Comparison of Two Different WeedGuardPlus Paper Mulches and Black Plastic Mulch on the Production of Onions and Broccoli
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1 Comprison of Two Different WeedGurdPlus Pper Mulches nd Blck Plstic Mulch on the Production of Onions nd Broccoli Dr. Frnk Stonker, Colordo Stte University Deprtment of Horticulture nd Lndscpe Architecture, Assistnt Professor nd Coordintor of Specilty Crops Progrm. Dr. Whitney Crnshw, Colordo Stte University Deprtment of Biogriculturl Sciences nd Pest Mngement, Professor nd Extension Specilist of Entomology. Dn Goldhmer Colordo Stte University Deprtment of Horticulture nd Lndscpe Architecture, Reserch Associte. Introduction The objective of this study ws to compre the effect of two WeedGurdPlus products, non-degrdble plstic mulch, nd bre ground control on the production of both broccoli nd onions. Additionlly, we explored the effect the mulch type on insect popultions on both crops. Previous work on strw mulches demonstrted degree of control on the popultion of thrips nd our objective ws to discover if the pper mulches would provide similr protection. Mterils nd Methods Trils were conducted t the Colordo Stte University Horticulture Field Reserch Center in northest Fort Collins, Colordo. In order to evlute the effect of the mulches on broccoli nd onion production, 4 totl tretments were utilized. Plot design ws rndomized complete block with four replictions. The 4 tretments were: WeedGurdPlus hevy weight with pre-punched holes Shredded WeedGurdPlus Blck plstic Bre ground control The tested crops were broccoli (cv. Arcdi ) nd onion (cv. Veg ), which were chosen becuse of their relible infesttion t the site with insect pests (e.g., crucifer fle beetles, onion thrips). All plots were estblished by trnsplnting with broccoli spced t 18-inch in three stggered rows/bed nd onions t 5-inch spcing in five rows. Plnting occurred on June 1 st 211. Individul plots consisted of single beds, 15-ft in length, irrigted with two prllel lines of drip irrigtion tubing running under the mulch tretments.
2 Evlutions of insects were mde on multiple dtes. Counts of fle beetles on broccoli were mde by counting ll beetles on 6 plnts in the center of ech plot. Thrips on onions were counted by exmining the neck re nd counting ll thrips on ten plnts in the center of ech plot. Evlutions were lso mde 14 July of weeds present on plots. Counts of individul weed plnts were mde initilly in the center of ech plot, with weed species present enumerted (kochi, lmbsqurters, redroot pigweed, purslne, hiry nightshde, wild lettuce, prostrte spurge, Cnd thistle, field bindweed, nnuls grsses). The weeds were then hrvested nd weighed (fresh weight). Soil nd ir temperture sensors were instlled in ech onion plot on July 29 th. The sensors used were Sensitech Temp Tle 4. The soil temperture probe ws inserted t depth of 4 while the mbient ir temperture monitor ws instlled 6 bove the soil surfce. Temperture ws collected hourly. Hrvest occurred on 1/18/211 for the onions nd 1/2/211 for the broccoli. Hrvest ws crried out by hnd nd ll bulbs nd broccoli crowns were included in the nlysis. Sttisticl nlysis ws perfumed using SAS 9.2. Results Broccoli plnt performnce There ws no sttisticl difference between the tretments for verge yield per plnt (Figure 1.) (p=.634), verge number of fruit per plnt (Figure 2.) (p=.921), nd verge crown weight (Figure 3) (p=.257). There ws sttisticl difference between trnsplnt survivl rtes (Figure 4). The plstic mulch ws observed hving the lowest trnsplnt survivl rte nd being different from the other tretments. There ws no difference in trnsplnt survivl rte between the WeedGurdPlus tretments nd the bre ground control plot. There ws sttisticl difference when observing totl plot yield (Figure 5). The punched pper nd bre tretments yielded more per plot then the blck plstic tretments. There ws no sttisticl difference between the shredded WeedGurdPlus tretment ny of the other tretments.
3 Lbs. Averge Yield per Plnt Plstic Bre Punched Shredded Figure 1. The verge yield per broccoli plnt. No sttisticl difference between tretments ws observed. Number of Crowns per Plnt Shredded Punched Plstic Bre Figure 2. The verge number of crowns per broccoli plnt. No sttisticl difference between tretments ws observed.
4 Percent Surivl Rte Lbs Averge Crown Weight Plstic Bre Punched Shredded Figure 3. The verge broccoli crown weight. No sttisticl difference between tretments ws observed. 12 Trnsplnt Survivl Rte b 2 Punched Bre Shredded Plstic Figure 4. Averge broccoli trnsplnt survivl rte. Differing letters signify sttisticl differences t p=.5 ccording to lest squre mens utilizing the Tukey djustment.
