sorofa andamanensis) 2. Black Buck (Antelope cervicapra) 3. Brow-antlered Deer or Thamin (Cervus eldi) [3-A. Himalayan Brown bear (Ursus Arctos)] 3 [3- B. Capped Langur (Presbytis pileatus)] 4. Caracal (Felis caracal) [4-A. Catecean specials] 5. Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) [5-A. Chinese Pangolin (Mainis pentadactyla)] [5-B. Chinkara or India Gazelle (Gazella gazella bennetti)] 6. Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) [6-A. Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca irus umbrosa)] [6-B. Desert Cat (Felis libyca)] [6-C Desert fox (Vulpes bucapus)] 7. Dugong (Dugong dugon) [7-A Ermine (Mustele erminea)] 8. Fishing Cat (Felis viverrina) [8-A Four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricomis)] 9. Golden Cat (Felis temmincki) 10. Golden Langur (Presbytis geei) [10-A. Giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura)] [10-B. Himalayan Ibex (Capra ibex)] [10-C. Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus)] 11. Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus) [11-A. Hog badgar (Arconyx collaris)] 12. Hoolock (Hyloba tes hoolock) 13. Indian Lion (Panlhera leo persica) 14. Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur) [15. Indian Wolf (Canis lupas pallipes)] 16. Kashmir Stag (Cervus elaphus hanglu) 17. Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis) 18. Lesser or Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) 19. Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) 20. Loris (Loris tardigradus) 21. Lynx (Felix lynx isabellinus) 22. Malabar Civet (Viverra megaspila) [22-A. Malay or Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus)] 23. Marbled Cat (Felis marmorata) 24. Markhor (Capra falconeri) [24-A. Mouse Deer (Tragulus meminna)] 25. Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus) [25-A. Nilgiri Lungur (Presbytis johni)] [25-B. Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)] 26. Nyan or Great Tibetan Sheep (Ovis ammon hodgsoni) 27. Pallas's Cat (Felis manul) 28. Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) 29. Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) [29-A. Ratel (Mellivora capensis)] 30. Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) 31. Rusty spotted Cat (Felis rubiginosa) [31-A. Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis)] [31 -B. Clawless Otter (Aonyx cinerea)] [31-C. Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus)] 32. Slow Loris (Nycticebus couceang) [32-A. Small Travencore Flying Squirrel (Petinomys fuscocapillus)] 145

146 33. Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) [33-A. Snubfin Dolphin (Oreaella brevezastris)] 34. Spotted Linsang (Prionodon pardicolor) 35. Swamp Deer (All sub-species of Cervus duvauceli) 36. Takin or Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) [36A. Tibetan Antelope or Chiru (Panthelops hodgsoni)] [36B. Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilatus)] 37. Tibetan Gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) 38. Tibetan Wild Ass (Equus beminus kiang) 39. Tiger (Panthera tigris) 40. Urial or Shapu (Ovis vignei) 41. Wild Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) [41-A. Wild Yak (Bos grunniens)] [41-B. Tibetan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco)] 42. Wroughton's free tailed bat (Otomops wroughtoni) 43. Salim Ali's fruit bat (Latidens salimalii) PART II AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES [1. Agra Monitor Lizard [Varanus griseus (Daudin)]] [IB. Audithia Turtle (Pelochelysbibroni)] [IC. Barred, Oval, or Yellow Monitor Lizard (Varanus flavescens)] [ID. Crocodiles (including the Estuarine or salt water crocodile) (Crocodilus porosus and Crocodilus palustris)] (IE. Terrapin (Batagur basika)] IF. Eastern Hill Terrapin (Melanochelys tricarinata) 2. Gharial (Gravialis gangeticus) [3. Ganges Soft-shelled Turtle (Trionyx gangeticus)] [3A. Golden Gecko (Caloductyloides aureus)] 4. Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia Mydas) 5. Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata inlscata) 7. Indian Egg-eating Snake (Elachistodon westermanni) 8. Indian Soft-shelled Turtle (Lissemys punctata punctata) 9. Kerala Forest Terrapin (Hoesemys sylratica) 10. Large Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis) 11. Leathery Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 12. Logger Head Turtle (Caretta caretta) 13. Olive Back Logger Head Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) 14. Peacock-marked Soft-shelled Turtle (Trionyx hurum) PART III BIRDS [1. Andaman Teal (Anas gibberifrons allagularis)] 1-A. Assam Bamboo Partridge (Bambusicola fytchii) [1 -B. Bazas (Aviceda jeordone and Aviceda leuphotes)] [1-C. Bengal Florican (Eupodotis bengalensis)] 1-D. Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) 1-E. Blood Pheasants (Ithaginis cruentus tibetanus, lthaginis Cruentus kuseri) 2. Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichii) [2A. Eastern White Stork (Ciconia ciconia boyciana)] [2B. Foret-spotted Owlet (Athene blewitti)] [2C. Frogmouths (Genus batrachostomus)] 3. Great Indian Bustard (Choriotis nigriceps) 4. Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) [4A. Hawks (Accipitridao)] [4B. Hooded Crane (Grus monacha)] [4C. Hornbills (Ptilolaemus tickelli austeni, Aceros nipalensis, Rhyticeros 146

