CHAPTER III OIL SEED SCENARIO IN INDIA

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1 CHAPTER III OIL SEED SCENARIO IN INDIA India holds premier position in the world not only in terms of rich diversity of vegetable oil sources and oil crops but also in cultivated are as regards oil crops. India is the largest contributor to the global Castor production (79.6 percent) and also contributes substantially to the production of Sesame (31.2 percent) and Groundnut (25.1 percent). It is second largest producer of Groundnut and Rapeseed Mustard (next to China). Thus, as much as 23 million hectares area under cultivation of nine annual oilseeds is from India alone. If Coconut, Oil palm and a number of other currently less/underexploited oil sources such as cotton seed, rice bran, maize etc., are added the country s share in the world s oilseed area would go up by 20 percent. Oilseeds in India constitute the principal commercial crops of India. Oils and fats, apart from forming an essential part of human diet, serve as important raw material for the manufacture of soaps, paints and varnishes, hair oils, Lubricants, textiles, auxiliaries, pharmaceuticals, etc. Oilcakes and meals are used in animal feeds and as manures. Groundnut soybean and de-oiled meals are a source of high quality protein to both human beings and live stocks. The bulk of vegetable oil production in India is derived from nine oilseeds; namely, Groundnut, Rapeseed-Mustard, Sesame, Safflower, Niger, Soybean, Sunflower, forming the edible group and Linseed and Castor, forming the non-edible group. In addition Cottonseed, Rice bran, seeds of some tree species, etc., are also being exploited for vegetable oils. Development of oilseeds and vegetable oils holds an important place in Indian economy. There has been some gap between supply and demand of vegetable oils which has been met through imports annually. The per capita consumption of vegetable oils in the country is low as compared to the world average 82

2 The oilseeds scenario in the country had undergone a sea change in the last fifteen years while India changed from not importer in the 1980s to a net exporter status during the early 1990s. Again, it has come back to net importer status importing more than 40 percent of its annual edible oil needs. CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF OILSEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA India is a paradise for oilseeds as no other country has its range of annual and perennial oilseeds grown in different agro climatic zones. Oils are also extracted by technological processes from Rice bran, Cotton seed, Maize germ etc. In addition, seeds of some forest and tree species are also being exploited for vegetable oils. These oils, apart from forming an essential part of human diet, serve as important raw material for the manufacture of soaps, paints and varnishes, hair oils, lubricants, textile auxiliaries, pharmaceuticals etc. 5 Although India has 20.8 percent of the world s area under oilseed crops, it accounts for less than 10 percent of global production. This is because of low productivity of oilseed crops and year to year fluctuations in production in India which could be attributed to the following constraints and bottlenecks. Environmental constraints Oilseeds are energy-rich crops but they are grown under energy-starved conditions and about 8.5 percent of the area under oilseeds is rain fed comprising mostly marginal and sub marginal lands with soils of poor fertility. Pests and diseases also cause substantial production losses. 83

3 5 S.S.Chauhan, Constraints and Opportunities of Oilseed Production in India- An Overview Oil Seed production Constraints and Opportunities, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, Technological constraints Although a large number of new high yielding varieties/hybrids and production technologies have been developed through the ICAR, Agricultural Universities and a number of public and private institutions all over the country, there is still paucity of large range of high yielding varieties/hybrids and production technologies which could give high stable yields under rainfed conditions and resist or avoid insects, pests and diseases Still there is lack of improved farm implements, low cost technology for control of insects, pests and diseases, appropriate post-harvest technology to prevent post harvest losses and deterioration in quality. Socio-economic Constraints Most of the oilseed farmers are small and marginal having little money to invest on various inputs. Further, the oilseed crops, grown under rain fed conditions become high-risks crops. With the result, oilseed crops are grown mostly under poor crop management resulting in low yields. Thus, due to poor economic condition of the farm, the full advantage of the improved production technology is not availed of by the farmers. Organizational and infrastructural constraints Some organizational and infrastructural constraints stand in the way of achieving high yields of oilseeds. Inadequate production and distribution of quality seeds, timely supply of inputs, credit, irrigation, and transfer of improved technology from researcher to farmer, storage, grading and marketing of oilseeds are also responsible for low output of oilseeds. In general, the major field problems and constraints for low productivity of oilseeds are the inadequate land preparation, not using vigorous and healthy 84

