The sector of blackcurrant in the EU

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1 The sector of blackcurrant in the EU Marc Duponcel Olive Oil and Horticultural Products DG for Agriculture and Rural Development European Commission

2 Organisation of the presentation 1. Soft fruits for processing in the EU 2. Soft fruit production in Poland 3. Blackcurrants 2

3 1 The soft fruit sector in the EU 3

4 1,20 1,00 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 Significance in EU agriculture: % of utilised agricultural area (soft fruits and sour cherries) 0,00 AU BE CY CZ DK EE FI FR DE EL HU IT LV LT LU NL PL PT SK SV ES SE UK EU-25 4

5 Few production figures on the sector for the EU- 25, average ( 000 tonnes and percents) Total EU production Estimates of EU production directed to processing Share of processing in total EU production Production directed to processing in Poland Share of Poland in EU production for processing Strawberries % % Blackcurrants % % Raspberries % % Sour cherries % % Total % % 5

6 High growth rate of the sector as measured by total EU imports (intra + extra) of frozen soft fruits (except cherries) Volume (tonnes) Average annual growth rate in volume: 6.0% Value ('000 ) Volume Value 6

7 Industry dependence on EU-25 imports from third countries in total supply of raw material Blackcurrants Raspberries Sour cherries Strawberries % in volume, av , av. 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 for strawberries 7

8 Breeding research Breeding research is an important asset to maintain the competitiveness of the soft fruit sector, both on fresh and processing markets Several factors are becoming increasingly important that imply breeding research: necessity to adapt to the trend of reduction of use of active substances for pesticides; necessity to pay more attention to consumer and industry preferences; emerging issues such as global warming which is starting to affect some areas of production (e.g. for blackcurrants) Examples of recent cultivars that have impacted the economy of the sector in recent years: Ben types for blackcurrants (released in the last two decades) used in most European countries, Polka and Polana for raspberries in Poland (released in the 1990s), Camarosa for strawberries (released in 1993) Breeding research is a long term effort, therefore breeding programmes need stable sources of funding. 8

9 2 The soft fruit sector in Poland 9

10 Soft fruits and sour cherries represent 5% of total plant production value and 35% of all fruit production value Soft fruit bushes and sour cherries represent 25% of all orchard area Three voivodships produce 55% of all soft fruits and sour cherries: Lubelskie (21.1%), Mazowieckie (20.9%) and Łódzkie (11.4%) The soft fruit sector would provide around full time jobs Fragmented production structures: several thousands of producers, few Producer Organisations (POs) / Producer Groups (PGs) 10

11 Fragmented marketing to the industry: collection centres, few contracts Frozen fruits and vegetables and fruit juices account for almost 25% of the sales of the fruit and vegetable industry More than 100 plants freeze fruits and vegetables, only around ten process tonnes or more Considerable storage capacity (allowing exports under spread delivery contracts) More than 40 plants can produce juice concentrate, some 12 companies focus on coloured juice and two have a 60% market share Excellent breeding research in currants, raspberries, strawberries and sour cherries (Institute of Pomology and Floriculture of Skierniewice and Experimental Station of Brzezna) 11

12 3 The blackcurrant sector 12

13 Issues covered on the sector of blackcurrants I. General considerations II. Economic cycle of production III. Recent increase in production and price crisis IV. Structures and marketing to industry V. Utilisation of blackcurrant by industry and evolution of consumption VI. Conclusions on the sector 13

14 General considerations Ribes nigrum is a bushy perennial shrub growing 1.5 m in height and develops mainly in colder regions of Europe Plant maintained for 9-12 years, start production from 3rd year. Plantations need constant care (pruning, pest and diseases) otherwise production falls Fruit hardly consumed fresh (tart and strong flavour, astringent), full of C vitamin and other antioxydants Few countries outside Europe produce blackcurrant: hardly grown in the USA, developing in NZ and reported to develop in China as well 14

15 Specific features of the economy of the blackcurrant sector Fresh market marginal. Juice industry accounts for two-thirds of the utilisations Blackcurrant is a European product. EU trade with third countries plays no role Mechanisation (pruning, harvesting) highly developed. Labour is not critical in cost and competitiveness issues. 15

16 Poland produces tonnes on average in (70% of all EU-25 production of blackcurrant) Other MS: UK: tonnes FR: tonnes DK: tonnes DE, LT: tonnes 16

17 The blackcurrant production cycle Poland Intra EC/EU Unit values of EC/EU imports of pre-cooled blackcurrants from intra-ec/eu and Poland (ECU/ per tonne) in period

18 Phases of the cycle 1. Producers plant when prices high. Important new plantations before and during price peak. Enter in production gradually (from third year) leading to price decrease 2. Prices still favourable and induce further planting leading 3. To a period with very low prices and no new plantations 4. Before end of the cycle, bushes planted before the previous peak start to produce less 5. Lower production created by stop in new plantings, aging of plantations and possible uprooting (or less care to plantations) lead to a new price peak 18

19 Major causes of the blackcurrant cycle Fruits only utilised by the industry, fresh market (that could smooth evolutions) barely exists Delays for new plantations to enter into production and decline at the end of plantation life accentuate the cycle Sector of limited size: variations in areas, that would be considered modest in other sectors, have large impact Mechanisation in Poland would be responsible for the shortening of the cycle in the 1990s 19