147 undulatus ticehursti)][4d. Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata)] [4E. Humes Bar-backed Pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae)] [4F. Indian Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros malabaricus)] 5. Jerdon's Courser (Cursorius bitorquatus) 6. Lammergeier(Gypaetusbarbatus) 7. Large Falcons (Falco peregrinus, Falco biarmicus and Falco chicuera) [7A Large Whistling Teal (Anatidae)] 8. Mountain Quail (Ophrysia supericiliosa) 9. Narcondam Hornbill [Rhyticeros (undulatus) narcondami)] 10. Nicobar Megapode (Megapodius freycinet) 11. Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) 12. Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea) 13. Scalater's Monal (Lophophorus sclateri) 14. Siberian White Crane (Grus leucogeranus) 15. Tragopan Pheasants (Tragopan melanocephalus, Tragopan blythii, Tragopan satyra, Tragopan temminckii) 16. White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaetus leucogaster) 17. White-eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) 18. White-winged Wood Duck (Cairina scutulata) [19. Swiftlets (Collocalia unicolor and Collacalia fusiphaga) 20. Hill myna (Gracula religiosa intermedia, Gracula religiosa peninsularis, Gracula religiosa indica and Gracula religiosa and amanesis) 21. Tibetan ear pheasant (Crossoptilon harmani) 22. Kalij pheasant (Lophurs leucomelana) 23. Lord Derby's parakeet (Psittacula derbyana) 24. Vultures (Gyps indicus, Gyps bengalensis, Gyps tenuirostris) 25. White bellied hereon (Ardea insignis)] SCHEDULE III Barking deer or muntjac (Munticacus munrjak); Chital (Axix axis) Gorals (Nemorhaedus goral, Nemorhaedus hodgsoni) Hegdeer (Axis porcinus); Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) Sambar (Cervus unicolor) Wild pig (Sus scrofa); Sponges (all calcareans) SCHEDULE IV Five-striped plam squirrel (Funambulus pennanti) Hares (Black Naped, Common Indian, Desert, Himalayan mouse hare) Hedge hog (Hemiechinus auritus) Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) SCHEDULE V Common crow, Fruit bats, Mice, Rats 147

148 Annexure 8 Procedures for obtaining Consent of the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Consent to Establish Consent of the Board has to be obtained for both establishment and operation of the industry (new and existing industries), as required under the provisions of the Water / Air Acts. The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board enforces the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 as amended and the Environment (protection) Act, Under the Water (P&CP) Act, 1974 as amended and under the Air (P&CP) Act, 1981 as amended, the industries have to obtain the consent of the Board for the establishment and operation of the industry. The project proponent shall apply for consent only through Online Consent Management & Monitoring System (OCMMS). Application will not be received by offline. Web portal for online consent application is tnocmms.nic.in OCMMS is a web based generic application software package for automating the workflow associated with Consent Management and Monitoring which is one of the basic functions of the TNPCB. This system allows the industries for online submission of application for Consent to Establish, Consent to Operate, Renewal of Consents, uploading of documents, online payment of consent fee, online submission of clarification and for knowing the status of application. In order to help the project proponent on filing of application through OCMMS, TNPCB operates Care Centre in all the District Offices. After submission of application in complete shape, it will be processed and site will be inspected by the officers of TNPCB. Thereafter, the subject will be placed before the respective Committee and decision will be taken. The applications which are in complete shape will be cleared and consent for establishment will be issued for a validity period of five years for non-ec cases and seven years for EC attracting cases. If the project proponent is not able to complete the establishment of the project within stipulated years, then he/she has to apply for extension of CTE one month before the expiry of CTE to the concerned District Officer. Extension of CTE will be issued after field inspection by the concerned Officer. In case of Projects which are covered under Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011, Clearance shall be obtained from Coastal Zone Management Authority, before applying for Consent of Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board. District Environmental Engineer, TNPCB is the convener of the District Coastal Zone Management Committee. Consent to Establish validity period shall be as follows: Projects All EIA Projects All Non-EIA Projects 7 Years (1 Fee) 5 Years (1 Fee) Validity Period All the Consent to Establish order will be issued with validity date ending 31 st March 148

149 Consent to Operate The Industries have to apply for the consent of the Board for operation of the industry two months in advance of the commissioning of the operation. The application shall be submitted through OCMMS. The District Officer will inspect the industry to verify whether all the conditions imposed in the consent for establishment have been complied with. The above report will be scrutinized and consent for operation will be granted. All the Consent to Operate orders will be issued with validity date ending 31 st March. Time Limit for Processing Application by TNPCB (Source: Proc. No.TNPCB / P&D /F.No. 3437/2015 dated ) TNPCB prescribed time limit for processing of the applications received for issue of consent to establish, consent to operate, renewal of consent, consent for expansion activity, amendment, extension of consent, authorization under Bio- Medical Waste Rules, Hazardous Waste rules, Municipal Solid Waste Rules, E-Waste Rules, Plastic Waste Rules etc., as detailed below: Sl.No. Category / Classification Time Limit Prescribed for processing in days 1 Red / Large 45 2 Red / Medium 45 3 Red / Small 30 4 Orange / Large 30 5 Orange / Medium 30 6 Orange / Small 30 7 Green / Large 30 8 Green / Medium 30 9 Green / Small Industries attracting EIA / Hazardous Waste Bio-Medical Waste Municipal Solid Waste E-Waste Authorization Plastic Waste Registration

150 Annexure 9 List of Red, Orange, Green and White category Industries as per PCB Directions Red Category S. No Industry Sector type 1 Milk processes and dairy products (integrated project) 2 Organic Chemicals manufacturing 3 Yarn / Textile processing involving any effluent/ emission generating processes including bleaching, dyeing, printing and colouring 4 Tanneries 5 Slaughter house (as per notification S (E) dated )and meat processing industries Orange Category S. No Industry sector-types 1 Bakery and confectionery units with production capacity > 1 Tons Per Day (TPD) (With ovens / furnaces) 2 Chanachur and ladoo from puffed and beaten rice(muri and shira) using husk fired oven 3 Food and food processing including fruits and vegetable processing 4 Jute processing without dyeing 5 Silk screen printing, sari printing by wooden blocks 6 Cotton spinning and weaving (medium and large scale) 7 Ayurvedic and homeopathic medicine (with Boiler) 8 Brickfields ( excluding fly ash brick manufacturing using lime process) 9 Dairy and dairy products (small scale) 10 Fish feed, poultry feed and cattle feed 11 Fish processing and packing (excluding chilling of fishes) 12 Lime manufacturing (using lime kiln) 13 Liquid floor cleaner, black phenyl, liquid soap, glycerol mono- stearate manufacturing 14 Manufacturing of iodized salt from crude/ raw salt 15 Cashew nut processing 16 Coffee seed processing Green Category S. No Industry sector-types 1 Bakery /confectionery / sweets products (with production capacity <1tpd (with gas or electrical oven) 2 Biomass briquettes (sun drying) without using toxic hazardous wastes 3 Chilling plant, cold storage and ice making 4 Coke briquetting (sun drying) 5 Cotton spinning and weaving (small scale) 150

