O/ha in control to 149 kg K 2

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1 THE ASIAN JURNAL F HRTICULTURE Volume 7 Issue 2 December, Research Paper Article history : Received : Revised : Accepted : Effect of potassium levels and its uptake on correlation between tuber yield and yield attributing characters in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) var. KUFRI PUKHRAJ S.K. SINGH AND S.S. LAL 1 Members of the Research Forum Associated Authors: 1 Central Potato Research Institute, SHIMLA (H.P.) INDIA Author for correspondence : S.K. SINGH Central Potato Research Station, Sahaynagar, PATNA (BIHAR) INDIA skscprs@gmail.com ABSTRACT : Field experiment was conducted during winter season of and on potato variety Kufri Pukhraj at farmers field in participatory mode on sandy loam soils to study the correlation of potassium (K) levels with yield attributing characters and tuber yield in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) var. KUFRI PUKHRAJ. The treatments consisted of 4 graded levels of potassium as MP (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg K 2 / ha) at constant dose of nitrogen (150 kg/ha) and phosphorous (60 kg P 2 / ha) in Randomized Block Design with 6 replications. The total tuber yield increased significantly with each increment of potassium dose. The increase in tuber yield was 19, 28 and 32 per cent at 50, 100 and 150 kg K 2 ha -1, respectively over the control. The per cent contribution of large (>75g) grade tuber to the total tuber yield was increased from 33 per cent at 0 kg K 2 / ha to 43 per cent at100 kg K 2 /ha. The yield of large size tuber increased by 43, 71 and 84 per cent at 50,100 and 150 kg K 2 /ha as compared to no K application. The large (>75g) and medium (25-75g) grade tuber as well as total aggregate tuber number enhanced markedly with each increment in K levels from 0 to 100 kg/ha. The small (<25g) size tuber number decreased with increasing K levels. Different levels of potassium showed increase in K uptake from 83 kg K 2 /ha in control to 149 kg K 2 /ha in potato cv. KUFRI PUKHRAJ. The correlation of average plant height, leaf area index(lai), tuber yield per plant, average tuber weight per plant, plant population, bulking rate and potassium uptake with tuber yield were found to be positive and significant indicating that simultaneous improvement in all these characters would be possible by improvement in potassium uptake. KEY WRDS : Potato, Tuber yield, Potassium levels, Potassium uptake HW T CITE THIS ARTICLE : Singh, S.K. and Lal, S.S. (2012). Effect of potassium levels and its uptake on correlation between tuber yield and yield attributing characters in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) var. KUFRI PUKHRAJ, Asian J. Hort., 7(2) : Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important and widely cultivated vegetable crops of Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. In this region, Bihar is the 3 rd largest potato growing and producing state of India accounting for nearly 9.8 per cent of total potato area and 4.2 per cent of the total potato production in the country. As per the state-wise final estimates of potato for released by the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi. Bihar state occupies thousand hectare of potato area with an annual production of 1203 thousand tones and 7.89 t ha -1 productivity (Anonymous, 2008). The average productivity in the state is below the national average yield of t ha -1 despite the fact that state is blessed with high fertile soil and good quality water resources, whereas the average productivity of the two neighboring states of Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal is more than 20.0t ha -1. Low use of fertilizers and severe imbalance in the nitrogen(n), phosphorus (P) and K application ratio and unbalanced fertilization in favour of N and lack of potassium application are of the major reasons responsible for low production of potato in the state (Singh, 1999). Potassium is an important nutritional factor in crop management, which contributes to production of high yields of quality potato. Potato crop demands high level of soil HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

2 S.K. SINGH AND S.S. LAL nutrients due to relatively sparse and shallow root system in relation to yield. The high rate of dry matter production in potato results in large amount of nutrient removed per unit time, which generally most of the soils are not able to supply. A healthy crop of potato removes about kg K 2 /ha from soil (Trehan et al., 2008). Response of potato to optimum potassium application in the presence of optimal N and P doses, showed that yield increase was as much as 52q ha -1 in alluvial soils with 113 kg K 2 ha -1 (Grewal et al., 1991). Farmers of Bihar apply very less quantity of potassium fertilizers to potato crop. The current fertilizer rates are insufficient to sustain high potato production and to replenish nutrient removal by the crop (Imas and Bansal,2002). Potato cultivar Kufri Pukhraj released by the Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla during 1998 is gaining popularity in majority of the districts of Bihar due to its high