Battle for the Biosphere

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1 Battle for the Biosphere Biome: A large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region e.g. the Tropical rainforest. Biosphere: The parts of the land, sea and atmosphere where organisms are able to live.

2 The location of each biome is mainly determined by climate: Temperature affects growing season. Precipitation. Large forests need lots of rainfall throughout the year due to the large biomass. The amount of light will affect growth. Humidity controls the rate of evapotranspiration. Temperature: Decreases the further you move away from the equator. That is because the suns rays are more concentrated at the equator and so plants grow better. In polar areas the suns energy is far less concentrated. The lack of heat and light prohibits limits plant growth. As well as latitude affecting the distribution of biomes, altitude also affects where plants can grow. Few / no plants will grow in high altitude locations due to the temperature being too cold and the soil being too thin hence few nutrients. Precipitation: Rainfall occurs mostly at the equator and at mid latitudes such as the UK (where two different air masses meet). Greater amounts of precipitation mean that a larger biomass can be supported. Local factors: Altitude: Plants are unable to grow in cold environments where soils are thin. Continentality: Distance from the sea away from the sea the land heats up in the hot season and cools quickly in the cold season. This increases the annual temperature range and reduces precipitation. Nutrients in the soil: Nutrient-rich soil can support a larger biomass. Geology: What type of rock there is in an area affects the soil type and drainage.

3 What goods and services do ecosystems give us? Using the information on this page can you explain how: a) the biosphere keeps the air clean. b) How water is protected. c) How the biosphere keeps biodiversity rich. d) How tourists are kept happy.

4

5 You will need to look at and learn your case study that you completed on the destruction of the Amazon Rainforest this was done using power point in the LRC. What impact does climate change have on the biosphere? Human induced climate change is the single biggest threat to the biosphere! Half of all species could become extinct There are already: Fewer fish in African lakes, plants flowering earlier and new patterns of bird migration Habitats will become broken up Rainfall patterns will change and sea level will rise Species may not be able to migrate to new habitats quickly enough Pests and diseases will thrive in some areas

6 How can the biosphere be protected and conserved?

7 Case Study: Kilum (Cameroon Republic LEDC) 1) Kilum is situated in North West Cameroon. It is the second highest point in West Africa. 2) 100,000 people depend on the forest but with population increasing, pressure is being put on the land e.g. slash and burn for farming land and erosion of the soil by the farming of lots of sheep and goats. 3) Ethnic groups depend on the forest for fuel wood, building materials, bush meat and medicine. 5) To help solve these issues the following things have been done: People have been educated about the importance of the forest (including school children and women s groups. Schools have set up nurseries. Controlled burning is carried out to clear forest for farming. Grazing areas are controlled so that the damage by grazing sheep and goats is kept to a minimum. Farmers are being taught about the importance of the soil and how to conserve its nutrients. 4) The Kilum Mountain Forest Project was set up in 1987 to improve the management of the forests resources. Its aims are: To conserve the mountain forest To promote sustainable use of natural resources. Look carefully at the diagram below and make sure you can explain how each of the measures taken can make the management of Kilum more sustainable.

8 Battle for the Biosphere Question Checklist make sure you can answer these using this guide and your exercise books! 1. What is the difference between the biosphere and a biome? 2. Explain the meaning of the following words, tropical, temperate, polar, tundra and deciduous. 3. Use the map in this guide to describe the distribution of tropical rainforest and coniferous forest. 4. What is the difference between altitude and latitude? 5. How can altitude and latitude affect the type of plants that grow? 6. What does continentality mean? 7. Why do places have different temperatures? (think about altitude, latitude and continentality) 8. Why do some places have more precipitation than others? 9. What goods and services can be provided for people by the biosphere? 10.Explain the value of one biome you have studied. (Tropical Rainforests) 11.Describe the impacts that human activities are having on one biome you have studied. 12.Explain how indigenous peoples use their environment sustainably. Use examples from your studies. 13.What does conservation mean? 14.Give some examples of global organisations that are actively involved in conservation. Give examples of their work. 15.How can conservation be carried out on a local scale? Give examples. (Kilum and Wicken Fen)

9 Water World Input: Precipitation Outputs: Transpiration, Evapotranspiration, rivers (carrying water to the sea) Transfers: Stemflow, surface runoff, throughflow, infiltration, percolation, groundwater flow Storage: Interception by vegetation, surface storage (lakes), soil moisture storage. The biosphere and lithosphere play a vital part in the water cycle. E.g. trees intercept precipitation some is then transpired and some reaches the ground by dripping off leaves or flowing down stems. Precipitation can infiltrate into the soil or underlying rock (depending on geology) or flow over the surface.

10 Physical water scarcity: Physical access to water is limited. When demand for water outstrips the lands ability to provide, there is physical scarcity. (Water simply isn t there). Economic water scarcity: Economic water scarcity exists when a population does not have the necessary monetary means to utilize an adequate source of water e.g. it may be under the ground. There is only so much fresh water available in the world. Are you able to explain how each of these ideas is putting stress on our water supplies? Industrial development Population growth Climate change Pressure on water Agriculture Energy Tourism Urbanisation

11 Case Study: The Sahel (LEDC) The Sahel is a narrow belt of semi-arid land south of the Sahara desert in Africa. Rainfall is scarce. It falls for just 1 2 months of the year. The annual amount is between 250mm and 450mm. If the rain falls in a down pour then a lot is lost through surface runoff! In the recent past droughts have become common: Droughts cause surface storage to dry up and the water table to fall. In the Sahel it means that Nomadic herders (people who move their animals in search of the best water supplies and food) suffer. Grasses die and soil erosion occurs especially if there are grazing animals as well. The main problems is that the countries in the Sahel region are very poor. With an increasing population they can not cope with a lack of water to drink and falling food supplies. Famine occurs frequently! Richer countries in a similar situation can buy their way out of the problem of water scarcity e.g. Saudi Arabia. They can buy desalinisation plants that convert salt water into drinking water. However, for farmers in the Sahel this is not an option!

