IRRIGATION TECH SEMINAR SERIES. 8:00-8:30 am Registration and Breakfast CATI Conference Center. 8:30-8:45 am Welcome Bill Green - CIT Page 2

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1 AGENDA: Irrigation Water: Monitoring Tools to Make the Most Out of Every Drop December 15, :00-8:30 am Registration and Breakfast CATI Conference Center 8:30-8:45 am Welcome Bill Green - CIT Page 2 8:45-9:30 am Soil/Water/Crop Dynamics Matt Angell Pages 3-14 Strategic Farming - Western Ag & Turf 9:30-10:15 am Tensiometers and Electrical Resistance Lanny Sewell - Irrometer Pages :15-10:30 am Break 10:30-11:15 am Soil Moisture and Beyond Chris Higgins - Netafim USA Pages :15-11:30 am Reducing Water Applied Bill Green - CIT Pages Irrigation Tech Seminar Series California State University, Fresno

2 WELCOME Irrigation Monitoring Water: Tools Monitoring Most Tools to Make the Most Out of Every Drop Effectively Use Irrigation i Water Dec 15, :30 am 11:30 am CATI Conference Center, CSUFresno Sponsored by the Dept. of Water Resources (DWR) and the Center for Irrigation Technology (CIT)- Irrigation Tech Seminar Series Insert Company Logo Here Irrigationtech Seminar Tech Seminar Series Soil Series Moisture Sensors Agenda Agenda Dec. Jan. 15, 15, :00-8:30 am Registration and Breakfast CATI Conference Center 8:30-8:45 am Welcome Bill Green CIT 8:45-9:30 am Soil/ Water/ Crop Dynamics Matt Angell Strategic Farming Western Ag & Turf 9:30-10:15 am Tensiometers and Electrical Resistance Lanny Sewell Irrometer 10:15-10:30 am Break 10:30-11:15 am Soil Moisture and Beyond Chris Higgins Netafim 11:15-11:30 am Reducing Water Applied Bill Green CIT Insert Company Logo Here 2

3 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY SOIL/WATER/CROP DYNAMICS Soil-Water-Crop Dynamics Using Real Time Management Highest Return of Net Profit/Acre Measure to Manage PureSense Climate Water Soil Photosynthesis Leaves are our solar panels for plant production Convert CO2 in Sugar then Energy If that t plant is stressed for water or is in saturation, ti the plant shuts down and photosynthesis is not optimized. If we can keep our plants in Ideal growing g conditions o the impact is in better e plant health and higher profitability for the grower. 3

4 ..? Crop Variability Varietals Root Stock Pruning Practices Crop Load Leaf Development Shading Environmental Variability Temperature and Humidity Chill and Heat Units Irrigation Frequency 4

5 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY Soil Variability Slope/Aspect (SEBAL) Energy Co-Efficient Varied Soil Horizons O.M./Cover Crops Tillage Practices/No-Till Fertility Practices/Relationships Salt Accumulation Drive productivity by landing water and chemical in the active root zone (ARZ) Three Key Soil Moisture Conditions Saturation All of the pores are filled with water. Field Capacity Some water is in the pores, but it no longer drains freely Wilt Point Only water held tightly by the soil is present Soil Spatial Variability 5

6 High CEC Heavier Texture Low CEC Light Texture Irrigation DU at 90%...may not match soil variability Water Holding DU 69% Permeability DU 49% Water Distribution ib i Uniformity Test P3 P2 Soil Water Probe Locations P1 6

7 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY Water Distribution Uniformity r r r r P1-3 Probe r Sprinkler r r N r DU = 66.97% Lowest Application.55 /h Highest Application 1.05 /h Measuring water Distribution Uniformity for probe site selection Manage Crop Growth through Effective Root Zone Moisture Water Bank 7

8 Measurement of Water Scientific Credibility USDA-ARS ARS Beltsville - Maryland Site Calibration for Proven Scientific Accuracy SF Vol % USDA_ARS Beltsville Research Center 8

9 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY Dual Mode Sensing Water & Salinity Serviceability & Re-configurability in the Field Data Integrity after in-field Sensor Change 9