151 6 Dal Mills 7 Facility of handling, storage and transportation of food grains in bulk 8 Flour mills (dry process) 9 Oil mill Ghani and extraction ( no hydrogenation / refining) 10 Poultry, Hatchery and piggery 11 Power looms (without dye and bleaching) 12 Puffed rice (muri) (using gas or electrical heating system) 13 Rice mill (Rice hullers only) 14 Rolling mill (gas fired) and cold rolling mill 15 Soap manufacturing (hand made without steam boiling / boiler) 16 Spice grinding (20 HP motor) 17 Spice grinding (20 hp motor) 18 Mineralized water 19 Tamarind powder manufacturing 20 Cutting, sizing and polishing of marble stone White Category S.No Industry sector-types 1 Assembly of air coolers / conditioners, repairing and servicing 2 Assembly of bicycles, baby carriages and other small non motorizing vehicles 3 Bio fertilizer and bio-pesticides without using inorganic chemicals 4 Cotton and woolen hosiers making (Dry process only without any dying / washing operation) 5 Flavoured betel nuts production! grinding (completely dry mechanical operations) 6 Fly ash bricks/ block manufacturing 7 Fountain pen manufacturing by assembling only 8 Ground nut decorticating 9 Handloom/ carpet weaving (without dying and bleaching operation) 10 Leather cutting and stitching (more than 10 machine and using motor) 11 Manufacturing of coir items from coconut husks 12 Organic and inorganic nutrients ( by physical mixing) 13 Organic manure (manual mixing) 14 Rope (plastic and cotton) 151

152 Annexure 10 Food colours, preservatives, additives that can be used in food preparation and processing units Natural colouring matters which may be used include: (a) Carotene & Carotenoids including (i) Beta-carotene (ii) Beta-apo 8'- carotenal (iii) Methylester of Beta-apo 8' carotenoic acid (iv) Ethylester of Beta-apo 8' carotenoic acid (v) Canthaxanthin (b) Chlorophyll (c) Riboflavin (Lactoflavin) (d) Caramel. (e) Annatto (f) Saffron (g) Curcumin or turmeric No Synthetic food colours or a mixture thereof except the following shall be used in food: Common name Chemical name Red Ponceau Azo Carmoisine Azo Erythrosine Xanthene 2. Yellow Tartrazine Pyrazolone Sunset Yellow Azo Blue Indigo Carmine Indigoid Brilliant Blue Triarylmethane Green Fast Green Triarylmethane Class I Preservatives - permitted in foods: Common salt Sugar Dextrose Glucose Syrup Spices Vinegar or acetic acid Honey Edible vegetable oils Class II Preservatives Use of more than one is prohibited (useage should be in recommended doses): Benzoic acid including salts thereof Sulphurous acid including salts thereof Nitrates or Nitrites of Sodium or Potassium in respect of food like ham, pickled meat, Sorbic acid including its sodium, potassium and calcium salts, propionates of calcium or sodium, lactic acid, and acid calcium phosphate. 152

153 Nisin Sodium and calcium propionate Methyl or propyl Parahydroxy-Benzoate Propionic acid, including esters or salt thereof, Sodium diacetate, and Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of lactic acid. The use of the following flavouring agents are prohibited in any article of food, namely: Coumarin and dihydrocoumarin; Tonkabean (Dipteryl adorat); asarone and cinamyl anthracilate" Estragole Ethyl Methyl Ketone Ethyl-3-Phenylglycidate Eugenyl methyl ether Methyl β napthyl Ketone P.Propylanisole Saffrole and Isosaffrole hujone and Isothujone α & β thujone. Solvent in flavour Diethylene Glycol and Monoethyl ether shall not be used as solvent in flavours. 153

154 Annexure 11 List of Prohibited Dyes: List of 42 Benzidine based Dyes Prohibited From 1993 S. No CI Generic Name CI Constn. No 1 Acid Orange Acid Red Acid Black 29 4 Acid Black Azoic Diazo Compo Direct Yellow Direct Yellow Direct Orange Direct Orange Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Violet Direct Violet Direct Violet Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Green Direct Green Direct Green Direct Green 8: Direct Brown Direct Brown 1: Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Brown Direct Black Direct Black Direct Black

155 LIST OF 70 Azo Dyes Prohibited From June S.No CI Generic Name CI Constn. No. 1 Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Red Acid Voilet Acid Brown Acid Black Acid Black Acid Black Basic Red Basic Red Basic Brown Developer 14 = Oxidation Base Direct Yellow Direct Orange Direct Orange Direct Orange Direct Orange Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red

156 36 Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Red Direct Violet Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Blue Direct Green Direct Blue Direct Black Direct Black Disperse Yellow Disperse Yellow Disperse Yellow Disperse Orange Disperse Red

