CHAPTER - 8 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

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1 CHAPTER - 8 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Man-animal association has been continuing since ages. Animals had been providing mobility to man in all parts of the world till the advent of technological revolution which ultimately culminated in the development of motorised transport. Livestock play a vital role in the lives of hundreds of millions of people. They supply not only meat, milk and by-product as they do in the industrialized world but also 85% of draft power used in the world s agriculture; in places such as India and Pakistan, 40 to 60% of all goods taken to market are transported by camel, donkeys, and oxen 1. There can be no division of opinion on the fact that only through activities under animal husbandry development can the standard of human nutrition be raised to the optimum level by enhancing production of animal proteins and other foods of animal origin which are in great demand due to the rise in the standard of food habits, physical fitness and to combat disease intrusions. In places where agriculture cannot be harnessed to its optimum potential because of certain climatic constraints the farming of livestock becomes more significant. It provides an alternative source of income and engages a considerable section of the population which otherwise has to bear the wrath of unemployment. Furthermore, for pastoral societies livestock are also symbols of wealth and prestige and serve for payment of a bride price, for inheritance purposes, as insurance against harvest failure or catastrophic drought, and as a source of easily cashable investment capital. 2 The history of animal husbandry in the state of Jammu and Kashmir is as old as that of its civilization. Throughout its history the state witnessed the continuous influx of various types of cattle which ultimately resulted in the 1 2 Gerald M ward and Thomas M. Sutherford, Animals as energy source in third world, in Science New Series, vol. 208, No ( May 9, 1990) pp , American Association for advancement of Science. Ibid. 219

2 development of its non-descript type of cattle. 3 The Aryans are presumed to have brought with them the animals with white body coat; the Sindhi cattle are considered to have been introduced by the Pathans whereas Sikhs are believed to be responsible for bringing in Hariana and Sahiwal cattle. 4 Walter Lawrence describes the non-descript Kashmiri cattle as small, hardy and conservative in habits, superior in quality in the tracts around Wular [Lake] and in the Northwest of the valley than those in the South. The superior cows were locally called as parimgao and the special features they possessed were attributed to the presence of Punjabi blood. 5 Being agro-climatically and topographically suited to the development of livestock, which holds importance that cannot be ignored without ignoring human welfare, and owing to the presence of lush green pastures and meadows, plenty of water bodies, common grazing grounds in and around the villages, and limited arable land, livestock in Jammu and Kashmir had been serving as a reliable source of subsistence from the very early times. 6 They played a very vital role in the economic development of the state and formed an integral part of the state agriculture; about 75% population of the state of Jammu and Kashmir is still dependent on agriculture which is the main occupation 7. Besides food and nutrition, sizeable contribution to the total milk production of the state had been made by the cow; 8 sheep provided valuable manure for improving agricultural productivity. The skin of the sheep had a high commercial value and the quality of their wool varied from fine to coarse. Goat hair had been used for the centuries for the making of ropes and the excreta of Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Fifty Years of in Kashmir, (Srinagar: Department, Kashmir Division), p. 1. F. A. Kaloo, in Retrospect, in Fifty Years of in Kashmir, op. cit., p. 150 Walter R Lawrence, The Valley of Kashmir (Srinagar: Gulshan Publishers, 2002), p Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Report of the Committee on Economic Reforms for Jammu and Kashmir, 1998, p Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir Economy Performance Analysis, (Jammu/Srinagar: Directorate of Economics and Statistics), p % of the total milk production of the state was contributed by cow during the year 2004, S. A. Wani, 90 th Annual Conference of the Indian Economic Association. 220

3 goat were used as a valuable fertilizer. 9 The rearing of animals in the valley had an additional importance of providing drought power to the peasant. It goes without saying that even after technological revolution and mechanization of the world agriculture, the state of Jammu and Kashmir continued to be dependent on animal power for various agriculture related activities. The working bullocks continued to carry on their back the whole structure of hill agriculture and the use of tractors remained confined to the plain areas of the valley whereas the karewas had been exclusively dependent on animal power for ploughing and transportation 10. The importance of working animals to the state agriculture can be gauged from the land and plough ratio given in table 6.1 below: Table 8.1 District wise Land: Plough Ratio in Jammu and Kashmir District Net Area sown Availability of No. of Ploughs Lakh Hectare land per Plough Lakhs ( ) (Hectares) Anantnag : 1.20 Baramulla : 0.82 Srinagar : 1.41 Ladakh :1.18 Doda :0.82 Jammu :0.97 Kathua :2.84 Poonch :1.04 Rajouri :1.02 Udhampur :1.1 State :1.09 Source: Agricultural Census Report, Excreta of 5000 goats, produced in one night are considered to be sufficient for one hectare of agriculture land as a valuable fertilizer. Government of India, State Development Report: Jammu and Kashmir (New Delhi: Planning Commission of India, 2003), p. 77. Techno- Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir (New Delhi: National Council of Applied Economic Research, 1969), p