10 Potential Problems with Air Gaps and Slurry install Preferential Pathflow grow Real Real Real PAW PAW PAW Saturation, Field Capacity, Onset of Water Stress, Refill point, Permanent Wilting point, Plant Available Water (PAW), Infiltration rate and hence Depth of Irrigation and Rainfall dependent on Slurry composition!!! PAW PAW PAW Slurry vs. Direct Install Stulte Farm Missouri Crop Water Use & ET Summed Soil Water Profile Graph Daily Water Use increasing ET Rising Daily steps of water use increasing 1 0

11 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY 6.5 mm Start Daily water loss from profile due to evapotranspiration and drainage Duration 9 hours End Finding Field Capacity Approaching Field Capacity ever decreasing Drainage overnight Onset of Crop Water Stress Summed Soil Water Profile Graph Declining Daily Crop Water Use Onset of Crop Water Stress Permanent Wilting Point Refill Point 1 1

12 Crop Water Use & ET Summed Soil Water Profile Graph ET Rising Onset of Crop Water Stress y) ke (mm/da water upta Corn Root Depth (cm m) 10 9 Corn Plant Growth Stage % of total water use by depth 20 cm 49% 30 cm 50 cm 13% 25% 20 cm 32% 30 cm 32% 20 cm 13% 8 50 cm 20 cm 4% 68% 7 30 cm 47% 6 VT 5 V18 R1 Detasseled Physiological Maturity R4 R5 R6 20 cm 30 cm 4 32% V15 3 V12 V9 2 V6 1 VE V Plant soil water uptake, root development, and uptake distribution With kind permission of Mohammadreza Ghaffarzadeh 70 cm 4% 50 cm 32% 90 cm 22% 70 cm 27% Saturation Duration of Water Logging 24 hours Field Capacity 1 2

13 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY Water Table Development Saturation Infiltration Rate 10cm 20cm 30cm 40cm 80cm Time of Day Site Integrity No air gaps Using the right tools and method 1 3

14 Water Management Report Card Location Farm XYZ, SA Farm ABC, Australia Irrigation System Drip Pivot Crop Potato Potato Variety XXX YYY Age (days) Target Fresh Fresh Total Water applied (m 3 x 1000 /ha) Total ET (m 3 x 1000 /ha) Total Water used (m 3 x 1000 /ha) Total Water Drainage (m 3 x 1000 /ha) Quality of Irrigation Index (0 to1) Distribution ib i Uniformity i % n.a. 79 Yield (t/ha) Water Productivity (t/m 3 x 1000) 13 8 N (kg/ha) Yield (t/ha/kg N) Number of Tubers/10 kg n.a. 78 % Waste Soil water IRRIGATION profiling SEMINAR SERIES technology to determine key components of the soil water plant - atmosphere continuum Daily Evapotranspiration Onset of Water stress, Permanent Wilting Point Soil Water holding Capacity Irrigation Full and Refill Points Drainage, Groundwater Recharge Rates Rainfall Efficiency Saturation & Field Capacity (Upper Drained Limit) Determination of effective Root Zone (water uptake) Water table Fluctuations Soil Profile Infiltration Dynamics 1 4

15 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY TENSIOMETERS & ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE IRROMETER COMPANY Est P.O. Box Philibin Riverside, California Irrometer.com Tom Penning Pres. TENSIOMETER FEATURES CONTINUOUS READING ANY IRRIGATION METHOD ANY SOIL TYPE EASY INSTALL EASY TO USE 1 5

16 SERVICE UNIT VINEYARD ROW CROP 1 6

17 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY WATERMARK FEATURES No Maintenance Permanent Gypsum compensated for salinity Can be compensated for soil temp. Any crop Any irrigation method Reads in centibars HOW MANY SENSORS One station (group) per irrigation valve One station (group) per irrigation valve One station (group) per soil type 1 7

18 SLIDE HAMMER SOIL PROBE AUGER 1 8

19 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY HANDHELD READER FIELD READING MONITOR 1 9

20 MONITOR FACE PRESSURE SWITCH TEMP SOIL OR AIR 2 0

21 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY SET UP INTERVAL TYPICAL GRAPH 2 1

22 TYPICAL GRAPH WIRELESS MONITOR 950 MONITOR 2 2

23 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSMITTER INSTALL FIELD RADIO FIELD RADIO 2 3