157 Annexure 12 List of chemicals with quantities for application of Public Liability Insurance Act Sl. No. Name of hazardous substances Quantity Group 1: Toxic Substances 1 Aldicarb l00 kg 2 4-Aminodiphenyl 1 kg 3 Amiton 1 kg 4 Anabasine 100 kg 5 Arseinc pentoxide, Arsenic (V) acid & salts 100 kg 6 Arsenic trioxide, Arscius (III) acid & salts 100 kg 7 Arsine (Arsenic hydride) 10 kg 8 Azinphos-ethyl 100 kg 9 Azinphos-methyl 100 kg 10 Benzidine 1 kg 11 Benzidine salts 1 kg 12 Beryllium (powders, compounds) 10 kg 13 Bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide 1 kg 14 Bis (chloromethyl) ether 1 kg 15 Carbophuran 100 kg 16 Carbophenothion 100 kg 17 Chlorefenvinphos 100 kg 18 4-(Chloroformyl) morpholine 1 kg 19 Chloromethyl methyl ether 1 kg 20 Cobalt (metal, oxides, carbonates, sulphides, as powders) 1 t 21 Crimidine 100 kg 22 Cynthoate 100 kg 23 Cycloheximide 100 kg 24 Demeton 100 kg 25 Dialifos 100 kg 26 OO-Diethyl S-ethylsulphinylmethyl phosphorothiate 100 kg 27 OO-Diethyl S-ethylsulphonylmethyl phosphorothioate 100 kg 28 OO-Diethyl S-ethylthiomethyl Phosphorothioate 100 kg 29 OO-Diethyl S-isopropylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate 100 kg 30 OO-Diethyl S-propylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate 100 kg 31 Dirnefox 100kg 32 Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride 1 kg 33 Dimelhylnitrosamine 1 kg 34 Dimethyl phosphoramidocynicidic acid 1 t 35 Diphacinone 100kg 36 Disulfoton 100 kg 37 EPN 100 kg 38 Ethion 100 kg 39 Fensulfothion 100 kg 40 Fluenetil 100 kg 157

158 41 Fluroacetic acid 1 kg 42 Fluoroacetic acid, salts 1 kg 43 Ruoroacetic acid, esters 1 kg 44 Fluoroacetic acid, amides 1 kg 45 4-Fluorobutyric acid 1 kg 46 4-Fluorobutyric acid, salts 1 kg 47 4-Fluorobutyric acid, esters 1 kg 48 4-Fluorobutyric acid, amides 1 kg 49 4-Florocrotonic acid 1 kg 50 4-Fluorocrotonic acid, salts 1 kg 51 4-Fluorocrotonic acid, esters 1 kg 52 4-Fluorocrotonic acid, amides 1 kg 53 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, amides 1 kg 54 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, salts 1 kg 55 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, esters 1 kg 56 4-Fluoro-2-hydroxybutyric acid, amides 1 kg 57 Glycolonitrile (Hydroxyacetoni trile) 100kg 58 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 100g 59 Hexamethyl phosphoramide 1 kg 60 Hydrogen selenide 10 kg 61 Isobenzan 100 kg 62 Isodrin 100 kg 63 Juglone (S-Hydroxynaphithalene 1,4 dione) 100 kg 64 4, 4-Methylenebis (2-chloroniline) 10 kg 65 Mthyl isocynate 150 kg 66 Mevinphos 100 kg 67 2-Naphthylamine 1 kg 68 2-Nickel (metal, oxides, carbonates, 1 t 69 Nickel tetracarbonyl 10kg 70 Oxygendisulfoton 100 kg 71 Oxygen difuoride 10kg 72 Paraxon (Diethyl 4-n;trophenyl phosphate) 100 kg 73 Parathionf 100 kg 74 Parathion-methyl 100 kg 75 Pentaborane 100 kg 76 Phorate 100 kg 77 Phosacetim 100 kg 78 Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) 750 kg 79 Phospharnidon 100 kg 80 Posphine (Hydrogen phosphide) 100 kg 81 Promurit (1-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl) 3-100kg triazenelhiocarboxamide) 82 1, 3-Propanesullone 1 kg 83 1-Propcn-2-chloro-1, 3-diol diacetate 10 kg 84 Pyrazoxon 100 kg 85 Selenium hexalluoride 10 kg 158

159 86 Sodium selenite 100 kg 87 Stibine (Antimony hydride) 100 kg 88 Sulfotep 100 kg 89 Sulphur dichloride 1 t 90 Tellurium hexafluroride 100 kg 91 TEPP 100 kg 92 2, 3, 7, 8-Telrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 1 kg 93 Telramethylenedisulphototramine 1 kg 94 Thionazin 100 kg 95 Tirpate (2, 4-Dimethyl-1, 3-di thiolane-2-calboxaldehyde O- 100 kg methylcarbamoyloxime) 96 Trichloromethanesulphenyl chloride 100 kg 97 1-Tri (cyclohexyl) stannyl-l H-l, 2, 4-triazole 100 kg 98 Triethylenemelamine 10 kg 99 Warfarin 100 kg Group 2: Toxic Substances 100 Acetone cyanohydrin (2-Cyanopropan-2-01) 200 t 101 Acrolein (2-Propenal) 20 t 102 Acrylonitrile 20 t 103 Allyl alcohol (Propen-1-01) 200 t 104 Alylamine 200 t 105 Ammonia 50 t 106 Bromine 40 t 107 Carbon disulphide 20 t 108 Chlorine 10 t 109 Dipneyl ethane di-isocynate (MDI) 20 t 110 Ethylene dibromide (1, 2-Dibromocthanc) 5 t 111 Ethyloncimine 50 t 112 Formaldehyde (concentration <90%) 5 t 113 Hydrogen cyanide 5 t 114 Hydrogen chloride (liquified gas) Hydrogen fluoride 5 t 116 Hydrogen sulphide 5 t 117 Methyl bromide (Bromomethane) 20 t 118 Nitrogen oxides 50t 119 Propylineimine 50t 120 Sulphur dioxide 20t 121 Sulphur trioxide 15t 122 Tetraethyl lead 5 t 123 Tetramethyl lead 5 t 124 Toluene di-isocynate (TDI) 10 t Group 3: Highly Reactive Substances 125 Acetylene (ethyne) 5 t 126 a. Ammonium nitrate (I) 350 t b. Ammonium nitrate in form of fertiliser (2) 1250 t 127 2, 2-Bis (tcrt-butylperoxy) butane) (concentration 70%) 5 t 159