12 Climate change and water scarcity Global warming is expected to account for about 20 percent of the global increase in water scarcity this century. It is predicted that global warming will alter precipitation patterns around the world, melt mountain glaciers, and worsen the extremes of droughts and floods. Global water consumption increased sixfold in the last century - more than twice the rate of population growth - and will continue growing rapidly in coming decades. Yet readily available freshwater is a finite resource, equivalent to less than one percent of the water on Earth. What's more, water and populations are unevenly distributed across the globe; arid and semi-arid regions receive only two percent of all surface runoff yet account for 40 percent of the global land area and house half of the world's poor. Finally, our existing freshwater resources are under heavy threat from overexploitation, pollution, and global warming. Given these trends, equitably providing adequate water resources for agriculture, industry and human consumption poses one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Some Global Impacts: 1. The per capita availability of fresh water in India will drop from 1820 m3 currently to 1000 m3 (yearly basis) as a result of population growth and climate change. 2. More intense precipitation in Asia would result in a higher runoff and reduction in the portion recharging the groundwater aquifers. 3. Agricultural irrigation demands in arid and semi-arid regions of east Asia would be expected to increase by 10% for a 1 degree C increase in temperature. 4. Changes in snow and glacier melt will cause seasonal shortages and affect 1/4th of China s population and hundreds of millions of India s population. (~ billion combined). 5 Arid and semi-arid land in Africa would increase 5-8% by Current water stress in Africa will likely be increased by climate change.

13 How can people affect water quality? Can you classify the sources of pollution above into: Domestic Industrial Agricultural Transport / Others Pollution in LEDC s: Highest levels of water pollution are more likely in rapidly developing countries. This is because they put development before the environment. Cities in LEDC s grow so quickly that the infrastructure can t cope and so waste flows into rivers and fresh water supplies. Pollution in MEDC s: MEDC s are able to put measures in place to control pollution. Their industries are also mainly in the tertiary and quaternary areas which means they pollute less than primary (extracting raw materials) and secondary (manufacturing) industries. Quickly developing LEDC s may also have quickly developing agriculture which means greater quantities of pesticides and fertilizers running off into water supplies.

14 Can you answer this exam style question? Using the table above, explain why pollution threatens water supply. (4 marks) How can people interfere with the hydrological cycle? Overabstraction Reservoir building Deforestation This means too much water is being taken from a source. E.g. In the Thames valley in Southern England some tributaries have dried up damaging the river ecosystem. Droughts in the SE of England and rising demand for water due to more homes being built has lowered the water table. In some parts of the world natural lakes are drying up e.g. Lake Chad in Africa. In other parts of the world reservoirs are being built for water shortage and hydroelectricity. Although reservoirs are useful they can also bring problems like: Problems include: 1) Loss of land due to flooding behind the reservoir. 2) Can be a source of disease in some countries as they could be a breeding ground for mosquitoes. 3) Vegetation drowned by reservoirs decays and releases methane and carbon dioxide. 1) Reduction in evapotranspiration can lead to less rainfall. 2) Exposes soil to heat of the sun which makes it hard and impermeable. 3) Can lead to loss of soil nutrients as they are washed away. 4) Cuts out process of interception increasing the flood risk.

15 A summary showing the way in which people can interfere with the hydrological cycle: Large scale water management projects: These tend to involve dams. Currently dams supply 40% of the worlds irrigated water and 20% of electricity! As you can see from the diagram opposite, there are positive and negative impacts of dams. Around dams worldwide affect 6 out of 10 major rivers and have caused about 80 million people to be forcibly relocated! Can you answer this exam style question? Using examples, show how big dams can bring either benefits or problems (4 marks)

16 Case Study: Large scale projects in China (NIC)

17 Small scale water management projects: These are often thought of as more sustainable than large scale projects. This is because they use appropriate or intermediate technology which meets the need of the local people and the environment in which they live. Water Aid is a Non Government Organisation (NGO). It develops small-sclae sustainable solutions to help local people in LEDC s. One of their missions is to transform lives by improving access to safe water, hygiene and sanitation in the world's poorest communities, including Ghana. Can you explain how the rainwater harvester is appropriate technology?

18 Water World Question Checklist make sure you can answer these using this guide and your exercise books! 1. Make a copy of the diagram of the hydrological cycle. Describe what is happening in your own words using appropriate vocabulary. 2. Why is so much of the water found on the earth unavailable to drink. 3. Why does tree planting slow down water movement through the water cycle? 4. Explain how each of the following can put pressure on water supplies, Population growth, farming, industrial growth, climate change, tourism and increased demand for energy. 5. Describe the problems faced in the Sahel due to water shortages. Mention desertification and explain how it can be caused. 6. Using examples explain how pollution can threaten water supply. Will this be worse in developed or developing countries? 7. Explain the term abstraction. What does over abstraction mean? 8. How does deforestation affect the water cycle? 9. What are the benefits and problems of building reservoirs? 10.Choose one large scale water management project and describe the costs and benefits. 11.What is a Non Governmental Organisation? give some examples. 12.Explain the meaning of Appropriate or Intermediate technology. 13.Explain how the rainwater harvester is an example of intermediate technology. 14.Using examples explain how human activity can reduce water supplies.

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