Fertilizer Management in No- Tillage Cucurbits

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1 Fertilizer Management in No- Tillage Cucurbits Dr. Alan Walters Southern Illinois University

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3 No-till is an agricultural technique: --increases the amount of water that infiltrates into the soil --increases organic matter retention & cycling of nutrients in soil Often used to reduce or eliminate soil erosion

4 Straw Mulch on Soil Surface definitely changes the fertility cycling in the soil

5 No-till increases the amount and variety of life in and on the soil, including the suppression of disease-causing organisms A powerful benefit of no-tillage is improvement in soil biological fertility However, little is known regarding notillage and required fertility to maximize productivity in vegetable crop systems

6 Many cucurbit growers are interested in or are converting a portion of their production schemes to incorporate conservation tillage practices, especially those who grow pumpkins and have customers walk into their fields Other cucurbit crops in which conservation tillage practices seem to work are cucumbers and squash

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8 Pumpkin crop produced using no-tillage after harvested wheat crop

9 Most research and field studies have indicated that yields for these cucurbit crops are similar between NT and CT

10 Fertility Management in No-Till Cucurbits Most cucurbits have high nutrient demands, especially cucumbers and squash due to fruit removal from multiple harvests Many cucurbits are also inefficient users of nutrients and high fertilizer rates are often used that exceed crop demand to insure high yield since fertilizers are a relatively low-cost input However, these excess nutrients (especially N) are prone to be lost through leaching, immobilization, or volatilization

11 Fertility Management in No-Till Cucurbits Agricultural practices remain a major source of nitrate pollution of groundwater Excessive N fertilization accompanied by poor soil and crop management practices have increased nitrate pollution of groundwater Thus we need to use agricultural practices that conserve and manage soil nutrients to maintain soil and water quality, as well as to sustain vegetable crop productivity Accurate fertilizer rates must also consider previous crop history

12 Suggested N fertilizer rate adjustments based on previous field cropping history prior to planting no-tillage cucurbits Previous Crop N Adjustment Rate (lb/acre) Grass CC add 25 Legume crop subtract 35 Corn or wheat (grain) add 45 Non-legume vegetable add 25

13 There is little information available for NT cucurbits about optimum N fertility rates Therefore--we have worked on determining optimal N Fertility rates for NT Cucurbits in the last few years Studies were conducted on Pumpkins, Cucumbers and Squash Today I am going to present data from 2 of these studies: Pumpkins and Cucumber

14 Pumpkin No-Tillage Fertility Study Evaluated five N rates (lb/acre): 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200, with 4 replications Wheat planted in autumn each year and harvested in June, straw left on soil N application consisted of a 1:1 mix of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ] and ammonium nitrate [NH 4 NO 3 ] fertilizers Half the application made on 10 July and the other half on 10 August during each growing season.

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16 RESULTS Pumpkin No-Tillage Fertility Study

17 Pumpkin fruit number/acre 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Relationships between fertilizer rate and pumpkin fruit yield parameters indicated increase up to 200 lb N/acre, although essentially no difference between 150 and 200 N rate Nitrogen fertilizer rate (lb/acre)

18 Relationships between fertilizer rate and pumpkin fruit size and diameter increase with N rate up to 200 lb N/acre, although again essentially no difference between 150 and 200 N rate.

19 . DISCUSSION Pumpkin fruit number and tonnage per acre increased by about 26% and 48%, respectively, as N application rates increased from 0 to 200 lb N/acre. Results indicate that 150 lb N/acre application rate is the best for NT pumpkin production since it provided high yields and large fruit sizes, with little (if any) additional gains obtained at the 200 lb N/acre rate

20 . DISCUSSION An additional 60 lb N fertilizer per acre is required in NT pumpkin production system having high amounts of cereal straw residues on the soil surface compared to the recommended 90 lb N per acre in conventional tillage (CT) systems.

21 . DISCUSSION Considering the available N in the soil prior to N-fertilizer application in this study (~55 lb N/acre), a total of about 200 lb N/acre would be required to maximize NT pumpkin yields.

22 Cucumber No-Tillage Fertility Study A field study was also conducted at a grower location in southern Illinois to determine the effect of N application rates in NT cucumber production following the herbicide burn-down in early spring of an autumn-planted wheat cover crop.

23 Cucumber No-Tillage Fertility Study Prior to application of specific N fertilizer treatments, a preplant mix (dry granular formulation) of 16 lb N + 9 lb P 2 O lb K 2 O per acre was applied to the fields in mid-april, 2011 and The N fertilizer sidedress treatments (band applied within 6 in. of plant stem during early-june each year) consisted of the following N rates (on a per acre basis): 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180, with the N application consisting of a 3:1 mix by weight of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ] and ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ).

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25 RESULTS Cucumber No-Tillage Fertility Study

26 Cucumber fruit number per acre influenced by sidedress N fertilizer rate, showing linear increase (The more N applied the great the number of fruit produced)

27 Total cucumber weight per acre was also best described by a linear relationship with increasing sidedress N fertility rate (Again the more N applied the greater the fruit production)

28 The average cucumber fruit weight was best described as a quadratic relationship with increasing sidedress nitrogen fertility rate (optimum about 100 lb N/a)

29 . RESULTS The no-tillage cucumber fertility evaluation results indicated that maximum total fruit yield (numbers and weight per acre) was achieved at 180 lb N/acre sidedress rates (highest rate evaluated) or a total N rate about 250 lb N/acre. Remember that we are pulling lots of N out with fruit that were harvested 9 times over each growing season.

30 Conclusions For No-Tillage Pumpkins: Based on our results--it takes about 200 lb/acre total N to maximize productivity For No-Tillage Cucumbers: Based on our results--it takes about 250 lb/acre total N to maximize productivity

31 Conclusions These results provide information that we need to modify our recommendations for no-tillage cucurbits compared with conventional tillage The N required for no-tillage operations is higher than that currently recommended But it is important to optimize your fertility applications rather than overuse them

32 Questions?

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