24 BASE RADIO 2 4

25 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY 2 5

26 2 6

27 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY IRROMETER.COM THANK YOU 2 7

28 SOIL MOISTURE & BEYOND Soil Moisture & Beyond- Modern Crop and Farm Monitoring Presented by: Christopher Higgins NetafimUSA 1 How do we monitor what is going on in the field? 2 Benefits Repeatable results, year after year Increased yields Increased quality Lower variable costs water/electricity, fertilizers, etc. Minimize Environmental Impacts Speeds learning curve when managing g new land or new irrigation systems. Generally pays for itself in less than 1 year 3 2 8

29 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY What types of data can be gathered? Weather Station Sensors: Air temperature Relative humidity Solar radiation Wind speed Rain gauge Wind direction Soil temperature Leaf wetness Weather Station Calculations: Evapotranspiration (ETo) Dew point Brightness Max. wind speed Leaf Sensors Soil Moisture Sensors: Various types and technologies 4 Operational management Transmitters with 2 digital inputs for monitoring pump status or any other on/off applications with or without time limits 5 Operational management 6 2 9

30 Lateral Water Meter A water meter installed in the irrigation block gives information of the real infield flow situation, enables tracing of irrigation events and flow rates. The IrriWise Manager will present this data together with the soil moisture graphs and as a feedback to the irrigation plan; discrepancies will be indicated visually 7 Irriwise Manager 8 IrriWise Manager The Irrigation-Plan monitors your valves and sensors, indicates exceptions according to your pre-set rules

31 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY Why Measure Soil Moisture? y Tool to determine water availability to the crop Track depth of irrigation i events Identify when crop is using available water Set optimum intervals between irrigation events Length or preferably quantity of irrigation Identify onset of stress Identifies system failures before crop failures Provides data required to improve precision of the irrigation process Various Soil Moisture Measurement Technologies 11 Irrigation Optimization Under-irrigation Over-irrigation Lower Sensors not reacting Upper sensor shows less moisture progress Lower sensor reacts extensively

32 Dendrometers A Dendrometer (stem diameter measurement) is a powerful tool for adjusting the irrigation schedule to the plant s needs; the sensor provides stress detection and plant growing patterns. 13 Dendrometer daily grow graph 14 How is the data from the various sensors gathered? Receives data from transmitters and transfers the received data to the PC via RS232. The Receiver

33 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY Field station transmitter Operated by a 5-year internal battery. Range of up to 3 km (2 miles). Every transmission contains the three previous transmissions (2 hours history)

34 REDUCING WATER APPLIED Reducing Water Applied Reduce the amount of water pumped/ or increase irrigation efficiency- IE 1 Improved water management AcFt/Year = Acres x (ETc EffRain) (1 LR) x IrrEff) (all things equal increasing IrrEFF will reduce AcFt/Year) System distribution uniformity (absolutely need good uniformity for highest efficiency possible DU evaluations are available from Resource Conservation Districts) Irrigation scheduling know how much water needs to be applied per irrigation or time frame Maintain control of application plan your irrigation, irrigate to the plan! Pumping Energy Calculator as an aide Check out for irrigation scheduling and tutorials on water management 2 Improved Water Management Know how much water needs to be pumped Irrigation scheduling and crop water use Soil/plant-based moisture measurements Know your system s application rate/performance control it! Know how much water has been pumped install a FLOWMETER! 3 3 4

35 CENTER FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY next seminar to be held at CSUFresno Ag Sciences Computer Lab on Jan. 15, 2009 Education as to Ag, turf, homeowner water management 4 How do you decide how much water needs to be applied? Soil moisture monitoring- eg. Flood irrigation using tensiometers on table grapes- I want to irrigate until 12, 24, and 36 tensiometers read 10 or under. Once the readings increase to 18 or 20, I irrigate again until they are under 10. Other moisture devices- gypsum block, neutron probe, capacitance meters, electrical resistance meters, others Use ETc based scheduling 5 Soil moisture devices 3 5

36 Calculating The Gross Depth of Water to Apply Gross = Net/IrrEff Where: Gross = gross water application i required Net = water required by the irrigation IrrEff = irrigation efficiency as a decimal (0-1.0) Note: This is based on individual field irrigation efficiency 7 3 6