yielding potential. The information on potassium requirement of this cultivar in different parts of the state is lacking. Therefore, in order to fully exploit the yield potential of potato variety Kufri Pukhraj, it is essential to work out the effect of potassium application on K-uptake and the association among yield and yield contributing characters, since only limited information is available on the related characters. Keeping this in view, the present trail was conducted to study the effect of graded levels of potassium fertilizer on growth, yield, K-uptake and correlation between tuber yield and yield attributing characters in potato variety Kufri Pukhraj. RESEARCH METHDS A field experiment was conducted at the six farmer s field in Patna District of Bihar during winter season of and under irrigated condition with potato cultivar Kufri Pukhraj. The soil was sandy loam in texture, neutral in reaction having ph range of 7.1 to 7.3 and having mean organic carbon 0.28 per cent, available N 126 kg/ha, available P 11.0 kg/ha and available K 138 kg/ha. The treatments consisted of 4 graded levels of potassium (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg K 2 ha -1 ) at constant dose of N (150 kg ha -1 ) and phosphorous (60 kg P 2 ha -1 ) in Randomized Block Design with 6 replications. Each treatment was planted in 100m 2. Full P and K and half of N of potato was applied at the time of planting and rest half N was top dressed at the time of earthing up one month after planting. The sources of N, P and K were urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash, respectively. Well-sprouted tubers of seed size g of Kufri Pukhraj were planted on 07 th and 05 th November during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The potato crop was dehaulmed at 90 days after planting on 05 th and 03 rd February during 2010 and 2011, respectively and harvested ten days after dehaulming. Recommended agronomic package of practices were adopted for potato cultivation. During the growth period leaf area index (LAI) was measured with AccuPAR LAI Ceptometer LP-80 at 45 and 60 days after planting (DAP). Yield parameters comprising of aggregate and grade wise tuber yield and tuber number of three grades of tuber namely very small (<25g), medium (25-75g) large (>75gm) size, and average tuber weight as well as economic parameters, gross return, net return and B:C ratio were recorded at harvest. The cost of cultivation was calculated by taking into account the prevailing market price of inputs and the produce. Price of different commodities taken for economics of potato production are, potato seed@ Rs 1000/q, Rs /kg, P Rs /kg, K Rs. 7.72/kg, Rs. 400/q and other cultivation charge@ Rs /ha. The N, P and K content of tuber and haulm of potato was determined by modified Kjeldahl, Vandomolybdate spectro photometry and flame photometer method, respectively as described by Singh et al. (2005). The statistical analysis of the mean data of two years was done using standard analysis of variance as per the procedure described by Gomez and Gomez, (1984) For keeping quality assessment 5kg potato tuber of medium size was stored at ambient temperature. The produce of experiment was kept for storage studies after days of curing in heaps after the harvest. The produce was stored for 90 days at ambient temperature. The average maximum and minimum temperature during the period of storage was 39.6 C and 31.8 C and the relative humidity was 67 per cent. Periodic observations were recorded on tuber rottage. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIN The results obtained from the present investigation as well as relevant discussion have been summarised under following heads: Growth parameters: Plant emergence was not influenced by potassium levels. Plant emergence ranged from 97.5 per cent to 98.8 per cent. Application of potassium had significant effect on plant height, number of leaves per plant, and LAI (Table 1). All the potassium doses promoted plant height and increased the number of leaves per plant and consequently LAI. The maximum plant height and number of leaves were recorded under the highest dose of potassium150 kg K 2 ha -1 (Table 1). However, plant height and number of leaver per plant recorded at 100 kg K 2 ha -1 was at par with 150 kg K 2 ha -1 Stems/plant is a factor of. variety, seed size and its physiological status; hence, stems per hill were not influenced by potassium levels. The tuber bulking rate was increased from 20.8g/m 2 /day at 0 kg K 2 ha -1 to 30.5g /m 2 /day at 100 kg K 2 ha -1 at 90 DAP. The maximum total dry matter production was recorded under the highest dose of potassium (150 kg K 2 ha -1 ). However, total dry matter production recorded at100 Kg K 2 ha -1 was at par with 150 Kg K 2 ha -1. Chetri and Thapa (2002) also reported increase in bulking rate and dry matter production due to increase in potassium rate. The lowest value of growth parameters was recorded for crops which received no potassium. Potassium Asian J. Hort., 7(2) Dec., 2012 :