4 However, notwithstanding the fact that cattle rearing had been in voyage in Kashmir from the very early times and had served as an important secondary source of income to its people but the history of organised animal farming in this part of the world is relatively not an old one. Following the recommendations of the Royal Commission for Agriculture (1929), appointed under the chairmanship of Lord Linlithgow who later on became the viceroy of India, the Dogra state took some measures towards organised cattle farming in the state. 11 But, initially most of the efforts of the state remained confined to the development of its [Dogras] own livestock population and that of its close associates. Farms were set-up for the cattle under personal use of the Maharaja a cattle farm was established at Shalteng near Srinagar which maintained Sindhi and some local cows and bulls, 12 another private farm with some imported cows and bulls of ayershire breed was established at cheshmashi 13. Civil Veterinary Department with two livestock inspectors was established primarily to provide veterinary care for mules and horses of the Maharaja s cavalry. The network of dispensaries setup in the state however, was not meant for the overall development of the poor man s cattle but was to treat the transport animals and detect glanders to avoid import of this disease into the state from Punjab. Furthermore, the primary objective of the department remained health care whereas livestock breeding activities remained restricted to only a few selected places. 14. It was with the establishment of two breeding farms one at Srinagar and other at Jammu, in the late 1930 s, that the cattle of the state started showing some qualitative improvements. 15 The main purpose of the establishment of such farms was the multiplication and production of bulls for distribution among the rural masses, far and wide in the state, for the improvement of the F. A. Kaloo, op. cit., p. 1. Ibid. Ibid. Twelve dispensaries were set up during s in all and out of these 6 were named as Road dispensaries and were located on Jhelum Valley Road now in Pakistan occupied Kashmir and Banihal cart road Ibid. Ibid. p. 3. The farms were established at Belicharana in Jammu and Shalteng Srinagar and were fully functional by

5 their cattle. 16 A premium bull scheme was launched in the state whereby, the bulls were entrusted to agents picked up from among progressive farmers in each village. 17 The agents maintained them at a maintenance paid by the government and used them for breeding. 18 However, despite these efforts the state could not witness any headway in the development of livestock and majority of the cattle continued to be of non descript and inferior quality, resulting in the very insignificant increase in the production of animals. It was for this reason that the animal products like milk, eggs, meat etc. were available only to the rich people, keeping the nutrition standard of the poor low. The development of livestock received ample impetus in the post-1947 period. In view of the fact that the state owing to its topography and peripheral nature had a very limited potential for industrialization, the government emphasised on the development of agriculture and its allied activities. However, since agriculture could not accommodate the growing population therefore, the development of livestock became more important for providing the basic necessities of life to the people of the land. 19 Nevertheless, the development of this neglected sector of the state economy became more important for ameliorating the conditions of Bakerwals, Gujjars and Chopans as these communities were exclusively dependent on sheep and goat rearing for their livelihood. 20 To ensure the overall development of this livestock sector the government transformed the Civil Veterinary Department into Animal Husbandry Department. The change in the nomenclature of the department highlights the fact that the activities of the department had increased manifold. Two cattle breeding farms were also set up one each at Srinagar (Chashmashahi) and the other at Jammu (Belicharana), the old farm at Shalteng had to wind up and its equipments were transferred to the Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. State Development Report: Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p. 74. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Report of the Development Review Committee, Part V: Agriculture and Irrigation, 1977, p

6 Chashmashahi farm. 21 The up-gradation of cattle through mating with local selected bulls was given up and the Hariana and Sindhi breeds of cattle were selected for mating purpose in the Jammu and the Kashmir divisions respectively. 22 During the First Five Year plan, in addition to the 12 Tehsil units and 42 sub-units, a mobile veterinary laboratory at Jammu and one mobile veterinary unit and 2 artificial insemination centres were setup at Srinagar. 23 Through these measures the breeding of cattle through artificial insemination in the state became possible for the first time in Furthermore, a programme of castration was launched in the state to remove the less productive and high consuming cattle. Through the efforts of the state livestock rearing became integral for the sustainability of the economy of the state, contributing a significant proportion to the state domestic product and served as a reliable source of subsistence. 25 In , animal husbandry contributed an income of Rs 797 lakhs, which amounted to 8.5% of the net income of the state 26 while as in it contributed about 10% to the state domestic product. 27 The livestock sector not only engaged a sizeable part of the working force in animal rearing but also in processing, transportation, and sale of animal products. 28 The importance of agriculture and animal husbandry sectors to the state economy can be gauged from the fact that about 79% of the rural population in 2004 was dependent on the income generated by these two sectors. 29 However, it is pertinent to mention that livestock rearing in Jammu and Kashmir was more dependent on the status of its own Common Property Fifty Years of, op. cit., p. 3. Ibid. p. 3. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, First Five Year Plan, Department of Planning (Srinagar: Department (Srinagar: Department of Information). Fifty Years of, op. cit., p. 7. Report of the Committee on Economic Reforms for Jammu and Kashmir, 1998, op. cit., p Techno- Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p. 39. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Economic Review of Jammu and Kashmir, (Srinagar: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning and Development Department), p th Annual Conference of Indian Economic Association: The Jammu and Kashmir Economy, p State Development Report, op. cit. p

