Effect of Different Tillage Methods on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Corn

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1 Academic Journal of Plant Sciences 5 (4): 33-37, 202 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 202 DOI: /idosi.ajps Effect of Different Tillage Methods on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Corn Fereydoun Keshavarzpour Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch, Varamin, Iran Abstract: Field experiments were conducted to study the response of grain yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) to different methods. Tillage treatments in the study were moldboard plow + two passes of disk harrow (MDD), moldboard plow + one pass of rotary tiller (MR), two passes of disk harrow (DD), one pass of tine cultivator + one pass of disk harrow (CD), one pass of rotary tiller (R), one pass of tine cultivator (C) and no-tillage (NT) as direct drilling method. The statistical results of the study indicated that tillage method significantly (P 0.05) affected grain yield, number of plants per hectare (NPPH) and number of rows per ear (NRPE), but there was no significant differences in other components such as number of ears per plant (NEPP), number of grains per row (NGPR), ear diameter (ED) and ear length (EL). The maximum value of grain yield (4.5 t ha ), NPPH (39830) and NEPP (0.92) was obtained in case of MDD treatment, while maximum value of NRPE (4.9) and ED (37.2 mm) was observed in case of MR treatment. Also, maximum value of NGPR (5) was obtained in case of R treatment, while maximum value of EL (96.3 mm) was observed in case of NT treatment. Conversely, the minimum value of grain yield (2.32 t ha ) and NPPH (20390) was obtained in case of NT treatment, while minimum value of NEPP (0.89) was observed in case of C treatment. Moreover, minimum value of NRPE (3.4) was obtained in case of R treatment, while minimum value of NGPR (47), ED (35.2 mm) and EL (90.7 mm) was noted in case of MDD treatment. Hence, moldboard plow followed two passes of disk harrow was found to be more appropriate and profitable tillage method in improving grain yield of corn possibly due to reduced soil compaction, enhanced seed-soil contact, increased soil moisture and suppressing weed growth. Key words: Corn Grain yield Yield components Tillage method Iran INTRODUCTION Tillage method affects the sustainable use of soil resources through its influence on soil properties [4]. Corn is one of the most important cereal crops and it The proper use of tillage can improve soil related ranks forth in cultivated area and production after wheat, constrains, while improper tillage may cause a range of barley and rice in Iran. Although the use of improved undesirable processes, e.g. destruction of soil structure, varieties and fertilizers has increased corn production to accelerated erosion, depletion of organic matter and much extent, the full potential of crop production has not fertility and disruption in cycles of water, organic carbon yet been achieved []. Corn has greater nutritional value and plant nutrient [5]. Use of excessive and unnecessary as it contains about 72% starch, 0% protein, 4.8% oil, tillage operations is often harmful to soil. Therefore, 8.5% fiber, 3% sugar and 7% ash. Due to higher yield currently there is a significance interest and emphasis on potential, short growing period, high value for food, the shift to the conservation and no-tillage methods for forage and feed for livestock, poultry and a cheaper the purpose of controlling erosion process [6]. source of raw material for agro-based industry, it is Conventional tillage practices modify soil structure by increasingly gaining an important position in the cropping changing its physical properties such as soil bulk density, system [2]. soil penetration resistance and soil moisture content. Soil tillage is among the important factors affecting Annual disturbance and pulverizing caused by soil physical properties and crop yield. Among the crop conventional tillage produce a finer and loose soil production factors, tillage contributes up to 20% [3]. structure as compared to conservation and no-tillage Corresponding Author: Fereydoun Keshavarzpour, Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch, Varamin, Iran 33