160 128 1, 1-Bis (tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (concentration 5 t 80%) 129 tert-butyl proxyacetate (concentration 70%) 5 t 130 tert-butyl peroxyisobutyrate (concentration 80%) 5 t 131 tert-butyl peroxy isopropy1 carbonate (concentration - 5 t 80%) 132 tert-butyl peroxymalcate (concentration- 80%) 5 t 133 tert-butyl peroxypivalate (concentration 77%) 50 t 134 dibenzyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration 90%) 5 t 135 Di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration 80%) 5 t 136 Diethyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration 30%) 50 t 137 2, 2-dihydroperoxypropanc (concentration 30%) 5 t 138 di-isobutyryl peroxide concentration 50%) 50 t 139 Di-n-propyl peroxydicarbonate (concentration 80%) 5 t 140 Ethylene oxide 5 t 141 Elyl nilrat 50 t 142 3, 3, 6, 6, 9, 9Hcxamcthyl-1, 2, 4, 5 tertoxacyclononane 50 t (concentration 75%) 143 Hydrogen 2 t 144 Liquid Oxygen 200 t 145 Melhyl ethyl ketone peroxide (concentration 260%) 5 t 146 Methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide (concentration 260%) 50 t 147 Peracetic acid (concentration 260%) 50 t 148 Propylene oxide 5 t 149 Sodium chlorate 25 t 150 Barium azide 50 t 151 Bis (2,4, 6-trinitrophenyl) amine 50 t 152 Chlorotrinitro benzene 50 t 153 Cellulose nitrate (containing 12.6% Nitrogen) 50 t 154 Cyclotetramethylenctcranitramine 50 t 155 Cyclotrimethylenetiranitramine 50 t 156 Diazodinitsphenol 10 t 157 Dicthylene glycol dinitrate 10 t 158 Dinitrophenol, salts 50 t 159 EthyIene glycol dinitrate 10 t 160 l-gyanyl4-nitrosaminoguanyl- 1 -tetrazene 10 t 161 2, 2', 4, 4,' 6, 6'-Hexanirostilbene 50 t 162 Hydrazine nitrate 50 t 163 Lead azide 50 t 164 Lead styphnate (Lead 2, 4, 6-trinitroresorcinoxide) 50 t 165 Mercury fuliminate 10 t 166 N-Mcthyl-N,2, 4, 6-tetranitroanilinc 50 t 167 Nitroglycerine 10 t 168 Pentacrylhrilol tetranitrate 50 t 169 Picric acid (2, 3, 6-Trinitrophenol) 50 t 170 Sodium picramate 50 t 160

161 171 Styphnic acid (2, 4, 6-TriniLroresorcinol 50 t 172 1, 3, 5-Triamino-2, 4. 6-trinitrobenzene 50 t 173 Trinitroaniline- 50 t 174 2, 4, 6-Trinitroanisole 50 t 175 Trinitrobenzene 50 t 176 Trinitrobenzoic acid 50 t 177 Trinitrocresol 50 t 178 2,4, 6-Trinitrophenitole 50 t 179 2,4, 6-Trinitrotulene 50 t 161

162 Annexure 13 List of Rivers, Streams, Reservoirs, etc where industries causing water pollution is not permitted (Water and Air Pollution: Environment and forests department G.o. ms. No: 213 dated the 30th March, 1989) S. No 1. Rivers 2. Tanks and Reservoirs 3. Madras & Chengalpattu Districts Araniyaru Koaratalaiyar Cooum Adayar Palar Nagari Nandiyaru Cheyyar Chembarambakkam Tank Thenneri Hissa Tank Uthiramerur Tank Maduranthagam Tank Parayankalathur Tank Cooum Tank Manimangalam Tank 9. Kiliyaru Poondi Reservoir 10. Ongur Cholavaram Lake Red Hills Lake South Arcot District 1. Varahanadhi Wellington Reservoir 2. Malattaru Vidur Reservoir Gomuki Reservoir Manimukthanadhi 3. Pennaiaru Pambai Channel Reservoir Veeranam Tank Perumal Tank 4. Gadilam 5. Vellar 6. Coleroon 7. Tundiaru Canals 4. Upper supply Channel (Poondi to Cholavaram) Lower supply Channel (Cholavaram to Redhills) Cheyyar Anicut Main Channel Sathanur Reservoir Project Canal Sathanur Reservoir Project Right Bank Canal Malattar Channel Raghavian Channel Sithalingamadam Channel Vadamarudur Channel 8. Pambaiyar 9. Gomuki Maragadapuram 10. Manimukthanadhi 11. Musukunda Nadhi Channel Alargal Channel Kandapakkam Channel Eralur Channel Thirukkoilur anaicut Ellis Choatry Anaicut 12. Thurinjalar Wellington Reservoir Supply Channel (From Toludur Regulator) 13. Vasistanadhi Wellington Reservoir Main Canal 162

163 14. Vadavar Wellingdon Reservoir Low Level Canal. Pelandorai Anicut Main Channel North Rajan Channel South Rajan Channel Kunukkumanniyar Lower Coleroon Anaicut. Channel Vellar Rajan Channel Veeranam and New Supply Channel Sethiathope Anaicut Gomuki Reservoir Main Canal Manimukthanadhi Reservoir Main Canal Vridhachalam Anaicut Main channels (North & South) Mehamathur Anaicut Channel Thanjavur district 1. Cauvery Grand Anaicut Canal 2. Coleroon Lower Coleroon Anaicut Canals 3. Kodamurutty 4. Arasalar 5. Veerasholan 6. Vikramanar 7. Vennar 8. Vettar 9. Vadavar 10. Koraiyar 11. Paminiar 12. Pandavayar 13. Vellayar 14. Mulliyar 15. Ayyanar Trichy District 1. Cauvery Ponnaiyar Reservoirs North bank Canal South Bank Canal Kattalai Bed Regulator Kattalai Right-Left Canal 2. Amaravathi Uyyakondan Channel 3. Coleroon Nanganur channel Pullambadi Channel Ponnaniyar Reservoir new Canal 163