7 Resources [CPR] viz. village pastures, community forests, waste lands, village ponds, tanks etc than on the import of complacent inputs from outside. This was so because Jammu and Kashmir besides being mountainous lies at the periphery of India multiplying the costs of transportation, thereby, making livestock rearing through the import of feed and fodder an economically unviable. It is, therefore, not for nothing that voices are being raised in the state from different quarters regarding the conservations of common property resources. Livestock Population and Development The state of Jammu and Kashmir has different types of livestock, the important being cow, buffalo, goat, sheep, rabbit, yak, etc. Since 1947 there had been a sharp increase in the livestock population of the state. The livestock population increased from lakh in to lakh in indicating an increase of 170 per cent. The specie wise livestock population in the State from 1951 to 1997 is tabulated as under: Table 8.2 Quinquennial Livestock Census (Figs. in Lakhs) Year Total Total Sheep Goats Horses & Other Total cattle buffaloes Ponies livestock livestock Source: i) Fifty Years of in Kashmir ii) Economic Review of Jammu and Kashmir,

8 From the table above it is very much clear that the livestock population of the state increased by about 180% during the period between 1951 and The figures mentioned in the table make it amply clear that cattle, sheep, goat, and buffalo had been the important animals reared in the state. However, it is worth to mention that the density of livestock per sq.km of the state had not been uniform, the variations being the result of a variety of factors Viz. area under Permanent pastures and other grazing lands, Net Sown Area and the alternative employment opportunities provided by the region/district. According to the Livestock Census Report 1977, the state had 3009 cattle available for one thousand hectares of the net cultivated area [approximately 3 cattle per hectare] which increased to 4313 cattle per thousand hectares of cultivated land in Furthermore, it is worth to mention that the number of livestock per 1000 human population as per census 2003 in the state of Jammu and Kashmir was 926 animals while as it was only 457 at all India level, hence reflecting the potential and importance of the sector to the state economy. The Average livestock per household as per the census figures of 2001 works out to six animals per household for Jammu and Kashmir State as compared to about three animals per house hold at the national level. 31 The inter-district variations in livestock density of the state during the period under reference can be gauged from table [3] which shows the livestock density variations for the year Calculated on the basis of the data shown in: Digest of Statistics, 2004 (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning and Development Department), p. 83 and Economic Review of Jammu and Kashmir , op. cit., p Livestock census 2001 vide Economic Review of Jammu and Kashmir , op. cit., p

9 Table 8.3 District-wise Livestock Density in the State of Jammu and Kashmir for the year 2003 S.No. District Livestock per sq.km of area Anantnag Pulwama Srinagar Budgam Baramulla Kupwara Leh 9 8 Kargil 18 9 Jammu Udhampur Doda Kathua Rajouri Poonch 484 J&K State 98 Source: Livestock censuses, Vide Economic Review of Jammu and Kashmir As shown in the table above the density of livestock was highest in district Rajouri followed by Doda from the Jammu region and in Pulwama followed by Budgam from the Kashmir division. Besides other factors the high density of livestock in the said districts could be attributed to the greater availability of permanent pastures and other grazing lands in the districts. 32 Moreover, the distribution of livestock in the state also differed in different zones of the state. For example, the goat was mainly distributed in Ladakh, Gurez, Karnah, and the hills of Baramulla. There were different kinds of sheep breeds like Baderwahi, Poonchi, Romboullet (in Jammu region), 32 Poonch from Jammu and Pulwama from Kashmir had the largest area of land under Permanent pastures and other grazing lands. For more details see the Digest of Statistics, , op. cit., 227

10 Karnahi, and Gurezi (Kashmir region), Changthangi and some local breeds (Ladakh).The Kashmir region had about 55% of sheep population followed by Jammu (about 29%) and Ladakh (about 8%). Yaks are chiefly confined to the Ladakh region. 33 The district wise distribution of the cattle in Kashmir division as per the census of 1982 is shown as under: Table 8.4 District-wise Distribution of Cattle in Kashmir S.No. District Cattle Male Female Young stock Total 1 Srinagar Budgam Anantnag Pulwama Baramulla Kupwara Leh Kargil Total Kashmir Division Source: Hand Book of Statistics, Department of, Kashmir Division, J&K. Notwithstanding that there had been an appreciable increase in the population of livestock in the state since 1947 but there is no denying the fact that most of the indigenous cattle of Kashmir were of non-descript type with poor genetic make-up which considerably impeded the enhancement of production capacity of the cattle. In 1961 there were 4.24 lakh milch animals and 5.73 lakh working animals in the state, however, due to the lack of adequate feed and fodder resources, poor veterinary facilities, inferior breeds 33 State Development Report, op. cit., p

