Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) response to potassium application under full and deficit irrigation
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1 Aville online t Europen Journl of Experimentl Biology, 2012, 2 (6): ISSN: CODEN (USA): EJEBAU Sugr eet (Bet vulgris L.) response to potssium ppliction under full nd deficit irrigtion Mhdi Mehrndish, Mtin Jmi Moeini nd Mohmmd Armin Deprtment of Agronomy, Szevr Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Szevr, Irn ABSTRACT To investigte the effect of potssium ppliction on quntittive nd qulittive chrcteristics of sugr eet under full nd deficit irrigtion, split plot experiment in rndomized complete lock design with three replictions ws conducted. Experimentl fctors included two irrigtion regimes (full nd deficit irrigtion) nd three potssium ppliction levels (0, 50 nd 100 kg K 2 O h -1 ). Potssium sulphte ws used s potssium source in this experiment. Results showed tht deficit irrigtion significntly decresed root yield, shoot yield nd sugr yield. However, irrigtion tretments hd no effect on impure sugr percent, pure sugr percent nd root dry mtter. Potssium ppliction rtes hd significnt effect on ll investigted chrcteristics, except root dry mtter. Potssium ppliction incresed root yield, shoot yield, impure sugr percent, pure sugr percent nd sugr yield. Mximum nd minimum root yield, impure sugr percent, pure sugr percent nd sugr yield were oserved in 100 kg K 2 O h -1 nd control tretments, respectively. According to experiment results, ppliction of 100 kg K 2 O h -1 improved quntittive nd qulittive chrcteristics of sugr eet under full nd deficit irrigtion. Key words: Sugr eet, Bet vulgris L., Deficit irrigtion, Full irrigtion, Potssium INTRODUCTION In rid nd semi rid climte,wter shortge is the min rrier in griculture development. Without optimized use of wter resources, griculture will e impossile (Kheiri et l., 1996). Deficit irrigtion is one optimized solution to ring products under wter shortge conditions, with product reduced in unite level nd its increse with develop ( Sepskhh et l., 2006 ). Deficit irrigtion llows to the plnts receive wter lower thn request( English et l 1990 ). Shrify et l(2001) studied the effect of vrious levels of irrigtion on sugr eet. They considered white sugr yield y reducing the wter consumption from 1000 to 725 nd to 655 mm decresed 16.6 nd 39.7 percent, respectively. It showed reducing in high stress condition is high. Vzifedoust et l (2008) reported, we cn get to economic yield in deficit irrigtion y restrictions in wter resources.they reported 1.1 kg dry mteril for consumption of one cuic meter for sugr eet. Jhd Akr nd Erhimin (2003) reported reduction in sugr yield is with 20 percent deficit irrigtion t the eginning of sugr eet growing seson. Results of reserches y Jhd Akr et l(2001) indicted deficit irrigtion cuses significnt decrese in root yield, impure sugr nd root sodium, But hrmful nitrogen incresed significntly y deficit irrigtion ctions. Firo et l (2003) studied effect of deficit irrigtion on sugr eet compred to 8 levels of irrigtion thn complete irrigtion. They reported there is considerle difference on wter use efficiency in different levels of irrigtion. In the reserch, wter use efficiency kg.mm -1 of wter ws reported. In the cre of, y use of 6898 m 3 wter in hectre, got the most yield of root (117.6 tone in hectre ). According to sttements of Monrel et l (2007), deficit irrigtion is the min fctor to ccumulte Proline in sugr eets 'root. Their results represent positive nd significnt correltion etween Proline nd mount of sugr in sugr eet's root. It illustrtes 2113
