oxide and methane emissions from manure

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1 Current knowledge and challenges for measurement and estimation of nitrous oxide and methane emissions from manure Todd Rosenstock World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya

2 Overview of emissions processes Emission Process Substrates Controlling factors Methane Methanogenesis H, C O(-), ph, temperature Nitrous oxide Nitrification NH 4 + O(+) Denitrification NO 3 - O(-), C

3 Manure emissions are a relatively small fraction of the total annual emissions Adapted, Smith et al. 2007

4 There will be more manure in the future than today Herrero et al. 2008

5 What do we know about emissions from manure in Africa?

6 What do we know about emissions from manure in Africa? Very few studies Short duration Uncoordinated Infer from other regions Different agroecologies Different production systems Relevant or appropriate?

7 When thinking about manure most people start here

8 But really they should start here manure emissions start with feed

9 Diet affects emissions potential of manure Animals fed higher rates of crude protein have greater potential emissions of both gases Lee et al. 2012

10 Feedstock heterogeneity

11 Feeds vary in properties Characteristics of select dairy feeds in Kenya Table 2 Chemical composition (g kg -1 DM) of feed ingredient on the smallholder farms in Nyandarua District Constituents Feeds Pastures Napier Lucerne Vetch Desmodium Stover Dairy meal DM CP NDF ADF LIGNIN DM= dry matter; CP= Crude protein; NDF= neutral detergent fibre; ADF= acid detergent fibres, ADL= acid detergent fibre, Kiragu et al. 2003

12 Characteristics of manure in Africa Significant ranges within and among manure Snjider et al. 2009

13 Manure

14 Relative emissions potential depending on management Manure Management System Description Ch 4 Relative emissions N 2 O Pasture Direct deposition on soil Low High Daily spread No storage Low Low Solid storage (dung heaps) Long-term storage Low High Liquid/slurry Collected and stored as liquid Moderate to high Low Pit storage Storage in pits below confinements Moderate to high Low Poultry with litter Use of bedding in houses Low High Poultry without litter Passive composting below animals Low Low Adapted from USDA 2006

15 Wide range of livestock management systems

16 Methods Method Advantages Disadvantages Lab-based incubations -Controlled conditions -May not represent environmental conditions well Chambers Micrometeorologial -Relatively cheap and easy -May miss hot moments and hotspots -Chamber design, analysis, and calculations affect results -High temporal resolution -Non-distructive -Expense limits sites -Requires uniform source area -No source attribution

17 Methodological tradeoffs Scale Cost Accuracy

18 Hotspots: Spatial heterogeneity Intensive Semi-intensive Extensive Tittonell et al. 2009

19 Wet season On-farm 5% Free grazing 10% ZG unit 20% Tethered 15% Stall 50% Off-farm On-farm Dry season On-farm 50% Rufino et al. unpubl. Stall 50% Hot-moments: Temporal heterogeneity

20 How to measure emissions of unit, farms, and landscapes? Tittonell et al. 2009

21 Activity data does not support measurement design A lack of baseline data limits ability to target efficiently or effectively sampling at every scale Schelde et al. 2012

22 Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) A multi-dimensional assessment of mitigation options

23 Take home messages: Limited data on N 2 O or CH 4 from manure from African experiments Large variability in feeds, production systems, and management systems suggest at least equal variability in emissions Methods are sufficient but there are tradeoffs Need to develop basic background data to target future research Measurements of emissions should be coupled with measures of livelihood impact

24 Thank you

25 Photo credits in-the-pasture-photo-taken-closeup.html&docid=40vyhl4be- MftM&imgurl= ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0,i:86&tx=73&ty=48,

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