164 Pudukkottai District. 1. Vellar - Grand Anicut Canal 2. Ambuliyaru 3. Agniceru 4. Koraiar Madurai district 1. Vaigai Vaigai Reservoir Gungun Valley Anaicut Canals 2. Suriliyar Sathiar Odai Reservoir Periyar Main Canal 3. Kottakudiar Manjalar Canal Thirumangalam Main Canal Sathiar Odai Reservoir Canals Anna District 1. Shanmughanathi Palar Porandalar Palar-Porandalar Main Canal Thadakulam Tank canals 2. Koduvanaru Parappalar Ramasandram Anicut Channel (Posappalam) Vardamahadhi Reservoirs System 3. Manjalaru Vardamanadhi Vardamahadhi Reservoirs System 4. Mamdanadhi Manjalar Thirumangalam Main Channel 5. Palar-Porandalar Kodaikanal Lake Periyar Main Canals 6. Parajipalar Berijam Lake Murudanadhi Reservoir Left & Right Side 7. Vaigai River Kamaraj Sagar Mayalaru Reservoir Canals Ramanathapuram District 1. Vaigai R.S. Mangalam Tank Vaipparu Ramanad Big Tank Vembaru Kanoor Tank Maranadu Tank -- Pasumpon Muthuramalingam District 1. Vaigai -- Periyar Main Canals 2. Manimuthar Kamarajar District 1. Vaipparu Kullur Sandai -- Reservoir Vembokottai Reservoir Thirunelveli Kattabomman District 1. Thamaraparani Manimuthar 2. Karuppanadhi Karuppanadhi 3. Chettiar Ramanadhi North Kodamelagian Channel Nadiyunni Channel Kannadian Channel 164

165 4. 5. Servalar Manimuthar Gatana Papanasam Kadamba Tank Vijayanarayar Periyakulam Tenkanai Tank Kodayan Chennel Palayam Channel Tirunelveli Channel Ramanathi Tenkal Channel Reservoir Vadakkal Channel Manimuthar Reservoir main Channel- Gatana Reservoir Arasapattu Channel Vadakuruvaipathu Channel Gatana Reservoirs Radhapuram Channel Voc Chidambaranar District 1. Tambaraparani Korampallam Tank Marudur Melakkal Channel 2. Vaippar South Main Channel of Srivaikundam Anicut North Main Channel of Srivaikundam Anicut Kanyakumari District 1. Kodaiyaru Pechiparai Padmanabhapuram Puthen Channel 2. Valliar Perunchani Pandiankal 3. Palayaru Chittar Thovala Channel N.P. Channel Pazhayaru E.K. Kal System A.V.M. Channel Thiruvithancode Canal System Pechiparai Left Bank Canal Pattanamkal System Radhapuram Canal Coimbatore District 1. Bhavani Parambikulam Ramakulan Channel 2. Noyyal Sholayar Kallapuram Channel 3. Amaravathi Amaravathi Parambikulam Right Left Canal Parambikulam Main Canal Bhalli Channel system 4. Aliyar Aliyar Vettaikaranpudur Canal Poruvanpallar Sethumadai Canal Thunnokhadam Udumalpet Canal Upper Nivan Aliyar Feeder Canal Lower Nivan Pollachi canal 165

166 Thirumathi Nilgiris District 1. Moyar Upper Bhavani Avara Halla Canal 2. Bhavani Emerald 3. Pillur Pallam Avalanche 4. Kulkathurai Halla Pillur 5. Dedarahalla Kundah 6. Avarai Halla Paikara 7. Paikara Ooty Halla 8. Amkour halla Parson Valley 9. Singar Glemergon Singara Periyar District 1. Cauvery Bhavani Sagar Modineri Anicut Canals 2. Bhavani Uppar Thadappalli Channel Lower Bhavani Channel Kalingarayan Anicut Canal 3. Moyar Uttamalaikarai Odai Upper Reservoirs canal 4. Noyyal Varattapallam Vattamalai Kaveri odai Reservoirs Canal Gunderipallam Varattappallam Keshmir Canal Gunderipallam Reservoirs right side and left side canals Salem District 1. Cauvery Mettur Reservoir Mettur Canals (East & West Bank canals) 2. Thirumanimuthar Yercadu Lake 3. Vashishtanadhi Dharmapuri District 1. Cauvery Krishnagiri Reservoir Krishnagiri Reservoir Main Canal 2. Pennaiyaru Chinnar Reservoir Bargur Tank Supply Channel (West & East) 3. Palar Thunvalahalli Nedungal Anicut Channel Reservoir 4. Chinnar I Bargur Big Tank Devarahalli Tank Supply Channel 5. Chinnar II Mettur Reservoir Chinnar Reservoir Right Side Channel 6. Bargur river Pambar 7. Pambar 8. Vaniar 9. Chinnaru 10. Palaru 166

167 North Arcot District Palar Poiney Cheyyar Pennaiyar Thurinjilaru Sathanur Reservoir Dusi Mamandur Tank Kaveripakkam Tank Mahendravadi Channel Kaveri pak Channel Sukkiramallur Channel Dari (Temmampattu) Channel Kavai Channel Govindavadi Channel Poiney Eastern Main Channel Poiney Western Main Channel Sathanur Reservoir Project Canal Sathanur Reservoir Project Right Bank Canal Palar Anaicut Poiney Anicut Sathanur Reservoir 167

168 Annexure 14 The WHO classification of pesticides by hazard 1. Extremely hazardous (Class Ia) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) Not permissible in the project Common name Aldicarb Difenacoum Mevinphos Brodifacoum Difethialone Parathion Bromadiolone Diphacinone Parathion-methyl Bromethalin Disulfoton Phenylmercury acetate Calcium cyanide EPN Phorate Captafol Ethoprophos Phosphamidon Chlorethoxyfos Flocoumafen Sodium fluoroacetate Chlormephos Hexachlorobenzene Sulfotep Chlorophacinone Mercuric chloride Tebupirimfos Terbufos 2. Highly hazardous (Class Ib) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) Not permissible in the project Common name Acrolein Dinoterb Methomyl Allyl alcohol DNOC Monocrotophos Azinphos-ethyl Edifenphos Nicotine Azinphos-methyl Ethiofencarb Omethoate Blasticidin-S Famphur Oxamyl Butocarboxim Fenamiphos Oxydemeton-methyl Butoxycarboxim Flucythrinate Paris green Cadusafos Fluoroacetamide Pentachlorophenol Calcium arsenate Formetanate Propetamphos Carbofuran Furathiocarb Sodium arsenite Chlorfenvinphos Heptenophos Sodium cyanide 3-Chloro-1, 2-propanediol Isoxathion Strychnine Coumaphos Lead arsenate Tefluthrin Coumatetralyl Mecarbam Thallium sulfate Zeta-cypermethrin Mercuric oxide Thiofanox Demeton-S-methyl Methamidophos Thiometon Dichlorvos Methidathion Triazophos Dicrotophos Methiocarb Vamidothion Zinc phosphide Warfarin 168