2 Acad. J. Plant Sci., 5 (4): 33-37, 202 method which leaves the soil intact [7]. This difference results in a change of number, shape, continuity and size distribution of the pores network, which controls the ability of soil to store and transmit air, water and agricultural chemicals. This in turn controls erosion, runoff and crop performance [8]. On the other hand, conservation tillage methods often result in decreased pore space [9], increased soil strength [0] and stable aggregates []. The pore network in conservationally tilled soil is usually more continues because of earthworms, root channels and vertical cracks [2]. Therefore, conservation tillage may reduce disruption of continues pores. Whereas, conventional tillage decreases soil penetration resistance and soil bulk density [3]. This also improves porosity and water holding capacity of the soil. Continuity of pore network is also interrupted by conventional tillage, which increases the tortuousity of soil. This all leads to a favorable environment for crop growth and nutrient use [8]. However, the results of no-tillage are contradictory [6]. No-tillage methods in arid regions of Iran had an adverse effect on crop yields [4]; while Chaudhary et al. [5] comparing conventional tillage method to no-tillage method concluded that higher moisture preservation and 3% more income was obtained in case of no-tillage. At this time, a wide range of tillage methods is being used in Iran without evaluating their effect on crop growth. Therefore, the present investigation was planned to study the response of grain yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) to different methods in the arid lands of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research Site: This study was carried out at the Research Site of Varamin, Iran on a clay loam soil for two successive growing seasons (2004 and 2005). The research site is located at latitude: 35 9' N, longitude: 5 39' E and altitude: 000 m in arid climate (50 mm rainfall annually) in the center of Iran. Weather Parameters: The mean monthly rainfall and temperature data of the research site during the years of study (2004 and 2005) are given in Fig.. Soil Sampling and Analysis: To determine soil physical and chemical properties of the research site, a composite soil sample (from 2 points) was collected from 0-30 cm depth 30 days before during the study years. Soil sample was analyzed in the laboratory for P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Table : Soil physical and chemical properties of the research site (mean of 2004 and 2005) Soil characteristics Values Texture Clay loam Sand (%) 24.6 Silt (%) 38.0 Clay (%) Bulk density (Mg m ).5 EC (ds m ) 2.30 ph 7.50 OC (%) 0.60 P (ppm) 40.4 K (ppm) 295 Fe (ppm) 2.84 Zn (ppm).50 Cu (ppm).3 Mn (ppm) 2.9 Fig. : Mean monthly rainfall and temperature (mean of 2004 and 2005) EC, ph, organic carbon, particle size distribution and dry bulk density. Details of soil physical and chemical properties of the research site are given in Table. Field Methods: The experiments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having three replications. The size of each plot was 20.0 m long and 9.0 m wide. A buffer zone of 3.0 m spacing was provided between plots. The treatments were applied to the same plots during the 2 year ( ) on farm study. Tillage treatments in the study were moldboard plow + two passes of disk harrow (MDD), moldboard plow + one pass of rotary tiller (MR), two passes of disk harrow (DD), one pass of tine cultivator + one pass of disk harrow (CD), one pass of rotary tiller (R), one pass of tine cultivator (C) and no-tillage (NT) as direct drilling method. In both growing season, corn variety 704 was planted at the rate th of 2.5 kg ha on 20 April with the help of 4-rows corn 34

3 Acad. J. Plant Sci., 5 (4): 33-37, 202 planter by keeping row to row and plant to plant distance Number of Rows per Ear (NRPE): The effect of different 75 cm and 30 cm, respectively. The seed moisture and tillage treatments on NRPE was also found significant germination percentage were 5 and 95%, respectively. during both the years of study. The highest NRPE of 4.9 Recommended levels of N (400 kg ha ), P (200 kg ha ) was obtained in case of MR treatment and the lowest and K (00 kg ha ) were used as Urea, TSP and SOP, (3.4) in case of R treatment (Table 2). respectively. Pest and weed controls were performed according to general local practices and Number of Grains per Row (NGPR): The effect of recommendations. All other necessary operations except different tillage treatments on NGPR was also found those under study were kept normal and uniform for all non-significant during the study years. However, the the treatments. highest NGPR of 5 was obtained in case of R treatment and the lowest (47) in case of MDD treatment (Table 2). Observation and Data Collection: Standard procedures were adopted for recording the data on various growth Ear Diameter (ED): A non-significant effect of different and yield parameters. Grain yield was determined by tillage treatments on ED was also found during the years