4 seeds, non-treatment of seed and soil as a prophylactic measure against pests and diseases, non-adoption of optimum seed rate and inefficient method of sowing besides poor fertility of soil. Opportunities As stated earlier, India is bestowed with a number of oil yielding species including annuals, perennials, minor oil bearing species of forest and tree origin and as a component in by-products of some non-traditional sources such as rice bran, cotton seed and maize and such India has also diverse agroecological areas for their growth. The cultivation of oil crops, in general, is not labour-intensive and thus these crops can be managed in labour scarce areas. Their cultivation is very economical and remunerative, and thus, helps in improving the socio-economic status of the farmers. As per the recent statistical data the country has about 2,50,000 ghanies, 15,000 power mills 50,000 expellers and about 400 solvent extraction plants for processing oil seeds. Oilseed crops are an ideal component in the sustainable production system in Indian agriculture.6. The scientists have identified non conventional areas and seasons for promoting oilseed cultivation, with the availability of new technologies, it is anticipated that in the near future there would be diversions of area from some of the traditional crops for cultivation of oilseeds.the experimental evidence available from the research in crop and cropping system in recent years suggest that through introduction of restructured varieties of annual oilseed crops in the place of the traditional cropping systems, a wide range of niches and restructured cropping patterns not available so far could be set up. 6 Constraints and Opportunities of Oil Seed Production in India, National Seminar on Changing Global Vegetable Oils Scenario: Issues and Challenges before India, Jan 29-31,

5 It was also observed that in the areas characterized by low water availability, introduction of restructured varieties of Groundnut in the place of Rice, and Rapeseed and Mustard in the place of wheat resulted in higher income and higher moisture use efficiency. Similarly Safflower could replace crops like Wheat, Coriander, Chickpea, and Herbaceum Cotton, giving higher monetary return. Some examples of positive crop shifts in favour of oilseeds are groundnut in rabi/summer in place of paddy in South India, Safflower in place of Sorghum and Wheat in Deccan and cultivation of Rapeseed Mustard in place of wheat under scarce moisture conditions A number of policy issues have been taken up to encourage oilseed cultivation. For example, the support prices of oilseeds are declared before sowing season in Kharif and Rabi seasons. Market support is offered through NAFED and other cooperative organization in the States to prevent distress sale by the farmers. The National Dairy Development Board has come up in a big way to help in the oilseed sector. There is considerable exploitable potential for recovery of oil by improving processing technologies. By solvent extraction, the quantity of recovery is considerably enhanced. The defaulted cake/flour, which is very rich in protein, could be in many cases recycled to produce food for human consumption as well as for cattle and poultry. It is estimated that the forest trees like Sal, Mahua, Karanj, Neem etc. can yield 10 million tonnes of seeds. If there is organized collection, assuming 10% average oil content in the seed and even half of the 10 million tonnes seed is extracted it will yield 5 lakh tonnes of vegetable oil. India has a strong research program through ICAR, State Agricultural Universities and a number of public and private institutions which are constantly producing new varieties/hybrids and technologies. They have a wide network of research stations spread all over the country. Large number of varieties and hybrids has been produced. India is also fortunate to have the 86