20 Crisis situation The crisis is an EU matter since there are no imports from third countries Increase in area (EU wide) and modernisation of production (Poland) have recently boosted production In 2003 and 2004 overproduction of around tonnes in comparison with industry needs 20

21 Production and area of blackcurrants Production (tonnes) Area (hectares) EU-25 Poland EU-25 Poland 21

22 Estimates of supply in blackcurrants '000 tonnes Total supply Total supply to industry Freezing Concentrate Other processing 22

23 Farm structures: Poland Small scale production ( ha in 2002 < 1 ha) Fruit farms with up to several ha of BC ( ha with farms 1-10 ha) Large specialised farms (up to ha of BC): ha with farms larger than 10 ha Until 1990 BC developed in small farms, since then modernisation of the sector and large farms have developed. Farms with less than 1 ha of BC would still produce tonnes 23

24 Farm structures: other Member States Denmark: fruit farms France: farms with other crops such as fruits in Rhone valley, vineyards or grains in Burgundy, grains or fruits in Val de Loire Germany: BC minor crop on farms beside annual crops (diversification) Lithuania: rather large farms United Kingdom: large specialised farms that grow also other crops such as soft fruits, industrial crops, etc. Sector concentrated around about 50 farms 24

25 Marketing to the industry Level of organisation of the sector: 60-70% in DK, 50-70% in FR, two-thirds in DE, 50% in LT, >90% in NL, very low in PL In the UK individual producers directly contracted to the industry DK: mosts sales at market price (2/3 juice concentrate, rest IQF and purees). Future of concentrate in DK? DE: major part concentrate. 2/3 through contracts without guaranteed price, rest spot market 25

26 Marketing to the industry (cont.): France Three major uses: a) for liqueur industry; b) juice concentrate; c) preparation of purees (ice-creams) and bit of IQF AFIDEM annual and pluriannual contracts which apply to 25-35% of total production. Exports of pre-cooled BC at market price Contracted quantities have diminished in 2005 due to the crisis in the sector 26

27 Marketing to the industry (cont.) LT: freezing main destination (80%), 50% of production is semi-processed by four cooperatives NL: All production concentrated in one cooperative. 2/3 concentrate, 1/3 IQF. Most production contracted. Contract with juice industry will terminate in 2008 and not be renewed (concentrate line closed in NL) UK: largest part processed into concentrate and contracted to a single processor. Multi-annual contracts area- and tonnage-based with guaranteed price. Non contracted areas have diminished 27

28 Marketing to the industry (cont.): Poland Small farmers sell through collection points Sector not organised Large farmers sell directly to industry Always market prices Around tonnes semi-processed into IQF. Use of BC for oroduction of concentrate has more than doubled: from to tonnes 28

29 Location of the semi-processing at European level and implications Traditionally BC grown in different MS with semiprocessing industry in same or neighbouring MS However significant evolution of the industry since the 1990s: semi-processing capacity has increased tremendously in Poland and some firms have closed plants in EU-15 MS In addition, current low prices make it unprofitable to export pre-cooled blackcurrant for semiprocessing in another MS 29

30 Levels of industry needs Balanced production at EU level with tonnes and total supply to industry at around tonnes: tonnes to freezing and tonnes to concentrate In 2003 and 2004 over-supply of around tonnes 30

31 Industrial utilisations Fruit juices, drinks, syrups, soft fruits utilising BC concentrate (65 brix), single-strength and purees. around tonnes Jam and jellies, utilising IQF BC tonnes? Alcoholic drinks and liqueurs. Few 000 tonnes Fruit preparations for incoroporation in ice creams (and little in fresh dairy products): tonnes? Minor part of IQF BC utilised by households and catering industry 31

32 Evolution of products: drinks BC juice consumption (UK, DE, PL) stagnant of decreasing to the benefit of other drinks (e.g. orange juice in Poland, cranberry juice and others in the United Kingdom) Large product innovation in the fruit-based drinks industry: smoothies, etc. BC-based drinks appear as old products («of my GrandMa») 32

33 Evolution of products: crème de cassis Production of crème de cassis down from hl in 2000 to in 2003 Around tonnes of BC (Noir de Bourgogne and Blackdown) Moderate declining trend of the market Increase of competition and hard discount would entail lower levels of use of BC as a raw material 33

34 Summary of major problems of the sector The major cause of the difficulties faced by the blackcurrant sector in the last years is clearly overproduction (since 2003) Crisis amplified by dynamism of Polish production Fragmented supply chain in Poland plays also a role Sluggish consumer demand Product innovation reported low in the sector 34

35 Possible solutions? Better organisation of the sector in Poland would improve its command on the growth of production and contribute to a better stability of the sector at EU level Product innovation / fostering consumption better communication on positive features of the fruits 35

36 EU tools for strengthening the supply chains and supporting consumption Existing tools: Support to Producer Organisations/Producer Groups Rural development measures EU promotional programmes Better monitoring of markets at EU level (regular expert meetings) 36

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