Ten years of biofumigation research in Switzerland

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1 Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER Agroscope Ten years of biofumigation research in Switzerland Vincent V. Michel 10 September I good food, healthy environment

2 Agroscope Public agricultural research system of Switzerland 2

3 Agroscope Conthey Rhone valley Phytopathologist (vegetables, berries, ornamentals) 3

4 Soilborne diseases text 4

5 How did it begin? First field trial in 2003: Control of soilborne diseases of strawberries - Most important problems encountered - Most encouraging results found - Future of research and extension in Switzerland 6

6 Where are the seeds? In Italy! Otto Hauenstein Samen (OH seeds) controls soilborne diseases in a natural way 7

7 Overwintering Mustard green manures (cover crop): fall-winter season ISCI-99: heat resistant, but cold? 8

8 ISCI-99 vs Etamine Sowing fall 2010 Etamine Etamine: French cultivar ISCI-99: Italian cultivar ISCI-99 Spring 2011 Recommandations Fall sowing: Etamine Spring or summer sowing: ISCI-99 9

9 Diseases Downey mildew Under greenhouse conditions 10

10 Irrigation and fertilisation Too dry! - Fertilisation (sulfur!) 11

11 Verticillium soil inoculum Verticillium dahliae, V. albo-atrum V. dahliae microsclerotia on NP-10 Determination of number of microsclerotia in soil 12

12 Soil microbial activity (FDA-method) Fluorescein diactatete (FDA) Shaking for 20 minutes à 20 C Enzymatic reaction Fluorescein soil, compost, etc. Filtration Mesure of colour intensity The more intense, the more activity. 13

13 Relative number of Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia/g dry soil (control = 100) Soil type bc A a Epines Riddes mean = sandy = loamy ab A ab a A bc c B c c B c 0 mustard GSLhigh mustard GSL-low rye Biofence pellets control Mean of three experiments.tukey-test (5%): small normal letters concern soil Epines (sandy), small italic letters concern Riddes (loamy), big normal letters concern mean of both soils. Efficacy depends on soil type 14

14 Microbial activity of soil sandy soil loamy soil 15

15 Defatted seedmeal Seedmeal of Brassica carinata Biofence Product of Triumph Italia ( Dual purpose product - Fertiliser - Control of soilborne diseases - Applied product contains glucosinolates - Application before planting 17

16 Liquid formulation Biofence FL Product of Triumph Italia ( Defatted seedmeal is manipulated before application - Applied product contains isothiocyanates - Application after planting 18

17 Available in Switzerland text Sold as fertiliser 19

18 Greenhouse trials Factors tested 2009 and ) Organic amendments - Biofence - Agrobiosol (contains chitin) 2) Liquid formulation - Biofence FL 3) Grafting - On rootstock (Maxifort) Factors tested 2012 (no trial in 2011) 1) Organic amendments - Biofence - Agrobiosol (contains chitin) - Mustard hay 2) Liquid formulation - Biofence FL 3) Grafting - On rootstock (Maxifort, KNFV-type) 20

19 Greenhouse New construction in Replacement of soil - Inoculation with old soil - (corky root and black dot disease) Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Colletotrichum coccodes 21

20 Mustard hay High glucosinolate-content cultivar (ISCI-99) Drying installationfor medicinal plants (drugs) 22

21 Organic amendments Incorporation with spading machine (20 cm depth) 23

22 Biofence FL Application with drip irrigation (~ monthly interval) 24

23 Grafting Rootstock: Maxifort (KNFV) Tomato: Admiro (susceptible to corky root and black dot, resistant to Verticillium wilt and powdery mildew) 25

24 Rating Rating scale % rotted roots

25 Root rot: Annual evolution tomato cucumber lettuce tomato cucumber lettuce tomato lettuce- tomato Very high disease pressure within a few years 27

26 Root rot 2010 P < Disease pressure relatively low 28

27 Yield 2010 P = P < P < Yield effect despite no root effect 29

28 Root rot: Seasonal evolution Rootstock comparison trial (2003) Corky root rating Beaufort Body BSR 8010 Eldorado Homerum Maxifort Petula NG RZ SG Vigomax rootstock Rating (severity): 1 = no symptoms; 3 = 10%; 5 = 50%; 7 = 90%; 9 = 100% Final rating is not all 30

29 Root rot 2012 Corky root Black dot P < High disease pressure 31

30 Yield 2012 P <

31 Stem diameter P = P = Effect only with non-grafted plants 33

32 Verticillium dahliae P = Mustard had no immediate effect, but a more «long» term effect. 34

33 Feeding the (micro-)organisms Bring the food to greenhouse 35

34 Green manure trials Organic vegetable grower 36

35 On-farm trial bristle oat (Avena strigosa) brown mustard (Brassica juncea) rye (Secale cereale) control (weed-free fallow) Sowing: end February 2013 Incorporation: beginning May replicates (500 m 2 per replicate) 37

36 No effect Cold spring little growth 38

37 On-station trial (spring 2013) brown mustard (Brassica juncea) rye (Secale cereale) control (weed-free fallow) Sowing: Incorporation: replicates (20 m 2 per replicate) 39

38 Mulching and incorporating 20 cm depth 40

39 Little effect General decline 41

40 Why? Pot trial Greenhouse trial Low microbial activity 42

41 Reasons Grade of mulching Quantity of fresh matter Pot: Equivalent of 11 kg FM/m 2 in 10 cm depth Greenhouse: 4 5 kg FM/m 2 in 20 cm depth 43

42 On-station trial (summer 2013) - Sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense) cvs. BMR 201 and Susu - brown mustard (Brassica juncea), - brown mustard hay (Brassica juncea) - Dazomet Sowing: Incorporation of hay and Dazomet: Incorporation of brown mustard and sudangrass: replicates (10 m 2 per replicate) 44

43 Mustard hay again P = P = Two mechanism: short term and long term 45

44 Host plant of V. dahliae Pot trials: 55% reduction compared to control Greenhouse trials: no or less reduction than control Cereals (rye, barley, oat, wheat, maize, sudangrass) are asymptomatic hosts of V. dahliae 46

45 Silage No loss of leaves «Easy» conservation and handling 47

46 Pot trial (winter 2012) - Rye (fresh, 60 g/l) - Mustard hay (7.5 g/l) - grass silage at 3 doses (full, half, quarter: 60, 30, 15 g/l) - maize silage at 2 doses (full, half: 60, 30 g/l) - Dazomet (0.6 g/l) - Mixed with soil naturally infested with V. dahliae - Incubated at C for 10 days - Determination of V. dahliae microclerotial and soil microbial activity 48

47 Pot trial: Results Gras silage full dosis dazomet Gras silage: dosis effect 49

48 Soil microbial activity (without Dazomet) (only grass silage and rye) The more, the better 50

49 Conclusions Defatted seedmeal products can work at low disease pressure. Brown mustard and other green manures enhance soil microbial activity. Increasing soil microbial activity can reduce soilborne pathogens (e.g., Verticillium dahliae). Green manures can be conserved in form of hay or silage (more flexibility in application e.g., for the greenhouse) Fresh green manures (including silage) increase soil microbial activity. Dry green manures (e.g. mustard hay) apparently have another mode of action. 51

50 Ongoing and future research Brown mustard silage (2013) Field trial to control V. dahliae - Brown mustard - Mustard silage - Biofence - Dazomet Brown mustard hay (2014) ITC-extraction

51 Ongoing and future extension activities On-farm trials Creating a Interest group Green manures soilborne diseases Fusarium of rucola: Sudangras and ASD? Verticillium of eggplant: Brown mustard and ASD Website planned for winter 2014/

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