11 their quality was poor 34. No doubt the sector received generous financial assistance from the state government as and a number of schemes were launched by the concerned departments regarding the development of livestock but there had not been any substantial transformation in this sector. This was so because the entire exercise of programme implementation in the livestock sector had been centred round Trial-error Abrogation approach which resulted in the wastage of resources. 35 The following table given below shows the details of the financial assistance the sector received under different five year plans: Table 8.5 [Budgetary provisions and expenditure] S. No. Plan/year Provision Expenditure 1 First Five Year Plan Second Five Year Plan Third Five Year Plan Plan Holiday i) ii) iii) Fifth Five Year Plan Sixth Five Year Plan Seventh Five Year Plan Eighth Five Year Plan Ninth Five Year Plan Source: Five Year Plan Documents, Department of Planning and Development, Govt. of J&K Techno-Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., P Report of the Committee on Economic Reforms of Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p

12 The major livestock development programmes launched in the state after 1947 were: 1. Up-gradation of local breeds: This programme was launched during the first five year plan. Under this programme the department started cattle breeding farms one at Chashmashahi Kashmir and second at Belicharana Jammu with an aim of producing breeding bulls to be stationed at hospitals and dispensaries for the up-gradation of the local cattle 36. As an extension of National Policy on Improvement of cattle artificial insemination technique was introduced in the state though on a modest basis and insemination centres were established at Srinagar and Jammu. 2. Introduction of new breeds and key village scheme: Under this programme, launched in the state during the first five year plan, the upgradation of the local cattle through mating with locally selected bulls was given up and Hariana and Sindhi breeds of cattle were selected for mating purpose in the divisions of Jammu and Kashmir divisions respectively. Villages containing a population of more than 500 breed-able cows and buffaloes were brought under key village scheme whereby Sindhi and Hariani cattle were used for breeding 37. The scheme was based on the principle of improved breeding, balanced feeding, scientific management and prompt disease control. 38 Under the same local scrub bulls were castrated and an attempt was made to maintain records of breeding, feeding, milk production and incidence of disease. During the second five year plan the key village scheme got further expansion and natural mating was replaced by artificial insemination using semen from red Sindhi bulls. During the year , 5600 inseminations were made and 4200 births recorded, however, the Sindhi breed introduced under the key village F. A. Kaloo, Fifty Years of in Kashmir, op. cit., p. 4. F. A. Kaloo, Development of Livestock in Jammu and Kashmir: A Retrospect in Kashvet: Kashmir Veterinarian, A Quarterly Technical Journal of Department Kashmir, Vol. I, No.1, 1991, p. 13. F. A. Kaloo, Fifty Years of in Kashmir, op. cit., p

13 scheme for up-gradation of local cattle failed to gain popularity with the farmers as its performance was not at all impressive Hill Area Cattle Development Programme: This scheme was started in 1964 with an objective to improve the cattle of the hilly areas. It was almost the replica of Key village scheme. Under the scheme jersey rather than red Sindhi breed was used for the up-gradation of the local bulls Intensive Cattle Development Programme: The Intensive Cattle Development programme was launched in the state in the year Under the scheme two Intensive Cattle Development Projects were set up in the milk shed areas of Jammu and Kashmir. Four Regional Cattle Development blocks were set up under each ICDP and each Regional Cattle Development block covered 25 centres. 41 Superior quality of germ-plasm was supplied to the centres from the regional centres. 42 Through this scheme the department of animal husbandry got engaged in the genetic transformation of livestock. A massive cross breeding programme was launched in the state as a part of the National policy of cross-breeding of the local cattle with the exotic germ-plasm of jersey breed which was adopted as a suitable breed for cross breeding /up-grading of the cattle at the national level. In some pockets where cross breeding through jersey blood had been introduced over the years and large numbers of cross bred animals of jersey were available, the second thrust was given to the maintenance and sustenance of Holstein Friesian crosses subjected to the availability of fodder in adequate quantity for maintaining and sustenance of the Holstein crosses. 43 The introduction of jersey breed initially met some resistance from the illiterate farming community and a cross bred jersey calf borne through artificial insemination was axed to death at Bugam Ibid. p. 5. Ibid. Ibid. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Kashvet: Kashmir Veterinarian, a quarterly technical journal of Department, 1992, p. 13. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Annual Administration Report, (Srinagar: Directorate of Department), p