3 PTASSIUM NUTRITIN IN PTAT Table 1 : Growth attributes of potato, tuber bulking rate, average tuber weight, dry matter content, K-uptake and storage behavior at ambient temperature after 90 days storage, as influenced by graded levels of potassium application.(pooled data of two years) Plant Potassium uptake (kg/ha) Storage behaviour height (cm) Treatments Number of leaves per plant Tuber bulking rate at 90DAP (g/m 2 /day) Average tuber wt (g) Dry matter content in Tuber (%) Tuber Haulm Total Per cent total wt. loss Per cent rottage loss K K K K SEm ± CD (P=0.05) K 0 = 0 kg K 2 ha -1, K 50 = 50 kg K 2 ha -1, K 100 = 100 kg K 2 ha -1, K 150 = 150 kg K 2 ha -1 plays a crucial role in the energy status of the plant, translocation and storage of assimilates and maintenance of tissue water relation, aids in photosynthesis and enhances N uptake and protein synthesis resulting in better foliage growth (Marschner, 1995) Yield parameters and tuber yield: K application had significant effect on grade wise tuber yield and tuber number as well as total tuber yield and tuber number (Table 2). The large grade and total aggregate tuber yield and tuber number enhanced markedly with each increment in K levels from 0 to 150 kg/ha. The tuber yield increased from q ha -1 (0 kg K 2 ha -1 ) to q ha -1 (150 kg K 2 ha -1 ). The increase in tuber yield was 19, 28 and 32 per cent at 50, 100 and 150 kg K 2 ha -1, respectively. The potassium application improved the tuber yield by increasing the large grade tuber yield and decreasing the small grade tuber yield. The per cent contribution of large grade tuber to the total tuber yield was increased from 33 per cent at 0 kg K 2 ha -1 to 43 per cent at100 kg K 2 ha -1. The yield of large size tuber increased by 43, 71 and 84 per cent at 50,100 and 150 kg K 2 ha -1 as compared to no K application. However, the yield and tuber number of large grade tuber as well as total tuber obtained with 150 kg K 2 ha -1 was at par with that of 100 kg K 2 ha -1. The increase in K level from 0 to100 kg/ha recorded significant increase in medium grade tuber yield. However, further increase in K dose from 100 kg K 2 ha -1 did not enhance the medium grade tuber yield and tuber number any more. The small size tuber yield and number decreased with increasing K levels. Imas and Bansal (2002) and Moinuddin et al. (2005)) also observed increase in potato tuber yield due to potassium application upto 120 kg K 2 ha -1. Trehan and Grewal (1990) have reported that rapid bulking potato varieties producing large size tubers respond more to K than the varieties with small size tubers as application of K is known to increase the tuber size. Thus Kufri Pukhraj a high yielding potato variety responded favourably to potassium application. Increase in total yield and the yield of large tubers due to K fertilization may stem from the stimulating effect of potassium on photosynthesis, phloem loading and translocation as well as synthesis of large molecular weight substances with in storage organs contributing to the rapid bulking of the tubers (Singh, 1999). The harvest index, average tuber weight and dry matter content in tuber increased with increasing potassium levels up to 100 kg K 2 ha -1 (Table 1). At harvest tubers accounted for 73.7 per cent of total dry matter production with 100 kg K 2 ha -1. Sharma and Sood (2002) also reported increase in harvest index and percentage dry matter with K application up to 100 kg K 2 ha -1. Potassium uptake: There was significant variation in K-uptake among treatments. The K-uptake increased with increasing levels of potassium application (Table 1) The K-uptake was found to be significant up to100 kg K 2 ha -1, further increase in K- Table 2 : Grade wise yield, tuber number and economics of potato as influenced by potassium application (pooled data of two years) Grade wise tuber yield (q/ha) Grade wise tuber population( 000 /ha) Gross Net Treatments >75g 75-25g <25g Total >75g 75-25g <25g Total return (Rs./ha) return (Rs./ha) K K K K S.E. ± C.D. (P=0.05) Benefit cost ratio Asian J. Hort., 7(2) Dec., 2012 :

4 S.K. SINGH AND S.S. LAL Table 3 : Correlation matrix ( r ) between yield and yield attributing characters of potato as influenced by potassium uptake Sr. Tuber Plant Leaf area Bulking No. of Wt. of K- Parameters No. yield height index rate tubers/plant tubers/plant uptake Plant population 1. Tuber yield * 0.993* 0.997* * 0.988* 0.993* 2. Plant height * 0.994* * 0.989* 0.889* 3. Leaf area index * * 0.991* 0.922* 4. Bulking rate (g/plant/day) * 0.986* 0.975* 0.875* 5. No. of tubers/plant * Wt. of tubers/plant * 0.928* 7. K-uptake * 8. Plant population levels, there was no significant increase in K-uptake. The highest total uptake of K ( kg ha -1 ) was recorded with the application of 150 kg K 2 ha -1 which was at par with the K- uptake recorded at 100 kg K 2 ha -1.The lowest K-uptake was in control, where no K was applied. Tuber accounted for 73.3 per cent of total K removed by plants at 100 kg K 2 ha -1. Imas and Bansal (2002) and Moinuddin et al. (2005) also observed increase in K-uptake in potato due to potassium application upto 120 kg K 2 ha -1. Potassium uptake varied significantly among different fertility levels, perhaps due to variation in dry matter yield. Higher K content at higher level of K application together with higher dry matter production resulted in higher K uptake, while, potassium