Distillers Grains Feeding and Beef Quality
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1 MEAT PROPERTIES: HOW BEEF AND PORK QUALITY ARE AFFECTED BY SHIFTS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION REGIMENS Distillers Grains Feeding and Beef Quality Galen E. Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein and Virgil Bremer Introduction Ethanol production is increasing at a rapid rate, as is production of feed byproducts. There are two main milling industries that can produce ethanol: wet milling and dry milling. Two different categories of feeds are produced from these two industries, with wet milling resulting in wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and dry milling resulting in wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). In ethanol plants that are large distances from cattle operations, the wet feeds are dried to produce either dry corn gluten feed or dry distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS). While dry byproducts are important feeds to discuss, the feeding values are different between wet and dry distillers grains (Ham et al., 995) as well as wet and dry corn gluten feed (Firkins et al., 985), therefore, results will be presented on the feeding value and carcass characteristics for WDGS, WCGF, and DDGS separately. The response to feeding distillers grains is also impacted by the type of grain that is replaced. The three most common types of corn processing methods commonly fed in the U.S. are dry-rolled corn (DRC), high-moisture corn (HMC), and steam-flaked corn (SFC). This paper and presentation will focus on the impact of feeding byproducts in place of DRC or HMC. It is important to note that data on feeding WDGS or DDGS in diets consisting of SFC will not be presented. The reader is referred to Corrigan et al. (27) and Vander Pol et al. (26) for more information on use of distillers grains in SFC-based diets, which is different than feeding with either DRC or HMC. However, corn processing method does not influence the response to WCGF (Scott et al., 23; Macken et al., 26). These different byproducts will be discussed separately, as we feel it is inappropriate to evaluate the impact on carcass quality in one data set as they each impact performance differently. Dry corn gluten feed will not be discussed. Dry gluten feed is fed to feedlot cattle, particularly Galen E. Erickson University of Nebraska-Lincoln C22 Animal Science; P. O. Box 8398 Lincoln, NE PH: FAX: geericks@unlnotes.unl.edu Proceedings of the 6 th American Meat Science Association Reciprocal Meat Conference (pp ) June 7-2, 27, Brookings, South Dakota in the southern plains region; however, these inclusions are relatively low (<2% of diet DM), are fed to primarily meet protein needs, and have little to no impact on carcass quality. Lastly, distinct differences exist for ethanol byproducts, even within companies, due to plant-to-plant variation. Stock et al. (999) divided WCGF into 2 main categories, depending on the ratio of steep to bran. Based on differences in the amount of steep added, WCGF has to 9% the feeding value of DRC when fed at levels of 2 to 6% of diet DM (Stock et al., 999). Higher feeding value (and protein) is associated with increases in steep added in WCGF. Methodology A critical first step in determining what impact a feedstuff has on performance or carcass quality is to discuss methodology of how feeds are evaluated. In most experiments, cattle are allocated randomly to pens, then pens assigned randomly to dietary treatments. Cattle are then fed their respective dietary treatment until market. Important performance measurements routinely collected include dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), initial and final body weights (BW), as well as feed conversion measured as DMI/ADG (F:G). At market, traditional carcass characteristics are measured at the abattoir which include: hot carcass weight (HCW), fat thickness, ribeye area (LM area), USDA calculated Yield Grade, and USDA marbling score. However, determining when cattle are finished or at an appropriate endpoint is challenging and worth discussion. In almost all experiments, cattle are fed different dietary treatments and all cattle are marketed when the average of all treatments are finished. The criteria for determining when cattle are finished can be based on measurements such as ultrasound, but are more often based on visual appraisal of fat thickness. The key point here is that regardless of how