14 Anantnag. 44 There was a rumour that the jersey breed was a cross between a cow and a pig, therefore, the people justified the recourse of axing the cross and denouncing the said technique. However, during the fourth five year plan the projects covered population of 2.5 lakhs cattle and buffaloes. The schemes had provided employment to farmers and livestock owners who had taken to dairy farming as their supplementary occupation 45. The castration of scrub bulls was an essential component of the intensive cattle development programme. However, the task was extremely difficult as the illiterate farming community often reacted violently against it and police intervention was sought at times. During the fourth five year plan the scheme was extended to the areas which were uncovered earlier on. The key village scheme and Hill cattle development scheme were subsequently wound up and merged with the ICDP. Moreover, during the 6 th five year plan, two frozen semen banks each at Jammu and Kashmir were established with the assistance of Danish International Development Agency (Denmark).The frozen semen banks made it possible to extend artificial insemination facilities to mountainous areas and even those which remained cut off during the winters Special Livestock Production Programme: The special livestock programme was launched by the Govt. Of India, Ministry of Agriculture during the 5 th five year plan on the basis of recommendations of National commission on Agriculture (1976). The programme aimed at organizing and developing a comprehensive scheme for, breeding, nutrition and health cover, among the Small/Marginal farmers (SF &MF) and Agricultural labourers Fifty Years of, op. cit., p. 5. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Fifth Five Year Plan ( ), Department of Planning and Development, p. 79. Kashvet: Kashmir Veterinarian, 1992, op. cit., p. 13. During the 5 th Five Year Plan it was proposed to import Holstein Friesian and jersey pedigreed stock to provide breeding bulls for the intensive cattle development projects and other areas; Fifth Five Year Plan, op. cit., p

15 During the 5 th and the 6 th five year plans 183 districts in the country were brought under the scheme with tangible results evidenced by increasing availability of essential commodities of human consumption like milk, eggs, thereby improving the nutritional status of the people besides, generating subsidiary occupation and income to the beneficiaries 48. In the state of Jammu and Kashmir the scheme was launched in the year with the assistance of the Central Govt. In the beginning three districts Jammu, Baramulla and Kathua were brought under the scheme, however, district Kupwara was also brought under the scheme immediately. 49 The main aim of the programme was the up-liftment of rural masses, 75 percent of which comprised of small /marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers. 50 In order to broaden the scope of the programme for the benefit of the weaker sections of the rural masses the nomenclature of the programme was changed to Special Livestock Breeding Programme to cover non-irdp beneficiaries belonging to the categories of small/marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. The programme whose components were rearing of female cross-bred calves and establishment of poultry units on 50:50 matching grants 51 continued during the 7 th Plan as well. The basic feature of the programme was that the cross bred female calves generated through the programme should be given cattle feed for proper growth from 3 rd month of age to 32 nd month of age as per a standard scale 52. The level of subsidy on feed was 66.50% for marginal farmers and agricultural labourers and 50% for small farmers 53. Similarly in case of the poultry sector the National Council of Applied Research through its 1969 Techno-Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir Report had recommended that efforts should be made Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Annual Administration Report, (Srinagar: Directorate of Department) p. 21. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Annual plan , Vol. I., Planning and Development Department, Chapter, Agriculture and Allied Services. Annual Administration Report, , op. cit., p. 21. A. A. Shaw, Poultry Development in Kashmir in Kashmir Veterinarians: A Quarterly Technical Journal of Department, Jammu and Kashmir State, Vol.1. No. 1 Jan-March 1991, p. 8. Ibid. Ibid. p

16 to encourage setting up of private poultry farms with 200 birds and above. Assistance to the breeders in the form of subsidy and loan on equipment should be restricted to regular poultry farms. Also the work of up-grading local birds by introducing Leghorn and Rhode Island Red varieties should be extended to such farms. 54 Therefore, poultry units with birds were established and the beneficiaries under the programme were provided subsidy - 33% to marginal farmers and agricultural labourers and 25% to small farmers, on capital investment only. 55 However, it is worth mentioning that the poultry programme was not as successful as the calf rearing programme because only units with egg type birds were proposed to be established initially which could not be done in a big way due to the climatic conditions, overall shortage of balanced poultry feed and its high prices, resulting into an overall unfavourable economy of the said egg type units. The programme was later on diversified and broiler and duck units were included in it 56.The feed was manufactured through the Agro-Industries Development Corporation Limited Promotion of superior quality fodder programme: Inadequate fodder resources of the state had been a serious constraint in the development of livestock in the state. Highlighting the importance of fodder development the Techno-Economic Survey Report, 1969 recommended that the rights of grazing in the forest areas need to be redefined, the grazing lands and the pastures should be enclosed and the system of rotational grazing should replace the existing system of uncontrolled and unregulated grazing, area under pastures and grazing lands should be increased, the system of stall feeding should be popularised on a mass scale and fodder crops should be cultivated under irrigated conditions. 58 The Development Review Committee, 1977, had the similar type of remarks. It suggested that the deficiency of fodder could be met through a number of ways introduction Techno-Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p Annual Administration Report, , op. cit., p. 23. Ibid. p. 24. Fifth Five Year Plan, op. cit., p. 81. Techno-Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p