5 Lbs. Averge Totl Plot Yield b b 4 2 Punched Bre Shredded Plstic Figure 5. Averge totl plot yield for broccoli. Differing letters signify sttisticl differences t p=.5 ccording to lest squre mens utilizing the Tukey djustment. Insect Evlution on Broccoli Moderte levels of fle beetles were present on broccoli plnts (Tble 1). No tretment differences between mulch tretments were observed on two dtes; n increse in fle beetles/plnt were noted on the pper roll mulch tretment on the second evlution dte (3 June). Tble 1. Crucifer fle beetles on broccoli plnts ( Arcdi ) grown with use of different mulch tretments. Colordo Stte University Horticulture Field Reserch Center, Fort Collins, Colordo, 211. Fle Beetles/6 plnts Tretment 17 June 3 June b 14 July Untreted Check b 11. Blck Plstic Mulch b 2.8 Pper Roll Mulch Shredded Pper Mulch b 1.5 Numbers followed by the sme letter re not significntly different (P =.5) by SNK. DF 3; F=.66; Pr > F.5951 b DF 3; F=4.83; Pr > F.286 c DF 3; F=.7; Pr > F.5286
6 Lbs. Onion plnt performnce There ws sttisticl difference between the tretments for verge yield per plot of onions (Figure 6). The punched WeedGurdPlus tretment plots yielded sttisticlly more thn the shredded WeedGurdPlus plots while there ws difference between the plstic, bre, nd shredded plots. There ws lso difference between the tretments in terms of number of onion bulbs hrvested per plot (Figure 6). The punched WeedGurdPlus nd the bre ground tretments contined more onion plnt tht survived compred to the shredded tretment while there ws no difference between the plstic tretment nd the shredded tretment. There ws lso no difference between the bre tretment nd the plstic tretment. There ws no sttisticl difference between the tretments for the verge onion bulb weight (Figure 8) (p=.411). Imge 1 displys the totl of yield of onions from ll the plots nd tretments Averge Yield per Plot b b b Punched Plstic Bre Shredded Figure 6. The verge onion yield per plot. Differing letters signify sttisticl differences t p=.5 ccording to lest squre mens utilizing the Tukey djustment.
7 Lbs. Number of Fruit Averge Number of Bulbs per Plot b bc c Punched Bre Plstic Shredded Figure 7. The Averge number of onion bulbs hrvested per plot. Differing letters signify sttisticl differences t p=.5 ccording to lest squre mens utilizing the Tukey djustment Averge Bulb Weight Punched Plstic Shredded Bre Figure 8. The verge onion bulb weight. No sttisticl difference between tretments ws observed.
8 Imge 1. Totl onion yields from ll plots nd tretments. In order from left to right the tretments re bre ground control, punched WGP, shredded WGP, nd blck plstic. Insect Evlution on Onion Low levels of thrips were present cross onion plots (Tble 2). No differences in thrips popultions were observed on plnts grown under different mulch tretments.
9 Tble 2. Onion thrips on onion plnts ( Veg ) grown with use of different mulch tretments. Colordo Stte University Horticulture Field Reserch Center, Fort Collins, Colordo, 211. Thrips/1 plnts Tretment 3 June 14 July b Untreted Check Blck Plstic Mulch Pper Roll Mulch Shredded Pper Mulch Numbers followed by the sme letter re not significntly different (P =.5) by SNK. DF 3; F=.35; Pr > F.787 b DF 3; F=1.61; Pr > F.255 Weed Evlutions Severl weed species were present in plots, dominted by purslne, common lmbsqurters nd redroot pigweed (Tble 3). All mulch tretments significntly reduced weed biomss (Tble 4), with somewht greter weed suppression from the sheet mulches (pper roll, blck plstic) compred to the shredded pper mulch. The number of individul weeds counted on the shredded pper mulch plots ws much higher thn the other mulch tretments; however, this ws lrgely due to purslne plnts which were observed to be gretly retrded in growth compred to plnts on the untreted check plots.