the decision to market cattle or end the experiment is determined, all cattle are sold at one time and carcass characteristics measured. Therefore, if one dietary treatment has a negative impact on performance, then those cattle tend to be less finished at the conclusion of the experiment. The different degrees of finish across treatments is usually evident based on lesser fat thickness, lesser USDA Yield Grade, and usually lesser USDA marbling scores. Most experiments are conducted in this manner with equal days on experiment or days on feed for all treatments. While simpler, the results of these experiments require ap- 6 th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference 75
2 propriate interpretation when evaluating the effect of a dietary treatment on carcass characteristics. For example, if one treatment tends to decrease ADG, it is logical to assume that cattle will have lesser HCW, fat thickness, USDA Yield Grade, and USDA marbling scores simply because the cattle gained at a slower rate yet were sold at the same time as cattle on a different treatment. There is one other approach that may allow for calculation of days on feed across different treatments based on when cattle would be at equal fatness, which is commonly called serial slaughter experiments. In serial slaughter experiments, cattle are slaughtered at multiple times to determine how carcass characteristics are changing during the experiment and then treatments can be corrected and compared at equal fatness. These experiments are quite rare and more expensive than traditional experiments, albeit valuable in terms of comparing different treatment effects on carcass fatness when necessary. Numerous experiments conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and elsewhere have been summarized using meta-analysis techniques to determine the impact of feeding ethanol feed byproducts on cattle performance and carcass characteristics. In each individual experiment, cattle were all sold at one time. Therefore, it is important to present performance changes due to feeding different byproducts along with carcass characteristics. For methodology used in each experiment, the reader is referred to each individual experiment; however, all experiments had quite similar experimental designs. Experiments will be summarized based on ) WDGS replacing dry-rolled or highmoisture corn (Buckner et al., 27a; Corrigan et al., 27; DeHaan et al, 982; Farlin, 98; Firkins et al., 985; Fanning et al., 999; Larson et al., 993; Luebbe et al., 27; Trenkle, 997a; Trenkle, 997b; Vander Pol et al., 24; Vander Pol et al., 25); 2) WCGF (Sweet Bran, Cargill Wet Milling, Blair, NE) replacing dry-rolled or high-moisture corn (Buckner et al., 27a; Herold et al., 998; Loza et al., 27; Richards et al., 995; Scott et al., 23; Scott et al., 997) or 3) DDGS fed to finishing cattle. Numerous other byproducts exist such as modified wet distillers grains plus solubles, dry corn gluten feed, and liquid byproducts such as distillers solubles; however, data will not be presented on these other byproducts. Results Wet distillers grains plus solubles Replacement of grain with WDGS consistently improved feed efficiency. Figure summarizes the feeding value of WDGS expressed relative to corn. The feeding value is consistently higher than corn and suggests a 3% improvement in feed efficiency when WDGS replaces 5 to 4% of the diet. The feeding value at low levels (less than 5%) is approximately 6% the feeding value of corn. When higher levels of WDGS are used (greater than 4%), the feeding value was still greater than corn. The increase in feeding value is due to dramatic improvements in ADG when WDGS replace corn (Figure 2). Because ADG is greater for cattle fed WDGS, carcasses from cattle fed WDGS are fatter (Figure 3), and marbling score increases (Figure 4). These responses are all significantly quadratic with increases in ADG, fatness, and USDA marbling score increasing as WDGS inclusion increases to 3% (DM basis) and then decreasing. Feeding Value (% of corn) Figure. Feeding value of wet distillers grains plus solubles when replacing corn at different inclusions. ADG (lb) y = -.5x x Diet DM % WDGS WDGS Level ADG (lb) Figure 2. Average daily gain of feedlot cattle fed diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles when replacing corn at different inclusions. 2 th Rib Fat (in) y = -.33x 3 y = -8E-5x x x x Linear P =. Level of Diet DM (WDGS) Quad P =.3 Cubic P =.5 WDGS Level FAT Diet DM % WDGS Figure 3. Backfat thickness of feedlot cattle fed diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles when replacing corn at different inclusions. 76 American Meat Science Association