2 reltion etween response to drought stress nd loss of crohydrtes nd glucose nd proline concentrtion. Tvkoli (1996) studied the effect of deficit irrigtion on sugr eet. He reported we cn get the most pure profit y 30 percent deficit irrigtion. In this study, sugr eet yield 13.8 percent reduced y 34 percent decrese in wter consumption. Rhimin nd Asd (2000 ) studied the effect of deficit irrigtion on qulity nd quntity of sugr eet.they pointed tht deficit irrigtion increses efficiency of sugr eet nd showed tht deficient irrigtion incresed wter use efficiency, nd incresing on rte of wter consumption of irrigtion reduce pure sugr towrd impure sugr. Potssium plys min role ginst deficit wter, plnt disese nd loding in frm plts,too. Potssium hs gret effect on keeping down Osmotic potentil of root cells. Its existence is criticl for durtion preservtion nd crete the pressure on poke nd djustment wter lnce on plnts. ( Ahmd et l., 1992). According to ssessments of Mlkotty (2000 ) potssium in plnt hs the role of ctlyst nd its shortge reduces plnts' resistnce ginst pests d plnt disese. Existence of potssium hs specil importnce in keeping wter plnt's tissue. It hs reported lot out its ccumultion. (shl et l, 2000). Fthy (2009) studied effect of vrious mounts of nitrogen nd potssium on yield, qulity nd nutrients contents of sugr eet. Results showed tht incresing of consumption vlues of nitrogen nd potssium increse weight of wet nd dry root nd iomss nd lso, yield of sugr. Adding highest level of potssium (1114 kg k20/h) cuse significnt increse on contents of sugr, yield of recoverle sugr nd some qulity fetures. During the reserch, Mohmmdin nd his ssocites (2004) review effect of vrious levels of potssium ( not using of potssium, utiliztion in order to rech to the exchnge of soil ction to 5% cpcity of exchnge soil ction nd use of potssium in order to rech to the exchnge potssium of soil to 5 % cpcity of exchnge soil ction + plnt requirement) four levels of wy irrigtion ( 9,12,15,18 dys) on yield of sugr eet' s root in 2 yers. Regrd to the results, intervl irrigtion on root yield hs significnt effects. In the first yer, the most yield of root gined in irrigtion periods 9 nd 12 dys nd in the second yer, in irrigtion periods 9 dys. Upper periods of irrigtion cuse significnt decrese of root yield. Vrious vlues of potssium consumption hs just significnt effect on root's yield in vrious periods of irrigtion. Increse on consumption of potssium, lso cuses reduce on root's yield. Egill nd his ssocites (2005) showed tht enough use of sufficient Potssium improved the contents of lef moisture nd wter reltions of plnt compred to shortge conditions of potssium y reducing osmotic potentil in gumo. So tht cuse to stility of net photosynthetic rte, trnspirtion, stomtl conductnce in dry tension condition nd free of tension conditions. They lso sid in this plnt, enough use of Potssium in conditions tht plnt wter potentil is low, cuse to keep the rte of pour photosynthesis, increse pour photosynthesis to trnspirtion. Now, there is no ccurte nd comprehensive informtion regrd to effect of recourse to security of potssium nd consumption vlue of it on qulity nd quntity fetures of sugr eet under nd deficit irrigtion. In order to improve qulity nd quntity of products nd optimized use of rechle wter resources, there is necessity to hve more conditions of potssium mngement,. This reserch reviews the effect of resource nd use of potssium on root's yield nd other qulity nd quntity fetures of sugr eet in complete nd deficit irrigtion. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment ws done in on personl frm in Jovein town,mlek Ad villge, longitude 57 nd 25 minutes Est nd ltitude 36 nd 42 minutes North nd verge height 1100 meters of se level. Tretments ws rrnged in split plot fctoril design sed completely rndomize lock design with 3 replictions. fctors were two levels of irrigtion( (irrigtion periods 10 dys( region custom) nd deficit irrigtion with irrigtion periods of 20 dys) s min plot, potssium resource in two levels (potssium sulfte nd potssium chloride) nd consumption vlue of potssium in three levels of(0, 50 nd 100 kg/h k 2 o) s fctoril rrngement in suplot. Ech suplot involves 5 rows in 6 length, y distnce etween 50 rows nd distnce on row ws 20 cm. In this reserch Ars cultivr hs used. It strted to plow deep lnd to provide plnting ed in the utumn of 2010, finl ctivities to proper the lnd done which include light plowing, disk nd clering efore the cting or testing, smples were tken 0f 0-30 cm deep of frm soil. physicl nd chemicl properties of soil ws determined.( tle 1) Bsed on results of soil nlysis, recommended vlue of phosphorus ws dded nd comined to soil s triple super phosphte fertilizer( 200 kg.h -1. Recommended nitrogen, lso used s ure (250 kg.h -1 ) in 3 stges, 1/3 simultneously y plnting nd the rest 2/3 during the growing of product. 2114
3 After implementtion of test, potssium tretments in distriution plots with soil. Yields of plnting the seeds ws done y using of sugr eet plnting mchine y distnce etween rows 50 cm in 13th My nd t once, the frm ws irrigted. After geminte, in the stge of four levels, they egn to sprse the frm to ccess density nd distnce on row 20 cm. After of sprse, cre of deficit irrigtion done in plots nd continued until the time of hrvest. Other ctivities in the frm were done like weeding weeds nd struggle with pests nd illness ccording to the custom of region. Tle 1 physicl nd chemicl fetures of soil in 30 cm deep in the plce of test Electricl Tissue Orgnic cron Nitrogen Phosphorus Potssium Mngnese Iron zinc copper Ph Conductivity ds/m percent Mg/kg 8/3 2/82 0/62 0/ /36 4/72 0/42 1/2 At the time of deling nd hrvest of sugr eet in region ( 25 Octoer) fter removing of the mrginl effect, one cuic mter ws hrvested completely. After seprting of crown nd ir orgnic. It took to shoot nd root nd clculte of root yield nd shoot. To review the qulity fetures of root, smples of root trnsferred to lortory of qulity nlysis of reserches nd crop services of sugr eet of Khorsn. After collection of ll informtion, nlysis of informtion used y SAS, nd drwn tles nd chrts y Excel. The comprison of informs men done y method of Duncn. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results of vrince nlysis exert tht effect of irrigtion vlue on sugr eet yield, Biomss nd sugr yield ws significnt, ut percent of dry mteril didn't tke influence of irrigtion vlue. Different mount of potssium hd significnt effect on ll quntity fetures in sttistic level of 5%. ( tle 2) The most of root yield in sugr eet, iomss nd sugr yield gined on. Increse of irrigtion intervl to 20 dys cuse % decrese in root yield nd 24 % iomss, while percent of dry mteril of root increses 5 % (tle 3).It seems in drought conditions, closing the stomt cuse decrese vlue of photosynthesis nd finlly decrese in uilding construction leves. Therefore, this ction will cuse decresing in root yield nd iomss of sugr eet. The most yield of sugr gined in complete conditions of irrigtion nd the lest vlue of it gined in deficit irrigtion(tle 3). Becuse sugr yield ws Multiplying root yield nd sugr percent, It's sid tht increse of root yield in complete cre of irrigtion is the min fctor of increse in sugr yield. Mye the sugr content in root of sugr eet increses, ecuse of moisture tension ctions, ut should e creful out this ; mye whole of product sugr decreses, ecuse of decrese in root yield. According to the report of Zhedi nd Alhrndi (2007) decrese in reltive wter content nd close the stomt, it ws the first effect of dry stress tht through disturnce in system to uild photosynthetic mterils cuse decrese of yield. Shl et l.