169 3. Moderately hazardous (Class II) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) Not permissible in the project Common name Alanycarb Dimethoate Molinate Anilofos Dinobuton Nabam Azaconazole Diquat Naled Azocyclotin Endosulfan Paraquat Bendiocarb Endothal-sodium Pebulate Benfuracarb EPTC Permethrin Bensulide Esfenvalerate Phenthoate Bifenthrin Ethion Phosalone Bilanafos Fenazaquin Phosmet Bioallethrin Fenitrothion Phoxim Bromoxynil Fenobucarb Piperophos Bromuconazole Fenpropidin Pirimicarb Bronopol Fenpropathrin Prallethrin Butamifos Fenthion Profenofos Butylamine Fentin acetate Propiconazole Carbaryl Fentin hydroxide Propoxur Carbosulfan Fenvalerate [ISO] Prosulfocarb Cartap Fipronil Prothiofos Chloralose Fluxofenim Pyraclofos Chlorfenapyr Fuberidazole Pyrazophos Chlordane Gamma-HCH, Lindane Pyrethrins Chlorphonium chloride Guazatine Pyroquilon Chlorpyrifos Haloxyfop Quinalphos Clomazone HCH Quizalofop-p-tefuryl Copper sulfate Imazalil Rotenone Cuprous oxide Imidacloprid Spiroxamine Cyanazine Iminoctadine TCA (acid) Cyanophos Ioxynil Terbumeton Cyfluthrin Ioxyniloctanoate Tetraconazole Beta-cyfluthrin Isoprocarb Thiacloprid Cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Thiobencarb Cypermethrin Mercurous chloride Thiocyclam Alpha-cypermethrin Metaldehyde Thiodicarb Cyphenothrin [(1R)-isomers] Metam-sodium Tralomethrin 2,4-D Methacrifos Triazamate DDT Methasulfocarb Trichlorfon Deltamethrin Methyl isothiocyanate Tricyclazole 169

170 Diazinon Metolcarb Tridemorph Difenzoquat Metribuzin Xylylcarb 4. Slightly hazardous (Class III) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) Permissible under IPM Common name Acephate Dinocap Nitrapyrin Acetochlor Diphenamid Nuarimol Acifluorfen Dithianon Octhilinone Alachlor Dodine N- octylbicycloheptenedicarb oximide Allethrin Empenthrin Oxadixyl Ametryn Esprocarb Paclobutrazol Amitraz Etridiazole Pendimethalin Azamethiphos Fenothiocarb Pimaricin Bensultap Ferimzone Pirimiphos-methyl Bentazone Fluazifop-p-butyl Prochloraz Butralin Fluchloralin Propachlor Butroxydim Flufenacet Propanil Chinomethionat Fluoroglycofen Propargite Chlormequat (chloride) Flurprimidol Pyrazoxyfen Chloroacetic acid Flusilazole Pyridaben Copper hydroxide Flutriafol Pyridaphenthion Copper oxychloride Fomesafen Pyridate 4-CPA Furalaxyl Pyrifenox Cycloate Glufosinate Quinoclamine Cyhexatin Hexazinone Quizalofop Cymoxanil Hydramethylnon Resmethrin Cyproconazole Iprobenfos Sethoxydim Dazomet Isoprothiolane Simetryn 2,4-DB Isoproturon Sodium chlorate Dicamba Isouron Sulfluramid Dichlormid Malathion 2,3,6-TBA Dichlorobenzene MCPA Tebuconazole Dichlorophen MCPA-thioethyl Tebufenpyrad Dichlorprop MCPB Tebuthiuron Diclofop Mecoprop Thiram 170

171 Dicofol Mecoprop Tralkoxydim Diethyltoluamide Mefluidide Triadimefon Difenoconazole Mepiquat Triadimenol Dimepiperate Metalaxyl Tri-allate Dimethachlor Metamitron Triclopyr Dimethametryn Metconazole Triflumizole Dimethipin Methylarsonic acid Undecan-2-one Dimethylarsinic acid Metolachlor Uniconazole Diniconazole Myclobutanil XMC 2-Napthyloxyacetic acid Ziram 5. Technical grade active ingredients of pesticides unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use (Common name)-permissible in PVP Aclonifen Ethirimol Noviflumuron Acrinathrin Ethofumesate Ofurace Alloxydim Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate Oryzalin Amitrole Etofenprox Oxabetrinil Ammonium sulfamate Famoxadone Oxadiazon Ancymidol Fenarimol Oxine-copper Anthraquinone Fenbuconazole Oxycarboxin Asulam Fenbutatin oxide Oxyfluorfen Atrazine Fenchlorazole Penconazole Azimsulfuron Fenclorim Pencycuron Azoxystrobine Fenfuram Penoxsulam Bacillus thuringiensis Fenhexamid Pentanochlor Benalaxyl Fenoxycarb Phenmedipham Benazolin Fenpiclonil Phenothrin Benfluralin Fenpropimorph 2-Phenylphenol Benfuresate Ferbam Phosphorus acid Benomyl Flamprop-M Phthalide Benoxacor Florasulam Picloram Bensulfuron-methyl Flucarbazone-sodium Piperonylbutoxide Bifenox Flucycloxuron Pretilachlor Bioresmethrin Flufenoxuron Primisulfuron Biphenyl Flumetralin Probenazole Bispyribac Flumetsulam Procymidone Bitertanol Fluometuron Prodiamine Borax Flupropanate Prometon Bromacil Flupyrsulfuron Prometryn Bromobutide Flurenol Propamocarb Bromopropylate Fluridone Propaquizafop Bupirimate Flurochloridone Propazine Buprofezin Fluroxypyr Propham 171