harvesting the two middle rows of each plot. Yield of study. However, the highest ED of 37.2 mm was components, i.e. number of plants per hectare (NPPH), obtained in case of MR treatment and the lowest number of ears per plant (NEPP), number of rows per ear (35.2 mm) in case of MDD treatment (Table 2). (NRPE), number of grains per row (NGPR), ear diameter (ED) and ear length (EL) were determined from the 0 Ear Length (EL): The effect of different tillage treatments samples taken randomly from the remaining part of each on EL was also found non-significant during both the plot. Data on grain yield and yield components were years of study. However, the highest EL of 96.3 mm recorded by using standard procedures. was obtained in case of NT treatment and the lowest (90.7 mm) in case of MDD treatment (Table 2). Statistical Analysis: The data collected were analyzed statistically using Randomized Complete Block Design DISCUSSION (RCBD) as described by Steel and Torrie [6]. Duncan s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability was In this study, effect of different tillage methods on performed to compare the means of different grain yield and yield components of corn was treatments by using the computer software SPSS 2.0 investigated. The salient components of grain yield such (Version, 2003). as NPPH, NEPP, NRPE, NGPR, ED and EL were studied to analyze the effect of different tillage methods on growth RESULTS and yield of corn. The statistical results of the study indicated that Grain Yield: Different tillage treatments significantly tillage method significantly (P 0.05) affected grain yield, affected grain yield during both the years of study. NPPH and NRPE, but there was no significant differences The highest grain yield of 4.5 t ha was obtained in case in other yield components such as NEPP, NGPR, ED and of MDD treatment and the lowest (2.32 t ha ) in case of EL. The maximum value of grain yield (4.5 t ha ), NPPH NT treatment (Table 2). (39830) and NEPP (0.92) was obtained in case of MDD treatment, while maximum value of NRPE (4.9) and ED Number of Plants per Hectare (NPPH): A significant (37.2 mm) was observed in case of MR treatment. Also, effect of different tillage treatments on NPPH was also maximum value of NGPR (5) was obtained in case of R found during the study years. The highest NPPH of treatment, while maximum value of EL (96.3 mm) was was obtained in case of MDD treatment and the lowest noted in case of NT treatment (Table 2). These results are (40780) in case of NT treatment (Table 2). in agreement with those of Rashidi and Keshavarzpour [7], who concluded that annual disturbance and Number of Ears per Plant (NEPP): A non-significant pulverizing caused by tillage practices produce a finer and effect of different tillage treatments on NEPP was loose soil structure which in turn affect the seedling found during the years of study. However, the emergence, plant population density and consequently highest NEPP of 0.92 was obtained in case of MDD crop yield. These results are also in line with the results treatment and the lowest (0.89) in case of C treatment reported by Khan et al. [8] that tillage practices produce (Table 2). a favorable environment for crop growth and nutrient use. 35

4 Acad. J. Plant Sci., 5 (4): 33-37, 202 Table 2: Means comparison for grain yield and yield components of corn between different tillage methods (mean of 2004 and 2005) Treatment Grain yield* (t ha ) NPPH* NEPP NRPE* NGPR ED (mm) EL (mm) MDD 4.5 a a 0.92 a 3.7 ab 47 a 35.2 a 90.7 a MR 4. a b 0.90 a 4.9 a 48 a 37.2 a 94. a DD 3.54 b b 0.90 a 4. ab 49 a 37.0 a 93.8 a CD 3.53 b c 0.90 a 3.5 ab 48 a 36. a 92.2 a R 3.2 c d 0.90 a 3.4 b 5 a 36.2 a 9.4 a C 3.02 c e 0.89 a 4.5 ab 50 a 36.5 a 9. a NT 2.32 d f 0.90 a 4.7 ab 49 a 36.3 a 96.3 a = Non-significant * = Significant at 0.05 probability level Means in the same column with different letters differ significantly at 0.05 probability level according to DMRT. (NPPH: number of plants per hectare; NEPP: number of ears per plant; NRPE: number of rows per ear; NGPR: number of grains per row; ED: ear diameter; EL: ear length) Conversely, the minimum value of grain yield CONCLUSION (2.32 t ha ) and NPPH (20390) was obtained in case of NT treatment, while minimum value of NEPP (0.89) was Moldboard plow followed by two passes of disk observed in case of C treatment. Moreover, minimum harrow was found to be more appropriate and profitable value of NRPE (3.4) was obtained in case of R treatment, tillage treatment in improving grain yield of corn in the while minimum value of NGPR (47), ED (35.2 mm) and EL arid land of Iran. (90.7 mm) was noted in case of MDD treatment (Table 2). These results are in agreement