(2000) studied response of 4 sugr eet cultivr to wter in different levels, they show tht growing nd yield of shoot yield like root influence y shortge of wter. in the cse of dry mteril of root, Hills nd his ssocites (1990) reported drought stress didn't hve ny effect in dry mteril of root. In studying the effects of deficit irrigtion on sugr eet, Mhmoodi nd et l. (2008) exerted the cre of irrigtion hs significnt effect on sugr yield nd conditions of deficit irrigtion cuse decrese on sugr yield in effect of dry tension. Tle 3 : Effect of irrigtion, resource of potssium nd different vlues of potssium on root yield, Biomss nd root dry mtter of root Deficit irrigtion Potssium resource Potssium sulfte Potssium chloride Vlue of potssium Kg/hectre 0 50 Root yield (tone t hectre) 59/28 43/89 50/72 52/44 45/17 49/17 57/83 Shoot yield (tone t hectre) 20/04 15/23 18/07 17/19 14/84 19/24 19/17 Dry mteril of root 27/34 27/49 27/19 27/63 27/19 27/94 27/85 Sugr yield (tone t hectre) 10/60 7/17 8/89 9/22 7/63c 8/65 10/ Averge in ech column t the lest hve one common letter. ccording to the Donkon multiple rnge test don't hve significnt difference.(p 0.05%) 2115
4 Bsed on results of dt vrince nlysis, the effect potssium fertilizer type wsn't significnt on root yield of sugr eet, shoot yield nd sugr yield sttisticlly, ut percent of dry mteril of root influenced y kind of potssium fertilizer ( tle 2). Yield of sugr eet's root with using of potssium chloride ( ton.h -1 ) ws more thn the time use of potssium sulfte s resource of potssium ( tle 3). In the cse of sugr yield, in spite of lck meningful difference in use of potssium chloride, sugr yield 9.22 ton.h -1 ws more thn, when potssium sulfte 8.89 ton.h -1 used s potssium resource ( tle 3) Using of potssium chloride fertilizer cuse n increse on percent of dry mteril of sugr eet's root compred to potssium sulfte. (tle 3). It seems chloride plys role in loding nd depletion of sugrs in Phloem. Therefore, using of fertilizer contining chlorine, especilly under non-sline condition through incresing in trnsmission of sugr to root cuse increse in qulity nd quntity of products on sugr eet.( Chen et l 2010). Consume vlue of potssium influenced root yield,shoot yield nd sugr yield in sugr eet (p 0.05%) ut sttisticlly didn't hve ny effect n percent of root's dry mteril( tle 1). As consumption rte of potssium increse, root's yield increse,too. The most nd the lest yield of root gined in order cre 100 kg.h -1 k 2 o nd control( tle 1).use of 50 kg.h -1 k 2 o cuse considerle increse on shoot yield compred to control. The difference etween consume levels of potssium 50 nd 100 kg.h -1 k 2 o isn't importnt. The role of potssium in mking ctive enzymes cells division nd growing, opening nd closing of stomt nd loding crohydrtes on phloem re the min cse of increse of root yield, y incresing on consume vlues of potssium. (Tiz nd Zeiger,2006). Fthy nd et l.