Perceptions of Land Tenure Insecurity: Survey Evidence from Burkina Faso. Benjamin Linkow Research Scientist, International Projects Division

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1 Perceptions of Land Tenure Insecurity: Survey Evidence from Burkina Faso Benjamin Linkow Research Scientist, International Projects Division World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty April 2012

2 Overview 1. Motivation 2. Background and Context 3. Survey and Questionnaire 4. Survey Results 5. Econometric Results 6. Conclusions 2

3 Motivation Why is it important to think about perceived tenure insecurity? Consider hypothesized economic benefits of property rights reforms: Ag. investment Higher value crop choices Efficiency due to transactions Access to credit Almost all derive from changes in rights holders perceptions of their own security (i.e risk of conflict / expropriation) 3

4 Motivation PROPERTY RIGHTS REFORMS RIGHTS HOLDER S BELIEF IN SECURITY OF PROPERTY RIGHT INVESTMENT/ PRODUCTIVITY OUTCOMES 4

5 Motivation Survey of 3,600 households in Burkina Faso including ag. production and a range of questions to measure perceptions of tenure security What are the concerns that farmers have about tenure insecurity? Which of these concerns impact economic outcomes? 5

6 Background and Context Property Rights in Burkina Faso: Formal property rights unusual, virtually no titling, land markets Land allocated by traditional authority chef de terre with limited rights Population pressures have strained traditional property rights system, anecdotal evidence suggests conflicts are increasing Migration Inheritance Agro-pastoral conflicts Conflicts related to loaned land 6

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9 Survey and Questionnaire Household survey for impact evaluation of Millennium Challenge Corporation property rights project Baseline data collected April-May villages intended to reflect the full range of agro-ecological conditions in Burkina 3,600 households 6,500 parcels 10,000 adults Mostly poor small holders, 89.2% ag. producers- millet, corn, sorghum, rice beans, cotton 9

10 Survey and Questionnaire 28 questions on conflict risk In your opinion, how serious of a concern is Land conflict in general Six specific types of land conflict: 1. Arrival of migrants 2. Non-residents acquiring land for non-agricultural purposes 3. Former residents returning to claim land 4. Inheritance 5. Livestock damage 6. Access to water or pasture for livestock For your household, in your village, in your village over the next 5 years, in your village over the next 10 years (1- not a problem, 2 somewhat of a problem, 3 a serious problem) 10

11 Survey and Questionnaire 2 questions on expropriation risk Are you worried that the government might take your land one day? Are you worried that someone else in the village might take your land one day? (1- not at all, 2 somewhat, 3 yes) 11

12 How much of a problem are each of the following types of conflict for your household? 80% 70% 60% Migration 90% 80% 70% Non-resident "investors" 50% 60% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Not a problem Somewhat of a problem A major problem Returnees 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Not a problem Somewhat of a problem A major problem Inheritance 80% 70% 60% 80% 70% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% Not a problem Somewhat of a problem A major problem 0% Not a problem Somewhat of a problem A major problem 12

13 How much of a problem are each of the following types of conflict for your household? 50% 45% 40% Livestock Damage 70% 60% Access to Water 35% 30% 25% 50% 40% 20% 15% 10% 5% 30% 20% 10% 0% Not a problem Somewhat of a problem A major problem 0% Not a problem Somewhat of a problem A major problem Expropriation by State Expropriation by Other Villager 50% 80% 45% 40% 35% 30% 70% 60% 50% 25% 40% 20% 15% 10% 5% 30% 20% 10% 0% Not at all Somewhat Yes 0% Not at all Somewhat Yes 13

14 Econometric Results Dependent variable: log agricultural output/ha HH, parcel, cultivator, geographical controls Somewhat For your household Serious Arrival of new migrants ** Outsiders seeking land for non-agricultural purposes Former residents returning *** Inheritance Livestock damage Access to water for livestock * Conflicts in general Expropriation by state Expropriation by villager

15 Econometric Results Perceived tenure insecurity reduces overall agricultural productivity by 8.9% Instrumental variables estimates confirm key findings Caveat: cannot completely rule out unobserved heterogeneity 15

16 Conclusions Arrival of new migrants, former residents returning most important (reduce ag. productivity by >40%) Expropriation by state, livestock conflict most oft-cited concerns but not significantly related to ag. productivity Quantitative analysis of perceptions of tenure insecurity can yield useful results Further research could reflect more careful questionnaire design, incorporate literature on measuring subjective risk perceptions 16

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