with those of Hemmat and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Taki [4], who concluded that no-tillage method in arid regions had an adverse effect on crop yields. These The author is very much grateful to the Sama results are also in line with the results reported by Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad Iqbal et al. [6] that no-tillage method can not compensate University, Varamin Branch, Varamin, Iran for giving all the adverse effect of fine texture, very low organic matter types of support in publishing this study. and an overall initial weak structure of the soil. The results of the study also indicate that NPPH is REFERENCES the major yield component explaining grain yield of corn under different tillage methods and grain yield. Iranian Ministry of Agriculture, Statistical differences among different tillage treatments occur Yearbook. owing to significant differences in number of plant per 2. Saif, U., M. Maqsood, M. Farooq, S. Hussain and hectare. Besides, the highest NPPH obtained in the CT A. Habib, Effect of planting patterns and treatment might be due to reduced soil compaction, different irrigation levels on yield and yield enhanced seed-soil contact, increased soil moisture components of maize (Zea mays L.). Int. J. Agric. storage and suppressing weed growth. Where, in case of Biol., : NT treatment, the lowest NPPH obtained may be due to 3. Khurshid, K., M. Iqbal, M.S. Arif and A. Nawaz, significantly greater soil bulk density and soil Effect of tillage and mulch on soil physical properties penetration resistance, which adversely affect seed and growth of maize. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 5: emergence, root growth and plant population density. 4. Hammel, J.E., 989. Long term tillage and crop These results are in agreement with those of Rashidi rotation effects on bulk density and soil and Keshavarzpour [7], who concluded that tillage impedance in northern Idaho. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., practices significantly affect soil physical properties as 53: they increased soil moisture content while decreased 5. Lal, R., 993. Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance. resilience, soil quality and sustainability. Soil and These results are also in line with the results reported by Tillage Res., 5: Keshavarzpour and Rashidi [7] that soil of the 6. Iqbal, M., A.U. Hassan, A. Ali and M. Rizwanullah, conventional tillage treatment had higher moisture Residual effect of tillage and farm manure on content and lower bulk density and penetration resistance some soil physical properties and growth of wheat than other treatments. (Triticum aestivum L.). Int. J. Agric. Biol., :

5 Acad. J. Plant Sci., 5 (4): 33-37, Rashidi, M. and F. Keshavarzpour, Effect of 3. Khan, F.U.H., A.R. Tahir and I.J. Yule, 999. Impact of different tillage methods on soil physical properties different tillage practices and temporal factor on soil and crop yield of melon (Cucumis melo). American- moisture content and soil bulk density. Int. J. Agric. Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci., 3: Biol., 3: Khan, F.U.H., A.R. Tahir and I.J. Yule, 200. Intrinsic 4. Hemmat, A. and D. Taki, 200. Grain yield of irrigated implication of different tillage practices on soil wheat as affected by stubble tillage management and penetration resistance and crop growth. Int. J. Agric. seeding rates in central Iran. Soil and Tillage Res., Biol., : : Hill, R.L., 990. Long-term conventional and no-tillage 5. Chaudhary, A.D., M. Javed, M.A. Rana, A. Sarwar effects on selected soil physical properties. Soil Sci. and Q. Zaman, 992. Comparative performance of Soc. Amer. J., 54: direct drilling and conventional tillage practices 0. Bauder, J.W., G.W. Randall and J.B. Swan, 98. under rice-wheat rotation system. Pakistan J. Agric. Effects of four continue tillage systems on Sci., 29: 5-8. mechanical impedance of a clay-loam soil. Soil Sci. 6. Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 984. Principles and Soc. Amer. J., 45: Procedures of Statistics. A Biometrical Approach.. Horne, D.J., C.W. Ross and K.A. Hughes, 992. McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, USA. Ten years of maize/oats rotation under three tillage 7. Keshavarzpour, F. and M. Rashidi, Effect of systems on a silt-loam soil in New Zealand.. A different tillage methods on soil physical properties comparison of some soil properties. Soil and Tillage and crop yield of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris). Res., 22: World Appl. Sci. J., 3: Cannel, R.Q., 985. Reduced tillage in north-west Europe - a review. Soil and Tillage Res., 5:

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