(2009) studied the effect of vrious vlues of nitrogen nd potssium on yield, qulity nd contents of minerl on sugr eets nd reported meningful increse on dry nd wet weight of shoot y incresing on consume vlue of potssium. Increse of potssium cuse n increse on sugr yield. So tht the most yield of sugr in 100 kg.h -1 k 2 0 nd the lest of it oserved in control ( tle 3). Role of potssium on incresing of root yield nd percent of pure sugr is the min fctor on incresing of irrigtion y potssium consumption. Interction of irrigtion nd potssium levels ws significnt on yield of sugr eet's root( tle 1 ), there is no meningful difference etween levels of potssium mount 50, kg.h -1 k 2 0, in full irrigtion tretment, ut in deficit irrigtion using 50 kg.h -1 k 2 0 incresed significntly root yield thn control nd 50 kg.h -1 k 2 0 ( figure1). Rection dry mteril of root to consume vlue of potssium ws different in vrious levels of irrigtion. ( tle 1). in condition of, use of kg.h -1 k 2 0 increse dry mteril of root compre to control nd kg.h -1 k 2 0 however, difference isn't importnt etween control levels nd 100 kg.h -1 k 2 0 sttisticlly it isn't oserved mening difference etween vrious levels of potssium. ( figure 1 ) Result of vrince nlysis showed impure sugr, pour sugr molsses sugr nd sugr purity don t influence y the vlues of irrigtion nd the kind of potssium fertilizer while vrious vlues of potssium hd significnt effect on these fetures. By incresing in consume rte of potssium, percent of impure sugr increse, too. so tht, the lest nd the most percent of pour sugr oserved in order in control cre nd cre 100 kg.h -1 k 2 0 ( tle 4 ). Role of potssium in photosynthesis, is through effect on process of opening nd closing of stomt nd lso consolidtion Co2 y setting the ctivity of Enzymes nd its prticiption in trnsition nd store of sugr in root re the min reson for incresing of sugr yield y incresing of potssium (Drycott, 2006). Incresing in use of potssium until 100 kg.h -1 k 2 0, increse percent of pour sugr of root, too however, the difference etween 50 nd 100 kg.h -1 k 2 0 wsn't importnt sttisticlly. ( tle 4 ). Role of potssium in photosynthesis nd ctivity of Enzymes relted to sucrose synthesis nd lso it's prticiption in loding the sucrose to phloem re from the most importnt resons of increse in sugr's rte nd incresing in potssium consumption (drycott 2006 ).potssium consumption cuse considerle decrese in percent of molsses sugr in sugr eet. However, difference isn't meningful etween levels of 50 nd 100 kg.h -1 k 2 0 sttisticlly. ( tle 4 ). increse in qulity of sugr eet's product is the min fctor on decrese percent of molsses sugr in effect of potssium's consumption through rise percent of recoverle sugr nd reduce of un sugr mteril specilly nitrogen nd sodium. ecuse, increse in this impure cuse to prevent crystlliztion y sources d decrese cpility extrction of sugr nd cuses increse the rte of mnufcture molsses. (Jooleini et l.,2007) 2116
5 k20=0kg/h k20=50kg/h k20=100kg/h R o o t D r y m t e r ( % ) c c c deficit irrigtion k20=0kg/h k20=50kg/h k20=100kg/h R o o t y ie ld ( t. h - 1 ) c deficit irrigtion Figure 1: interction of irrigtion nd mount of potssium on root yield nd dry mter of root Tle 4 effect of irrigtion, potssium resource nd vrious vlues of potssium on the rte of impure sugr, pour sugr, molsses sugr, sugr purity Deficit irrigtion Potssium resource Potssium sulfte Potssium chloride Vlue of potssium Kg. h Impure sugr 19/83 19/31 19/39 19/44 19/05 19/83 19/83 Pure sugr 17/57 17/38 17/44 17/51 16/84 17/63 17/86 Molsses sugr 1/89 1/93 1/95 1/87 2/08 1/8 1/76 Sugr purity 90/21 90/01 89/90 90/32 90/7 90/3 89/ Averge in ech column t the lest hve one common letter. ccording to the Donkon multiple rnge test don't hve significnt difference.