6 International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) which has done tremendous work on several crops including groundnut. There are also a number of technical research laboratories. There are opportunities to exploit the available technologies through different development programs such as National Oilseeds Development Project (NODP), in which appropriate oilseed crops are identified where the critical inputs are given. On the items like breeder seed production, 100% central assistance is given. Similarly, Government of India has also started Oilseed Production Thrust Project (OPTP) on 4 major oilseed crops namely Groundnut, Rapeseed-Mustard, Soybean and Sunflower. Under this project 100% Central assistance is given to provide plant protection, produce and supply more seeds to farmers and transfer of technology etc. Care was taken to classify the selected oilseed producing districts on the basis of high yield and low risk, high yield and high risk, low yield and high risk. Critical inputs needed to boost up production in each of these situations are identified. The scientists were given the targets of increasing the yield potential, increasing oil content, reducing crop duration, breeding pest and disease resistant varieties, large scale production of nucleus and breeders seeds, import and evaluation of promising exotic varieties and hybrids, developing suitable implements for oilseed cultivation, developing technologies for storage of oilseeds and oils, inter and sequential cropping systems, integrated weed control, reducing afflotoxin in groundnut and studying the effect of different inputs on quality and quality of oil. The Departments of Agriculture in the States, ICAR Institutes, and State Agricultural University have taken up massive demonstrations and transfer of technology programs in the country. Following is the table and graph showing the area covered (in Hectares), production(in Tonnes) and yield (in Kg/ha) of the nine major oil seeds cultivated in India viz. Groundnut, Soybean, Rapeseed-Mustard, Sesame, 87

7 Sunflower, Linseed, Safflower, Niger and Castor during the study period to Area, Production and Yield of Nine oilseeds in India (Area = 000ha.; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) 7 Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation *Groundnut, Soybean, Rapeseed-Mustard, Sesame, Sunflower, Linseed, Safflower, Niger and Castor 88

8 3.1 AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF NINE OIL SEEDS IN INDIA AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) 7 Damodaran.T., Hegde.D.M., Oilseed Situation : A statistical compendium (Several years), Directorate of Oil Seed Research. 89

9 Following is the brief description of the major oil seeds in our country along with the production details. GROUND NUT The Groundnut which is also popularly known as peanut is one of the world s most popular and universal crops, cultivated in more than 100 countries of six continents. During , Groundnut occupied an area 24,590 thousand hectares with production of 38,201 thousand tonnes in the world. South America is the place from where cultivation of groundnut originated and spread to Brazil, southern Bolivia and Northwestern Argentina. Groundnut was introduced by the Portuguese from Brazil to West Africa and then to south Western India in the 16 th century. Groundnut is mainly produced in Asian countries. China and India are the largest producers of Groundnut. During the year , china was the largest producer of Groundnut accounting for percent of the total world production followed by India (21.03 percent). China and India, together accounted for about percent of world Groundnut production. Nigeria (7.57 percent), USA (5.27 percent), Indonesia (3.86 percent) and Sudan (3.37 percent) were the other major Groundnut producing countries. In area, India ranked first with percent share in the world, followed by china (19.37 percent), Nigeria (10.58 percent) and Sudan (7.18 percent). India occupies the first place in acreage and second in production. It accounts for around 25 percent of the total oil seed production of our country. The annual production of seed and oil is 5-8 and 1.5 million tones, respectively. About 80 percent, of the total Groundnut produced in India, undergoes processing so that it can be utilized as oil or cake. Around 75 per 90