17 of fodder crops in paddy lands, fodder production in orchard areas, improvement of highland and alpine pastures, release of community Kahcharia areas from the encroachers and utilisation of agricultural and industrial wastes. 59 In light of the recommendations a separate wing was set up during the 5 th Five Year Plan to promote cultivation of superior quality fodder varieties by the farmers. Under the scheme seed kits were distributed among the farmers at subsidised rates/costs. 60 A coordinated programme was launched for the development of Alpine pastures and grazing areas and stepping up of search for evolving suitable grass and fodder crop seeds for winter cultivation. Demonstration plots were proposed to be laid to induce the farmers to raise fodder crops in addition to cereals and other commercial crops. 61 However, no serious thought has been given to develop rich and quick growing varieties of fodder on high mountain meadows and barren slopes Mass Vaccination programme: With the introduction and incorporation of exotic cross breeding programme the productivity of the animals had increased, but at the same time due to strain of higher production, susceptibility to diseases also increased, therefore, the department of animal husbandry established a separate wing for disease investigation and production of biological products like vaccine and sera. Accordingly, the institution of Animal health cum biological products was set up at Zakoora Kashmir to conduct research on various types of animal diseases, their prevention and control. 63 The programme of mass vaccination conducted for specific and scheduled diseases in areas where such diseases were reported to have occurred and had remained endemic for such diseases became possible only with the establishment of the institute. The institute Report of the Development Review Committee Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p. 12. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir: Fifty Years (Srinagar: Department of Information, 1998), p Fifth Five Year Plan, op. cit., p. 81. Report of the Committee on Economic Reforms of Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p Annual Administrative Report , op. cit., p

18 undertook the manufacturing of some quantity of bacterial vaccines to meet the demand of the field.the department set up an anti-rabies vaccine production unit at Jammu which besides producing Anti-Rabies vaccine for use in livestock also produced Anti-Rabies vaccine for human use. 64 In addition to the locally produced vaccines, vaccines were also procured from other Govt /semi Govt institutions from outside the state for the vaccination of the cattle. 8. Poultry Development programme: Poultry Development has an excellent potential in the state as majority of the population is non-vegetarian. Through the efforts of the Department poultry production emerged as one of the major agro-based industries of the state, providing part time or whole time employment to a sizeable number of youth. The intensive poultry development programme was launched in the state within a radius of 30km around the poultry project at Hariparbat (Srinagar) and Belicharana (Jammu ) in the year Initially the main thrust of the departmental activities was towards the promotion of egg production and in this regard commercial strain of birds, namely HH were introduced. Also an organized duck farming centre was started for the first time at Sumbal Sonnawari and high producing strains of both egg type ducks with production potential of eggs per year and broiler ducks with growth rate of kilograms in days were introduced. 67 Also, for the development of poultry in hilly areas cockerel exchange and egg exchange schemes were introduced to establish poultry farming up-grading nucleus at the door of small farmers 68 However, the adverse agro-climatic F. A. Kalloo, Development of Livestock in Jammu and Kashmir: A Retrospect in Kashvet, 1992, op. cit., p. 14. Fifth Five Year Plan, op. cit., p. 81. The strain had a potential of 260 eggs per annum under field conditions, the birds performed well in the valley conditions and gave a production of about eggs per year on hen house basis. Administration Report, , op. cit., p. 18. Annual Administration Report, , op. cit., p. 14. Annual Plan, Vol. I, , op. cit., p. 53. Under the egg exchange scheme, fresh selected eggs of various improved breeds like Longhorn were distributed in appropriate areas in exchange with the Desi eggs for quick spread of improved variety of birds. 236

19 conditions and lakh of feed ingredients made such production economically unviable and the industry could not develop on commercial scale even though it developed as a backyard scheme. Also, since duck eggs could not find favour with the general public, it was decided that the department should concentrate on ducks for meat 69. With the increase in demand for poultry meat, a broiler production programme was launched in the valley in early eighties which came up as a well organized industry. A large number of farms were established in the private sector through the assistance of poultry wing of the department of animal husbandry which led to the qualitative and quantitative development of poultry development sector. Qualitatively the department introduced high yielding strains of broiler type birds like white rock as female line and red Cornish as male line. 70 A number of hatcheries also came up which contributed in a big way to the development of this sector in the valley. 9. Sheep Rearing Programmes: The agro-climatic conditions and natural endowments provided ample scope and potential to sheep rearing and large chunks of population like gaddies, Gujjars, Bakerwals and Chopans had been involved with it. Sheep rearing in the upper reaches of Jammu and Kashmir is a basic livelihood for Gujjars and Bakerwals who migrate with the livestock to green pastures. Before, 1947 the sheep of the state comprised of the local breeds Viz. Karnahi and Gurezi with low body weight and coarser quality of wool. 71 To up-grade it, a breeding company, Kashmir sheep Farm Private Limited was set up at Banihal on the recommendations of Prof. Alfred. F Barker 72 and a Tasmanian Mariano were imported in By 1947 cross breed F1 F2 were obtained Annual plan, Vol , op. cit., Annual Administration Report, , op. cit., p. 18. F. A. Kalloo, Development of Livestock in Jammu and Kashmir, in Kashvet, 1992, op. cit., p. 14. Jammu and Kashmir: Fifty Years, op. cit., p Ibid. p