3 Marbling Score y = -.277x x Diet DM % WDGS WDGS Level Marbling = Small Figure 4. Marbling score of feedlot cattle fed diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles when replacing corn at different inclusions (Small = 5). Wet corn gluten feed Replacement of corn grain with WCGF improved ADG (Figure 5) and feed conversion (Figure 6) in a linear fashion. Similar to feeding WDGS, the observed increase in ADG leads to a concomitant linear increase in fat thickness (Figure 7) and USDA marbling score (Figure 8). These experiments evaluated feeding WCGF up to 4% of diet DM. However, the data are clear that as ADG increases, cattle get fat quicker and marble at a faster rate. These experiments are all conducted with the same days on feed between treatments, therefore, it is logical that performance improvements also lead to cattle with increased fatness or finish. ADG (lb) Figure 5. Average daily gain of feedlot cattle fed diets containing WCGF (Sweet Bran, Cargill, Blair, NE) when replacing corn at different inclusions. F:G (lb/lb) y =.26x y = -.53x WCGF Level ADG (lb) L P <. Q P =.67 WCGF Level F:G L P =.3 Q P =.48 Figure 6. Feed conversion of feedlot cattle fed diets containing WCGF when replacing corn at different inclusions. th Rib Fat (in) L P <. Q P =.87 Figure 7. Backfat thickness of feedlot cattle fed diets containing WCGF when replacing corn at different inclusions. Marbling Score y =.6x y =.497x WCGF Level FAT WCGF Level Marbling = Small L P <. Q P =.78 Figure 8. USDA marbling score (5 = Small ) of feedlot cattle fed diets containing WCGF when replacing corn at different inclusions. Dry distillers grains plus solubles Fewer data are available to summarize the impact of feeding DDGS and make appropriate conclusions on the impact of feeding DDGS on beef carcass quality. However, Buckner et al. (27b) conducted a 45-day feedlot finishing study to evaluate,, 2, 3, and 4% dietary DM inclusion of DDGS in corn-based diets on steer performance. A quadratic response was observed for ADG (Table ). Gains increased as DDGS was increased from to 2% dietary inclusion and then decreased slightly as DDGS inclusion increased to 3 and 4% of diet DM. The 2% DDGS diet had the most improved performance when compared to a corn-based diet, with a feeding value of 26% the value of corn (Table ). However, all DDGS levels had improved F:G and feeding value relative to the control diet. The optimum inclusion of DDGS to feed with dry-rolled or high-moisture corn appears to be lesser than with WDGS. Fat thickness and marbling was not significantly impacted by level of DDGS fed in this study. However, it is difficult to make conclusions from individual experiments when evaluating carcass quality measurements such as marbling or USDA Quality Grade. More research is needed on feeding large amounts (>2% of diet DM) of DDGS to draw conclusions. 6 th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference 77
4 Table. Performance measurements for cattle fed increasing levels of DDGS a. Parameter CON DDGS 2DDGS 3DDGS 4DDGS Lin b Quad c DMI, lb ADG, lb F:G Feed Value d, % Carcass wt., lb Marbling e Fat depth, in a CON=% DDGS, DDGS=% DDGS, 2DDGS=2% DDGS, 3DDGS=3% DDGS, 4DDGS=4% DDGS. b Lin = linear orthogonal contrast P-value. c Quad = quadratic orthogonal contrast P-value. d Calculated with iteration process for net energy calculation based on performance. e USDA marbling score where 5 = Small. Conclusions Numerous experiments have been conducted evaluating ethanol byproducts. Most of the byproducts are wet distillers grains plus solubles and wet corn gluten feed. Data clearly demonstrate that feeding as much as 4% of either WDGS or WCGF will increase gain, and improve feed conversions. The optimum amount of DDGS for gain and feed conversion of finishing cattle is approximately 2% of diet DM, which is lower than WDGS. However, all byproducts increase marbling score, as well as increase fat thickness when fed at optimum inclusions. Our conclusion is that the increase in fat depth and marbling from feeding byproducts is related to performance. The reason for potential confusions and concerns of feeding byproducts may be observations that the feeding value of distillers grains is different in steam-flaked corn diets compared to dry-rolled corn or high-moisture corn