10 cent of the crop is produced in kharif season (June September) and remaining 25 percent in rabi season (November March). In total area of Groundnut cultivation increased from 6.8 million hectare ( ) to 8 million hectare ( ). Groundnut is mainly grown in five states, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra and together they account for more than 90 percent of the crop s total area. Gujarat was the largest producer contributing 25 percent of the total production followed by Tamilnadu (22.48%), Andhra Pradesh (18.81%), Karnataka (12.64%) and Maharashtra (10.09%) during Among the major Groundnut growing states, (Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat), there has been consistent increase in area under Groundnut cultivation in Andhra Pradesh. However, in both the adjoining states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, the area under groundnut has shown continuous decreasing trend. On the other hand, cultivated area of groundnut has increased in the southern states of Tamilnadu and Karnataka. Primary importers of groundnut from India are Indonesia, Malaysia, Netherlands, Philippines, Singapore, Srilanka, UK, Ukraine and The USA Almost every part of Groundnut is of commercial value. Groundnut is the single largest source of edible oils in India and constitutes roughly about 50 percent of the total oilseeds production the Groundnut oil has several uses but it is mainly used in cooking. It is used in many preparations, like soap making, fuels, cosmetics, shaving cream, leather dressings, furniture cream, lubricants, etc. in fact, it plays a pivotal role in the oilseed economy of India. Total Groundnut production recorded a significant fluctuating trend between and The average Groundnut production in India during the period was lakh tonnes with Kharif at lakh tonnes and Rabi at lakh tones. The highest production of lakh tonnes was obtained during the year Groundnut assumed a significant position in 91

11 India s oilseeds production during the years to In , the total oilseeds production of India was 215 lakh tonnes, of which percent was contributed by Groundnuts. In India, farm demonstrations are carried out jointly by Indian council of agricultural research and ICRISAT, comparing local cultivators and local practices with improved cultivators and improved production technology, which have contributed the increased productivity of Groundnut in India. Climatic Conditions Required Groundnut is grown throughout the tropics and its cultivation is extended to the subtropical countries lying between 45 degrees N and 35 degress S and upto an altitude of 1000 metres. The crop can be grown successfully in places receiving a minimum rainfall of 1,250 mm. the rainfall should be well distributed during the flowering and pegging of the crop. The total amount required for pre sowing operations (preparatory cultivation) is 100 mm, for sowing it is 150 mm and for flowering and pod development an everly distributed rainfall of mm is required. The groundnut crop, however, cannot stand frost, long and severe draught or water stagnation. Groundnut is grown on wide variety of soil types. However, the crop does best on sandy loam and loamy soils and in the black soils with good drainage. Heavy and stiff clays are unsuitable for groundnut cultivation as the pod development is hampered in these types of soil. It being a rainy- season crop, Groundnut does not require irrigation. Groundnut is essentially a tropical plant. It requires a long and warm growing season. The most favorable climatic conditions for Groundnut are a well distributed rainfall of at least 50 centimeters during growing season, abundance of sunshine and relatively warm temperature. 92

12 3.2 Area, Production and Yield of Groundnut in India (Area = 000ha.; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) 7 Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation Source: Various issues of Area and Production of Principal Crops in India DES, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI and Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

13 3.2 AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT IN INDIA AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) The above table and graph indicate that Groundnut is one of the largely cultivated oil seed in our country. Compared to the initial year , the area under cultivation of Groundnut was low in the remaining year s i.e to Due to the impact of climatic conditions, the production of Groundnut was fluctuating. It has been observed that yield (Kg/Ha) increased with the increase in production and it is low whenever the production ( 000 T) is low. 7 Idib. 94

14 RAPESEED AND MUSTARD Despite many changes in the Rapeseed Mustard sector, such as development of improved varieties, specific regional production and practices, India is not self-sufficient in this crop. Agricultural scientists, policy makers, field botanists, biotechnologists and the industry are gearing up to the challenge to bring back the lost glory to this crop by enhancing the yield per hectare, developing improved hybrids, improved farm mechanization methods and postharvest management strategies. The estimated area, production and yield of Rapeseed-Mustard in the world was million hectares (M ha), million tonnes (Mt) and 1,950kg/ha, respectively, during Globally, India accounted for 21.7% and 10.7% of the total acreage and production in During the last seven years, there had been a considerable increase in productivity from 1540 kg/ha in to 1950 kg/ha in and production also increased from m t in to m t in Soybean, Groundnut and Rapeseed-Mustard are the major oilseed crops in India contributing nearly 79% and 88% to its total acreage and production, respectively. The contribution of Rapeseed-Mustard to the total oilseed acreage and production is 23.7% and 26.0%, respectively. During , Rapeseed-Mustard contributed 25.9% and 22.0% to the total oilseeds production and acreage. During this period the yield of rapeseed-mustard was 1143kg/ha as compared to 969 kg/ha of total oilseeds. Rapeseed-Mustard is widely and extensively grown as a vegetable. It is also grown for its seeds, which yield essential oil and serve as condiment. Mustard oil is primarily used as cooking medium but it has many applications for other purposes. Young and tender leaves of mustard are used in salads. Green leaves of mustard are often cooked and used in soups and stews. Mustard seed has been prominent as a spice since early times. The oil extracted from Mustard is used in making pickles, in cooking and also for 95