(p 0.05%) Bsed on results of compre on dt's men, interction of irrigtion nd potssium resource is significnt on rte dry mteril of sugr eet's root ( tle 1 ). In, use of potssium chloride incresed the dry mteril of root compre to potssium sulfte, ut in deficit irrigtion, there is no difference etween vrious levels of potssium resource regrd to dry mteril of root. (figure 2) Rection of dry mteril to use vlue of potssium ws different in vrious levels of irrigtion ( tle 1 ppendix). under, use of 100 kg/h k2o, incresed dry mteril of root compre to witness cre nd cre 50 kg/h k2o. however, the difference etween levels of control nd 100 kg/h k2o isn't importnt. While in deficit irrigtion, there is no significnt difference etween vrious levels of potssium ( figure 3) 2117
6 sulfte petssium Chloride petssium Root Dry mter(%) deficit irrigtion Figure 2: Interction of irrigtion nd sources of potssium on root dry mtter k20=0kg/h k20=50kg/h k20=100kg/h Root Dry mter(%) c c c c deficit irrigtion Figure 3: interction of irrigtion nd using vlue of potssium on dry mteril of root CONCLUSION Results of test point deficit irrigtion cre decrese root yield, Virgo yield nd sugr yield I sugr eet, ut didn't hve ny effect on percent of upper sugr, percent of pour sugr nd dry mteril of root. Use of 100 kg/h k20 incresed towrd to witness cre sulfte, root yield,virgo yield, percent of impure sugr, percent of pour sugr nd yield of extrction le sugr in nd deficit irrigtion. 2118
7 REFERENCES [1] A.Tvkoli. M.se. thesis, Tehrn University. (Tehrn, Irn,(1996). [2] A.P Drycott, Sugreet. 2006, Blckwell pulishing Ltd, Oxford, uk. 474p [3] C. Feiro, F. Mrtín, R. López, A. Domínguez. Agric. Wter Mng.,2003, 62, 215. [4] F.J, Hills, S.R. Winter D.W. Henderso, Sugr eet.in: of AgriculturlCrops(eds. Stewrt,B.A.nd D.R Nielson),PP ,Mdison,Wisconsin,USA [5] H. Zhedi, S. J. Alhrndi, Journl of Biologicl Sciences, 2007,7,841. [6] H.Shrifi, M. Hussinpoor, A.A. Rhnm. Sugr eet journl, 2001,17,76(Persin with English strct). [7] J. Kheiri, S.A.A. Asdollhi, M.R. Entesri, A.R. Slmt. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of Irnin Ntionl Committee on nd Dringe, Novemer, Tehrn. Irn(In persin). [8] J.A. Monrel, E.T. Jiménez, E. Remesl, R. Morillo, S. Grcí, C. Echevrrí. Environ. nd Experi. Botny,2007, 60: 257. [9] L.Tiz, E. Zeiger. Plnt Physiology (4th Ed.) [10] M. F. Fthy, A. Motglly K. K. Atti. Interntionl Journl of Agriculture & Biology, 2009,11, 695. [11] M. Jooleini, A. Ghemi, H. Zreprvr. Journl of Agriculturl Sciences, 2007,4,172. [12] M. R. Jihd Akr, H.R. Arhmin, M. Tori, J. govhri. Sugr eet journl, 2003,19,99(Persin with english strct). [13] M.J. English,J.T. Musicu, V.V Nmurty,. Deficit irrigtion. P: In: G.J.Hoffmn, T.A.Howell, nd K.H.Solomon (eds). Mngement of frm irrigtion systems. ASAE Monogrph No. 9. Americn Society of Agriculturl Engineers,1990. [14] M.J. Mlkuoti, Generl dignosis method nd essentility of optimum fertilizers ppliction. 5th ed. Trit Modress University Press, 131p. [15] M.Vzifedoust, J.C. Vndm, R.A. Feddes, M. Feizic. Agric. Wter Mng. 2008,95,89. [16] N.Egill, F.T. Dvies, T.W. Boutton, T. W. Biomedicl nd Life Sciences,2005,43,135. [17] R. Ahmd, S. Zheer S. Ismeil. Plnt Science, 1992, 85, 43. [18] R.Mhmoodi, H. Mrlin A. Aghrti. Africn Journl of Biotechnology, 2008,7, [19] S. Sepskhh, A.S. Tvkoli, S.A. Mousvi, Principles nd pplictions of wter deficits, Ntionl Committee on nd Dringe Pulictions,2006, Tehrn, Irn.(in persin). [20] S.Shl O. Bourin, L. Newmn, J. Exp Bot. 2000,51, [21] V. Mohmmedins, M. Ahmdi, k. Klrstghi, S. ghlei, Sugr eet journl, 2004,20,55(Persin with English strct). [22] W.Chen, Z.L. He, X.E. Yng, S. Mishr, P.J. Stoffell, Journl of Plnt Nutrition,2010, 33,
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