20 After 1947, the newly set up Govt. gave more emphasis to the development of this sector. With the growth in population the demand for mutton and wool had increased manifold and a need was felt to introduce exotic breeds with better genetic makeup. Accordingly Australian and Russian Marino sheep breeds were selected for Kashmir valley and Romboullet from USA was introduced in Jammu areas 74. The ICAR scheme of cross breeding local sheep with Romboullet on regional basis on 50:50 share started functioning in the state in April, 1952 and continued up to march 1968 at Zeban/Reasi farm. 75 For quantitative growth and qualitative improvement of the sheep, 16 sheep breeding farms were established in the state in different sheep belts particularly in those areas where grazing facilities were available. 76 Through the cross breeding programme a new breed of sheep called Kashmir Marino was evolved in 1960 at Diachigam, 77 by crossing the local ewes with the Australian Merino Rams, which was three to four times more productive than the local one 78. The Kashmir Marino had a better body weight average 53.6Kg at 2 years of age and wool producing capacity of 3-4 kg 79 and was the major success of the programme. In view of the economic returns from the occupation of sheep rearing the Techno-Economic Survey Report of 1969, recommended that for sheep development programme, it would be better to concentrate on selected areas and saturate them with the programme of cross breeding, disease control, wool grading and marketing 80 Subsequently during the 5 th five year plan special attention was paid to sheep husbandry and different schemes were introduced which included, development of mutton farms, establishment of sheep and wool extension centres and establishment of intensive sheep F. A. Kalloo, Development of Livestock in Jammu and Kashmir, in Kashvet, 1992, op. cit., p. 14. Jammu and Kashmir: Fifty Years, op. cit., p The sheep population which had decreased to lakh in 1961 from lakh in 1956 increased to lakh in 1982 and 46% of it constituted of cross-breed variety. Kashmir veterinarian: A Quarterly Technical Journal of Department, 1992, p. 14. F. A. Kalloo, Development of Livestock in Jammu and Kashmir, in Kashvet, 1992, Op. cit., p. 14. Report of the Committee on Economic Reforms in Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p Ibid. Techno-Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir 1969, op. cit, p

21 development blocks. The basic line of approach to sheep development under sheep and wool Extension centres from that of Intensive sheep development blocks was that the activities in the latter were concentrated in a contiguous belt, whereas the cross breeding under the sheep and wool extension centres was proposed to be spread throughout the district except those areas which had already been brought under the Intensive sheep development 81. It was envisaged through the plan to increase the production of wool and meat to 18 lakh Kg and 84 lakh kg respectively by increasing the cross breed progeny of sheep from 2 lakh by the end of 4 th Plan to 6 lakh by the end of the 5 th Plan. This was sought to be done by bringing 66% of the total ewe population under coverage of cross breeding and converting 60% of the total population into upgrade cross breed progeny of various grades. 82 However, despite these efforts the state was deficient in the mutton and the requirement was made by importing 4-5 lakh of sheep and goats annually. 83 In order to decrease the dependence of the state on other Indian states for mutton and wool the state not only focused on the development of sheep through genetic means but also emphasised on the improvement of grass lands which was the first necessity for high output from the ruminant livestock. In this regard the improvement of the grass lands was induced through, the rotational grazing in village grass lands, introduction of nutritious fodders and fertilization of pastures at alpine and high lands. Following the recommendations of Techno-Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir, 1969 and the Development Review Committee, 1977, 84 a number of steps were taken Fifth Five Year Plan, op. cit., p. 64. Ibid. p. 82. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Annual Plan (Department of Planning and Development), p. 44. Techno-Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir, 1969, had recommended that sheep rearing could be fitted in as mixed farming activity with the programme of developing apple orchards, using the space in between the trees as grazing ground, and ensuring for fuller utilization of manpower and other resources. This mixed farming would be more suitable where orchards are on slopes and karewas land. Techno-Economic Survey of Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p. 164; The Development Review Committee, highlighted that there was scope for propagating muttonous varieties in the foot hills and the orchards, see, Report of the Committee on Economic Reforms in Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p

22 towards the development of the sheep husbandry which included the establishment of Sheep Breeder s cooperative society and Associations- Under the scheme meetings, seminars and sheep shows were held in all districts of the valley to bring in changes in the Philosophy, approach, concepts of thinking and planning and also to create enthusiasm within the breeders to enable them to chill down their age old practices of rearing, shearing and managing sheep and marketing of their products, intensification of the programme of artificial insemination, Mass drenching dipping of sheep-to decrease the mortality of sheep and increase their power of production in respect of meat and wool, intensification of backward pocket sheep and Area development-to extend the development activities to far flung and neglected areas of the state. 85 Moreover, a big headway had been made in the establishment of sheep centres in the state.the number of sheep farms increased from seven in to 431 in and the number of sheep centres increased from 283 to 1348 during the same period 86. Livestock Production and Import Before 1947, livestock products like meat, milk, wool and eggs were not imported into the valley but this does not mean that such products were available in plenty or that the valley was self-sufficient in such items. The livestock products were not imported because of their availability but because the people of the land had no purchasing power. Most of the population of the valley lived in rural areas practising subsistence agriculture and the per-capita consumption of the livestock products was very low as compared to other states of India. After 1947, the newly established government took a serious note of necessities of the people and launched a number of schemes to ameliorate the conditions of the impoverished masses. In order to improve the diet standards of the people of the state the government started the Applied Nutritive programme in the year in the two blocks of the state Viz. Tral Fifth Five year Plan, op. cit., pp Jammu and Kashmir: Fifty Years, op. cit., p