15 frying and flavouring vegetables. It is a folk remedy for arthritis, lumbago and rheumatism. Rapeseed-Mustard meal is a good source of protein for live stock and poultry. Rapeseed oil is used for the production of rubber additives in the USA, Sweden, England and Germany. Rapeseed oil has good lubricating property and is traditionally used as lubricant for metal surface. Infact Mustard oil is used to check increasing epidemic of coronary heart diseases (CHD). It is accepted as a healthy cooking medium because of low saturated fatty acids (8%), high mono saturated fatty acids (70%) and alpha linolenic acid (10%). The Rapeseed-Mustard production trends represent fluctuating scenario with an all time high production of 8131( 000T) from 7277( 000Ha) acreage during The yield levels varied from 870 kg/ha ( ) to 1143 kg/ha ( ) during the past ten years. Climatic Conditions Required The Rapessed and Mustard crops are of the tropical as well as of the temperate zones and require relatively cool temperatures for satisfactory growth. In India, they are grown in the rabi season from September- October to February-March. They are grown in diverse agro climatic conditions from North-Eastern to North Western hills and in South India under irrigated or rainfed, timely or late sown in saline soils either as major crop or as mixed crop. The rapeseed and mustard crops grow well in areas having 25 to 40 cm of rainfall. Sarson and toria are preferred in low-rainfall areas, whereas Raya and Toria are grown in medium and high-rainfall areas respectively. The Rapeseed and Mustard thrive well in light and heavy loams. Raya can be grown on all types of soil whereas for Toria in loam or heavy loam are suitable. Sarson is suited to light loam soil and taramira is mostly grown on very light soils. 96

16 3.3 Area, Production and Yield of Rapeseed & Mustard in India (Area = 000ha.; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) 7 Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation Source : Various issues of Area and Production of Principal Crops in India DES, Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI and Agricultural Statistics at a Glance Idib 97

17 3.3 AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF RAPESEED AND MUSTARD IN INDIA AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) The table and graph clearly depict the area, production and yield of Rapeseed and Mustard in India. It can be identified from the table and graph that the area under cultivation of Rapeseed and Mustard decreased continuously during the years to Area increased during to and again decreased during and Compared to initial year, production ( 000 T) increased slightly during , decreased during to Production of Rapeseed and Mustard was high during all the other years from to Compared to , except for yield (Kg/ha) was high in all the years except for the year

18 SOYBEAN The most popular and the largest produced oilseed in the world is soybean and it is rightly termed as the most economical crop for the reason it can be grown in plethora of climates and soils. The United States, Brazil, Argentina, China and India stand supreme in the production of Soyabean oil and meal. Approximately 98 percent of the soybean meal that is crushed is further processed into animal feed with the balance used to make soy flour and proteins. Of the oil fraction, 95 percent is consumed as edible oil, the rest is used for industrial products such as fatty acids, soaps and biodiesel. Soy is one of the few plants that provide a complete protein, for; it contains all eight amino acids essential for human health. Production of Soybean in India at the present time is restricted mainly to Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. It is also grown on a small acreage in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Delhi. India has Price advantage as Indian Soya meal is still cheaper when compared with the American or Brazilian Soya meal which costs about US$ per metric ton. The Indian Soya meal costs around US$ per metric ton. No other country produces cheaper Soya meal than India, which contains high protein content of around 48% Moreover; it is not Genetically Modified (GM). Only India supplies Non-GM Soya meal while the U.S., Argentina and Brazil manufactures only mainly GM Soya meal. The domestic production of Soya is 9.9 million tonnes (during ) and is not sufficient to cater to the edible oil requirement of the country. Hence, export of Soybean is not allowed from India. At the same time, bean imports are also not allowed so as to encourage domestic production. Soybean possesses very high nutritional value. It contains about 20 % oil and 50 % high quality protein (as against 7.0 % in rice, 12 % in wheat, 10 % in maize and % in other pulses). With 50% proteins, it is 2 times richer than pulses (dals) or peanuts, 3 times richer than eggs and 11 times richer than 99