diets, as well as comparing dry byproducts and wet byproducts together. It is unclear what impact feeding byproducts at even greater than optimum amounts will have on carcass quality. Current research is also underway to further elucidate the impact of feeding distillers grains on meat composition. It is likely that even greater amounts of byproducts will be fed to beef cattle and across a wider geographic region in the future. Literature Cited Buckner, C.; Erickson, G.; Klopfenstein, T.; Stock, R.; Vander Pol, K. 27a. Effect of feeding a by-product combination at two levels or byproduct alone in feedlot diets. Nebraska Beef Rep. MP9: Buckner, C.; Mader, T.; Erickson, G.; Colgan, S.; Karges, K.; Gibson, M. 27b. Optimum levels of dry distillers grains with solubles for finishing beef steers. Nebraska Beef Rep. MP9: Corrigan, M.; Erickson, G.; Klopfenstein, T.; Vander Pol, K.; Greenquist, M.; Luebbe, M. 27b. Effect of corn processing and wet distillers grains inclusion level in finishing diets. Nebraska Beef Rep. MP-9:33. DeHaan, K.; Klopfenstein, T.; Stock, R.; Abrams, S.; Britton, R Wet distillers byproducts for growing ruminants. Nebraska Beef Rep. MP- 43:33. Fanning, K, T. Milton, T. Klopfenstein and M. Klemesrud Corn and sorghum distillers grains for finishing cattle. Nebraska Beef Rep. MP-7 A:32. Farlin, S.D. 98. Wet distillers grains for finishing cattle. Amin. Nutr.'Health 36:35. Firkins, J. L.; Berger, L. L.; Fahey, Jr, G. C Evaluation of wet and dry distillers grains and wet and dry corn gluten feeds for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 6:847. Ham, G. A.; Stock, R. A.; Klopfenstein, T. J.; Larson, E. M.; Shain, D. H.; Huffman, R. P Wet corn distillers byproducts compared with dried corn distillers grains with solubles as a source of protein and energy for ruminant. J. Anim. Sci. 72:3246. Larson, E. M.; Stock, R. A.; Klopfenstein, T. J.; Sindt, M. H.; Huffman, R. P Feeding value of wet distillers byproducts from finishing ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 7:2228. Loza, P.; Vander Pol, K.; Erickson, G.; Klopfenstein, T.; Stock, R. 25. Effect of feeding a by-product combination consisting of wet distillers grains and wet corn gluten feed to feedlot cattle. Nebraska Beef Rep. MP 83-A: Luebbe, M.; Erickson, G.; Klopfenstein, T.; Greenquist, M. 27. Effect of wet distillers grains level on feedlot cattle performance and nutrient mass balance. In: Proceedings of Plains Nutrition Council Spring Conference San Antonio. AREC 7-2:98. Macken, C.; Erickson, G.; Klopfenstein, T.; Stock, R. 26. Effects of corn processing method and crude protein level with the inclusion of wet corn gluten feed on finishing steer performance. Prof. Anim. Scient. 22:4-22. Scott, T. L.; Milton, C. T.; Erickson, G. E.; Klopfenstein, T. J.; Stock, R. A. 23. Corn processing method in finishing diets containing wet corn gluten feed. J. Anim. Sci. 8: Scott, T.; Klopfenstein, T.; Stock, R.; Klemesrud, M Evaluation of corn bran and corn steep liquor for finishing steers. Neb. Beef Rep. MP 67-A: Stock, R. A.; Lewis, J. M.; Klopfenstein, T. J.; Milton, C. T Review of new information on the use of wet and dry milling feed by-products in feedlot diets. Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. Available at: Trenkle, A. 997a. Evaluation of wet distillers grains in finishing diets for yearling steers. Beef Research Report- Iowa State Univ. ASRI 45. Trenkle, A. 997b. Substituting wet distillers grains or condensed solubles for corn grain in finishing diets for yearling heifers. Beef Research Report - Iowa State Univ. ASRI 45. Vander Pol, K. J.; Erickson, G.; Klopfenstein, T.; Macken, C. 24. Effect of wet and dry distillers grains plus solubles and supplemental fat level on 78 American Meat Science Association
5 performance of yearling finishing cattle. Nebraska Beef Rep. MP- 8A:45. Vander Pol, K. J.; Erickson, G.; Klopfenstein, T.; Greenquist, M. 25. Effect of level of wet distillers grains on feedlot performance of finishing cattle and energy value relative to corn. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 2):25. Vander Pol, K. J.; Erickson, G. E.; Greenquist, M. A.; Klopfenstein, T. J. 26. Effect of Corn Processing in Finishing Diets Containing Wet Distillers Grains on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Steers. 26 Nebraska Beef Rep. MP 88-A: th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference 79
6 8 American Meat Science Association
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