enhances N uptake and protein synthesis there by increasing the N uptake (Marschner, 1995). Economics and keeping quality: The increase in production due to potassium application increased the gross and net return and the benefit cost ratio (Table 2). Moinuddin et al (2005) also reported increased economic return due to potassium application There was less weight loss and rottage of tubers with potassium application under ordinary storage condition at ambient temperature (Table 1). Potassium enhances storage quality of potato and also extend their self life (Martin-Prevel, 1989). The effect of potassium on self life is, both through slowing of senescence and through decrease of numerous physiological diseases (Martin-Prevel, 1989). Potassium application reduces storage losses of tubers and this was related to reduction in the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes (Perrenoud, 1993). Application of K tended to decrease gradually the weight loss of tubers from 20 per cent to 16 per cent (Grewal et al., 1991). Correlation studies: The correlation coefficients for different characters combinations are given in Table 3. The correlation of average plant height(0.997), average leaf area index(0.993), bulking rate (0.996) weight of tubers/plant(0.986), K-uptake (0.987) and plant population at harvest(0.883) with yield were found to be positive and significant, which confirms the findings of Moinuddin et al. (2005). The significant association was due to significant and positive association of K-uptake with average plant height (0.988), average leaf area index(0.991), bulking rate(0.975) weight of tubers/plant(0.969), plant population at harvest (0.882) and tuber yield (0.987). Therefore, an improvement in any one of these characters with application of K will lead to simultaneous improvement of the other attributes resulting in increased yield. Conclusion: Hence it was concluded based on the two year data that potassium application at the rate 100 kg K 2 ha -1 as muriate of potash can be economically recommended for cultivation of potato variety Kufri Pukhraj under irrigated condition in the sandy loam soils of the Indo-Gangetic plains of Bihar to obtain higher yield and monetary return. Acknowledgement: The authors are highly thankful to Dr. S. K. Bansal, Director, Potash research Institute, Gurgaon, for the financial assistance provided for conducting the trails REFERENCES Annonymous (2008) Annual report state-wise final estimates of potato for released by the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi. Chettri, M. and Thapa, U. (2002). Response of potato different sources of potassium with or without farm yard manure in new alluvial zone of West Bengal. Haryana J. Hort. Sci., 31(3/4): Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research, John Wiley Sons, New York. Grewal, J.S., Trehan, S.P. and Sharma, R.C. (1991). Phosphorous and potassium nutrition of potato. Technical Bullentin No. 13. Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India 43 pp. Imas, Patricia and Bansal, S.K. (2002). Potassium and integrated nutrient management in potato. Potato Global Research and Development proceeding of the Global Conference of Potato, New Delhi, India 06-11, Dec., 1999 Vol.-II, Asian J. Hort., 7(2) Dec., 2012 :

5 PTASSIUM NUTRITIN IN PTAT Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants 2 nd Eds. Academic Press, London, UNITED KINGDM. Martin Prevel, P.J. (1989). Physilogical process related to handling and storage quality of crops. In proceedings of the 21 st IPI colloqulum on Methods of K research in plants held at Louvin-La-Neuve, Belgium June, International Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland pp Moinuddin, Singh, Komal and Bansal, S.K. (2005). Growth yield and economics of potato in relation to progressive application of potassium fertilizer. J. Plant Nutrition, 28(1): Perrenoud, S. (1993). Fertilizing for high yield of potato. IPI bulletin 8. Second edition, International Potash Institute, Basel, Switzerland. Shrama, R.C. and Sood, M.C.(2002) nitrogen and potassium interaction on potato tuber yield, quality and organic carbon status of Shimla soils. Potato Global Research and Development proceeding of the Global Conference of Potato, New Delhi, India 06-11, Dec., 1999 Vol.-II, 134 pp. Singh, D., Chhonker, P.K. and Dwivedi, B.S. (2005). Manual on soil plant and water analysis. West Ville Publishing House, New Delhi Singh, J.P. (1999) Potassium fertilization of potatoes in north India. In proceeding of IPI workshop on essential role of potassium in diverse cropping system, held at the 16 th world congress of soil scic., Monnte Pellier, France August,1998. International Potash Institute, Basel, Switzerland pp Trehan, S.P. and Grewal, G.S.(1990). Effects of time and level of potassium application on tuber yield and potassium composition of plant tissue and tubers of two cultivars. In potato production, marketing, storage and processing, IARI, New Delhi. Trehan, S.P., Upadhaya, N. C., Kumar Manoj and Jatav, M.L.(2008) Nutrient management in potato. CPRI technical bulletin pp. *********** Asian J. Hort., 7(2) Dec., 2012 :

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