Remote Sensing Applications on the Indus Basin. dr. Wim Bastiaanssen The Netherlands

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1 Remote Sensing Applications on the Indus Basin dr. Wim Bastiaanssen The Netherlands

2 Utilization of water resources River Basin Management Precipitation Consumptive Use Agriculture Irrigation Rainfed Other Evapotranspiration (ET) Non-Beneficial ET Beneficial ET Water-logged and Salinized Environment lands Forests Seepage areas Green Areas Reservoir water surfaces Lakes High water table areas Wetlands RIVER BASIN Outflow to the Sea Source: Doug Olson, WorldBank

3 What do we want? 1. Economic development? 2. Agricultural production and rural development? 3. Natural vegetation systems? 4. Environmental sustainability? 5. Reduce vulnerability to drought? Rank priorities! Baseline data should match with priorities

4 Remote sensing data Water use by agriculture and environment systems (incl. forests) Irrigated acreages Land cover Crop type Water logging Soil salinity Crop yield (income)

5 What do you want to see? 30 m 1000 m 250 m

6 Landsat mosaic Indus Basin

7 Developments Chasma Right Bank

Cropping intensity of irrigated land (Cen sus-remote sen sing)/census* 100% 200.0 100.0 0.0-100.0-200.

8 Cropping intensity of irrigated land (Cen sus-remote sen sing)/census* 100% kharif 1994 rabi ID command area 100% 200% (Sensus-remote sensing)/sensus * 100 % AZ-IIIb AZ-IVa AZ-X AZ-IIIa AZ-II AZ-I Aggregated unit Kharif Rabi

9 Water consumption Indus Basin

10 Intercomparison with hydrological models Source: Ph.D. thesis dr. Sarwar Qureshi

11 ASTER, ETact, August 4, 2001

12 Soil moisture Indus Basin Source: IWMI, Lahore

13 ASTER, Soil moisture, August 4, 2001

14 Water balance, Rechna Doab - Pakistan

15 Net groundwater use, Pakistan I ngw (mm yr -1 ) source: dr. Mobin-ud-Din Ahmad

16 Reliance of agriculture on groundwater

17 Wheat yield variability

18 Wheat yield variability

19 Impact of water on crop growth

20 Crop water productivity (kg/m3)

21 Waterlogging Chasma RB winter Waterlogging intensity (%) in Rabi polygon no rabi 2000 rabi 2001 rabi

22 Waterlogging Chasma RB summer Waterlogging intensity (%) in Kharif polygon no kharif 1999 kharif 2001 kharif

23 Soil salinity Egypt

24 Physical drought

25 Drought and vulnerability

26 Hydrological model - Sirsa

27 Simulation without remote sensing

28 Simulation with remote sensing

29 Nutshell Problems Indus Basin Inequity in canal water distribution Falling and rising groundwater tables Soil salinity build up Low crop water productivity Coping with droughts Good data is scarce Build a common databases

30 Remote sensing data streams 1. Baseline data I. Actual irrigated area (5 years) II. Crop occurrances (10 years) III. Digital Elevation Model IV. Traditional databases (soil map, canal command boundaries, water table etc.) 2. Process monitoring (weekly/monthly) I. Water consumption II. Crop growth III. Water logging IV. Soil salinity

31 Towards Indus Basin Environmental and Social Baseline Databases Remote sensing data provides key crop and water related data Satellite data is objective and freely accessible, distribution is easy Management targets should be prioritised Remote sensing data acquisition should meet water management objectives Scale issues should be decided upon (sample areas or entire Indus Basin?) Baseline and monitoring data need to be distinguished Remote sensing data can be coupled to Indus Basin model

32 Canal command area map

33 Soil map of Pakistan Soil Map of Indus Basin N W E S Types of Soils Calcareous Clayey Soils Calcareous Loamy Soils Calcareous Sandy Soils Calcareous Sandy Soils and Dun es Clayey Soils Gravely Land and Rock Land Gullied Land and Bad Land Loamy Soils Mountainous Land with Patchy Soil Cover Non Calcareous Clayey Soils Noncalcareous Loamy Soil Not Defined Open Water and Marsh Rough Broken Land Rough Mountainous Land Salt-affected Soils Sand Dunes and Sandy Soils Sandy Soils and Sand Dunes Seasonally Flo oded So ils and Rivers Silty and Clayey Soils Soils with very high Gypsiferous Salinity Tidal Flat and Sea Creeks Kilometers

34 ASTER images

35 Net groundwater use P + I cw + NGW =ET a + S P =Precipitation I cw = Canal water NGW = Net groundwater use ET = Evapotranspiration S = Storage change I tw = Tubewell irrigation q (h m =0) = Recharge q (h m =0) = Capillary rise NGW = Tubewell irrigation + Capillary rise - Recharge

36 Water productivity and scale 6.0 Wheat (rabi ) Per unit consumed Per unit diverted Water productivity (kg/m3) Cumulative Irrigated Area (million ha)

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