172 Butachlor Fluthiacet Propineb Butylate Flutolanil Propyzamide Captan Fluvalinate Pyrazolynate Carbendazim Folpet Pyrazosulfuron Carbetamide Fosamine Pyrimethanil Carboxin Fosetyl Pyriminobac Carpropamid Gibberellic acid Pyriproxyfen Chloransulam methyl Glyphosate Pyrithiobac sodium Chlorfluazuron Halofenozide Quinclorac Chloridazon Hexaconazole Quinmerac Chlorimuron Hexaflumuron Quinoxyfen Chlorothalonil Ethephon Nicosulfuron Chlorotoluron Hexythiazox Nitrothal-isopropyl Chlorpropham Hydroprene Norflurazon Chlorpyrifos methyl 2-Hydroxyethyl Quintozene octylsulphide Chlorsulfuron Hymexazol Rimsulfuron Chlorthal-dimethyl Imazamethabenzmethyl Siduron Chlozolinate Imazapyr Simazine Cinmethylin Imazaquin Spinosad Cinosulfuron Imazethapyr Sulfometuron Clofentezine Imibenconazole Sulphur Clomeprop Inabenfide TCA (sodium salt) Clopyralid Iprodione Tebufenozide Cloxyfonac Iprovalicarb Tebutam Cryolite Isoxaben Tecnazene Cycloprothrin Kasugamycin Teflubenzuron Cyclosulfamuron Lenacil Temephos Cycloxydim Linuron Terbacil Cyhalofop Maleic hydrazide Terbuthylazine Cyromazine Mancozeb Terbutryn Daimuron Maneb Tetrachlorvinphos Dalapon Mefenacet Tetradifon Daminozide Mepanipyrim Tetramethrin Desmedipham Mepronil Thiabendazole Diafenthiuron Metazachlor Thidiazuron Dichlobenil Methabenzthiazuron Thifensulfuron-methyl Dichlofluanid Methoprene Thifluzamide Diclomezine Methoxychlor Thiophanate-methyl Dicloran Methozyfenozide Tiocarbazil Diclosulam Methyldymron Tolclofos-methyl Diethofencarb Metiram Tolylfluanid Diflubenzuron Metobromuron Transfluthrin Diflufenican Metosulam Triasulfuron Dikegulac Metoxuron Tribenuron Dimefuron Metsulfuron methyl Trietazine 172

173 Dimethirimol Monolinuron Triflumuron Dimethomorph 2-(1-Naphthyl) acetamide Trifluralin Dimethyl phthalate 1-Naphthylacetic acid Triflusulfuron-methyl Dinitramine Napropamide Triforine Dipropylisocinchomerate Naptalam Triticonazole Dithiopyr Neburon Validamycin Diuron Niclosamide Vinclozolin Dodemorph Zineb Ethalfluralin 173

174 Annexure 15 Summary of Stakeholder Consultation Workshop Social Assessment & Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Date: The Stake holder consultation workshop for Social Assessment (SA) and Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Stakeholder were organized by TNRTP and the respective agencies viz., Economic Perspectives Ltd and Center for Environment Education (CEE). The Objective of the consultation is to further strengthen the Framework and also it will help to take adequate support. Welcome note and Inaugural address were given by TNRTP staff and the Project Director. The Project Director requested for Beneficiaries inputs, because the beneficiaries are the important stakehholder to decide the type of income generation activities. Key points in the presentation: Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project will be inaugurated by April TNRTP is an extension of TNPVP. From July on TNRTP will function in 120 Non PVP blocks. Objective of TNRTP is mainly to uplift the job opportunities and value addition. Social Assessment: Group activities are less in the field; the reasons are no working capital and not getting loan with lesser interest. 65 % of the communities are ready to do business/enterprises provided with required knowledge, funds & hand holding support. SHGs showed interest on doing Dairy, Floriculture and Food business. Concerns with middleman interventions in Horticulture and Floriculture were put forth by the beneficiaries. Farmer s producers companies & Value addition of Products is the key component to be focused on transforming the Livelihoods of the project beneficiaries. Differently abled, Psycho social, autistic, neurologically impaired persons are to be included in social assessment for the possibility of catering them in TNRTP Sugessions on Environmental and Social Management Frame work: Process of Categorization and Responsibility - Business plans will be categorized into four (red, orange, green and white) based on PCB criteria. And Community Professionals with the help of Block Team will identify the categorization. Adequate training will be given for them to do Environmental Assessment. About Disposal method of sanitary napkin, since it is not infectious waste it will not be considered as a biomedical waste. The beneficiaries will be trained on proper disposal methods of used napkins. Innovative disposal machines will be explored as part of the Green Enterprises Carbon foot print of the business activities to be measured During District Diagnostic Studies ESMF components will be incorporated. This is to ensure that natural resources are being safeguarded and improved. 48 % population of Tamil Nadu is urban. Strengthening of existing Business & promotion is safer than going to totally new business. Both should be environmentally enhancing and should not damage the Environment. 174

175 Develop skills and business for Local business. NTFP collection from forest Training for alternative resource business can be given to minimize the presseure on resources and to secure the resources from forests. Gulf of manner more fisheries is going on and hence the Resources are getting depleted We need to search for alternative business TNRTP to handhold these alternate business. Women should come out of sterohypic work (Tailoring). Women are already involved successfully in the works like masonry, courier service, EB meter reading, and Auto driving in the TNPVP districts, such examples will be explored for TNRTP also 175

176 Glimpses: Inaugural Talk by the PD About TNRTP Experts Discussion About SA by Economic Perspective About ESMF by CEE Community Discussion 176

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