23 (Kashmir) and R. S. Pora (Jammu) which was later on extended to other parts of the state. 87 The programme envisaged to educate the rural masses about balanced food, pre and post- natal care of pregnant women etc. and helped a lot in making the people to switch over to balanced diet with the increase in their income. As a result of the programme the demand for the livestock products increased, notwithstanding that the climate, customs and the growing population were the main forces behind the increase in the demand of the livestock products. In order to meet the demand the state launched a number of programmes to improve the quantity and the quality of the livestock, which included Cattle, sheep and poultry development programmes as already discussed above. Through such programmes the production of milk which was 0.81 lakh tonnes in 1951 reached to 4.1 lakh tonnes in , thereby, increasing the milk availability per person from 56 ml to 255 ml during the period. 88 Similarly there was improvement in other sectors as well and the production of the items increased with the passage of time. 89 The livestock population of the state increased by 32.2% and there was tremendous increase in the production of the poultry as well which increased from 2,166,299 in 1956 to 2, in However, the progress in the sector which was the result of the concerted efforts of the farming community, liberal financial assistance, policy support of the government and technological innovations could not end the dependence of the state on outside markets. The increase in the demand of food items of animal origin caused due to the rapid increase in the population the overwhelming majority of which was non-vegetarian could not be met through the livestock of the state, hence opening the doors for the imports from other states of India. The livestock products had therefore, to be imported from other states. According to the Economic Reforms Committee Report, 1969, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Eighth Five Year Plan, Department of Planning and Development, p. 79. Fifty Years of, Op. cit., p. 38. The recommendation of the WHO is 280 ml per person per day. Egg production in 1951 was 11 million and in 1997 it was 192 million, the poultry production was more than double during the period, Fifty Years of, op. cit., p. 38. Report of the Committee on Economic Reforms for Jammu and Kashmir, op. cit., p

24 five to eight lakh table birds from the private farms are pushed to the market every month and the sheep population of the state is roughly lakh while as mutton production has reached 16,507 tonnes per annum while as the official estimates put mutton requirement at 25,000 tonnes annually. The import of the livestock is shown in the table below: Table 8.6 Import of Livestock Year Sheep and Goat % increase/decrease N A N A Source: Economic Review of Jammu and Kashmir ( ), Directorate of Economics and Statistics Planning and Development Department. Dairy Development The milk production of the state in 1956 stood at 1.12 lakh tonnes thus making 70 ml of milk available per person which was far below the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) 91. Until early 1960s milked tea was considered to be a luxury for the poor masses and an overwhelming majority of people used to consume black tea. Moreover, the production of milk was not only inadequate but was also spread throughout the length and breadth of the state particularly in the hilly areas where demand was very low. In order to procure the milk from the rural and hilly areas for the supply to the urban centres the government set up a milk plant at 91 Ibid. p

25 Chashmashahi in Srinagar in the year 1962 with a capacity of litres of milk per day but the plant could not work to its full capacity because of the non availability of milk. 92 Following the implementation of the Intensive Cattle Development programme the production of milk increased and the per-capita milk availability reached to 100 ml in as against 140ml at the national level where as the actual requirement as per the recommendations of the WHO was 280ml. 93 Despite being ideally suited for dairy development, the development of dairy animals was unfortunately not as encouraging. Up to 1975 hardly 1/3 rd of the breedable bovine population in the state was covered by the programmes of upgrading the local breeds. 94 During the 5 th Five Year Plan an outlay of Rs 60 lakh was kept for dairying and milk supply with main focus on extension and consolidation of the existing milk supply scheme of the state, removal of urban cattle, re-organization of dairy cooperative societies by providing assistance in the shape of loans, dairy cows, feed subsidy, dairy articles, etc. 95 Also most of the anti-poverty schemes under Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) were livestock based. 96 The cumulative effect of all the programmes launched in this regard was that the quantity of milk production increased considerably. The constant increase in the quantity of the production of milk from 1974 to 1998 which is shown as under: Annual Plan, , op. cit., p. 43. Ibid. Report of the Development Review Committee, op. cit., p. 11. The committee also commended the example of the Anand where it had been possible to bring about a revolution in dairying by efficient combination of all the required inputs like nutrition, medical cover and marketing. Fifth Five Year Plan, op. cit., p. 91. IRDP was launched in the state in the year 1980, and about 66% of schemes under it were livestock based. Under the programme a section of the rural households were provided with various assets to boost their incomes such as Jersey cow, Siddhartha Prakash, Political Economy of Kashmir Since 1947, in Economic and Political weekly, June 10, 2000, p

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