10 Tble 3. Totl number of individul weed plnts collected from the center (re between rows 2 nd 4) of broccoli nd onion grown under different mulch tretments. Colordo Stte University Horticulture Field Reserch Center, Fort Collins, Colordo, 211. Untreted Blck Plstic Pper Roll Shredded Pper Check Mulch Mulch Mulch Purslne Lmbsqurters Redroot Pigweed Prostrte Spurge Hiry Nightshde Kochi 9 1 Wild Lettuce 1 2 Cnd Thistle 8 Annul Grsses Field Bindweed Tble 4. Totl biomss of weeds hrvested from the center (between rows 2 nd 4) of broccoli nd onion grown with the use of different mulch tretments. Colordo Stte University Horticulture Field Reserch Center, Fort Collins, Colordo, 211. Totl Weed Biomss Fresh Weight (lbs) Tretment Broccoli Plot Onion Plot b Untreted Check Blck Plstic Mulch. c.55 b Pper Roll Mulch.45 c.4 b Shredded Pper Mulch b Numbers followed by the sme letter re not significntly different (P =.5) by SNK. DF 3; F=128.99; Pr > F <.1 b DF 3; F=19.2; Pr > F.3 Soil nd ir temperture Air temperture within the onion plots is displyed in Figure 9. There is little difference between the ir tempertures of the mulch tretment plots. Soil tempertures in the onion plots re displyed in Figure 1. Soil temperture vries with tretment with the plstic mulch consistently hving the highest soil temperture nd the punched WeedGurdPlus tretment hving the lowest. The shredded WeedGurdPlus nd the bre ground control were consistently in the middle with the bre ground being slightly higher thn the shredded tretment during most weeks.
11 8 Bre Air Temp Plstic Air Temp Punched Air Temp Shreded Air Temp Air Temperture (F) Weeks Figure 9. Averge weekly ir tempertures in the onion plots. Temperture dt collection begins on July 29 th 211.
12 9 Bre Soil Temp Plstic Soil Temp Punched Soil Temp Shreded Soil Temp Soil Temperture (F) Weeks Figure 1. Averge weekly soil tempertures in the onion plots. Temperture dt collection begins on July 29 th 211. Discussion For the production of both broccoli nd onion, WeedGurdPlus ws s effective nd in some degrees more effective thn blck plstic mulch. WeedGurdPlus did not increse yields for broccoli on per plnt bsis or increse verge bulb or crown weigh compred to the blck plstic. However, the mjor dvntge tht WeedGurdPlus possessed compred to the blck plstic ws tht for both broccoli nd onions there ws gret survivl rte of the trnsplnts which intern led to higher yield on plot or re bsis. The elevted soil temperture observed in the blck plstic probbly contributed to lck of trnsplnt survivl. The cooler tempertures observed under the mulch tretments my hve led to less of trnsplnt shock nd gret survivl rte. The tested mulch tretments did not ffect on-plnt popultions of either of the insect species tht were the focus of this study. Mulches tht re lighter colored nd reflect light hve been shown to reduce numbers of both species; the mulches in this study were drk nd did not provide much contrst with the soil bckground.
13 The WeedGurdPlus mulches did substntilly suppress weed pressure. There ws n observed reduction of weed biomss by 6% in the shredded plots nd reduction of weed biomss of by 9% in the punched WeedGurdPlus compred to the bre ground check. Weed popultions (prticulrly purslne) were less reduced by the shredded WeedGurdPlus mulch compred to the punched WeedGurdPlus. All mulch tretments held up well nd remined lrgely intct throughout the tril. Of note, the wet spring delyed the trctor ppliction of the mulches. The shredded pper mulch ws the most esily pplied on the smll plots re nd mtted well fter the initil wetting. Thus in situtions where wether could dely trctor opertions nd hnd ppliction is physiclly nd economicl vible, the shredded mulch provides n dvntge over the rolled mulches. The other dvntge of the shredded mulch is tht it cn be pplied fter trnsplnting nd dditionl mulch cn be pplied if needed. However, the shredded mulch ws not s effective t suppressing weed biomss s well s incresing totl plot yields. Perhps higher ppliction rte could solve some of those issues. Overll through, for commercil opertion the rolled WeedGurdPlus ppers to be better lterntive solution to blck plstic mulch due it is bility to be mechniclly lid out nd its more effective weed control. Overll, WeedGurdPlus ws well suited for the production of both onions nd broccoli. The incresed trnsplnt survivl rte compred to the blck plstic ws the most interesting finding of the study. The much cooler soil tempertures of the punched WeedGurdPlus compred to the blck plstic nd somewht cooler soil tempertures compred to the bre ground is of prticulr interest. This could be n dvntge for producers looking to estblish cool seson crops such s brsics in the middle of the summer for fll hrvest. It could lso extend the growing region of res where high summer tempertures prevent effective vegetble production. To further understnd the best mngement prctices ssocited with WeedGurdPlus, further reserch should be performed on soil wter dynmics underneth the mulch. Overll the WeedGurdPlus mulch should increse soil wter content compred to bre ground but due to its permeble nture the degree of preservtion is currently uncler. Additionlly, the cooler soil tempertures under WeedGurdPlus my negtively impct wrm seson crops such s tomtoes nd peppers. This would lso be importnt to explore due to the widespred use of plstic mulches in field tomto production.
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