19 milk. Besides Soya foods are rich source of vitamin B complex and contain essential minerals like magnesium, calcium, iron, potassium and copper. Soybean protein is rich in valuable amino acid Lysine (5%) in which most of the cereals are deficient. In addition, it contains a good amount of minerals, salts and vitamins (Thiamine and Riboflavin) and its sprouting grains contain a considerable amount of Vitamin C, Vitamin A is present in the form of precursor carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the intestine. It is widely used in the industrial production of different antibiotics. Soybean builds up the soil fertility by delivering large amounts of atmospheric nitrogen through the root nodules, and also through leaf fall on the ground at maturity. Soybean being the richest, cheapest and the easiest source of the best quality proteins and fats and is, indeed, A WONDER CROP not only useful as food ingredients but also as an industrial product. Soybean can be used in the following forms Soybean as a whole In this category, usually the seeds of soybean are consumed. It includes various types of edible forms of Soybean like bean sprouts, baked soybean, soybean flour for baking purposes, roasted Soybean for confectionary purposes, soy butter, soy coffee and most commonly soy seed. Soybean meal Soybean meal comprises the remnant after the soybean oil extraction. It has high protein content and is easily digestible and that is why it serves as a very good fertilizer and as an animal feed. It accounts for about 65% of the world s total feed. The leading soy meal exporting countries are Argentina (20 million tons), Brazil (15 million tons), The USA (6 million tons), India (4 million tons), European Union (2 million tons). Soy oil Soy oil is extracted from the basic soybean through complex refining processes. This complex process helps in deriving at the Soy oil removing the raw material, which may affect the color and the taste of the oil. After palm 100

20 oil, it is the most important edible oil traded in the international market. It accounts for 22.85% of the total trade volume of the edible oils in the world. Climatic conditions Required: For most soybean varieties temperature between 26.5 to 30 degree centigrade appears to be optimal.soil temperature of 15.5 degree centigrade or above favours rapid germination and vigorous seedling growth. The minimum temperature for effective growth is about 10 degree centigrade. Soybean grows well in warm and moist climate. Well drained and fertile loam soils with ph between are very much ideal for the cultivation of soybean. But water logging is harmful to the crop. 3.4 Area, Production and Yield of Soybean in India (Area = 000ha; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) 7 Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation Source : Various issues of Area and Production of Principal Crops in India DES, Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI and Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

21 2.4 AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN IN INDIA AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) From the above table and graph it can be confirmed that the area under the cultivation of Soybean had gradually been increasing from to It makes very clear that there has been increasing importance of this oil seed in India. Another indication is that there had been increase in the production of Soybean from to But there is not much variation in the Yield in kg/ha of Soybean. 7 Idib 102

22 SESAME Sesame seed, commonly known as Til in India, is largely produced for its oil and is also used as a flavouring agent. The seeds come in several colours like red, white, black, yellow, depending upon the variety of the seeds. Sesame seeds have high nutritive value, and are used in numerous cuisines all over the world, especially in the Middle Eastern countries. The seeds have high oil content around 55%. Sesame oil is used in cooking and in preparation of salads and also finds its use in the production of margarine, soaps, pharmaceuticals, paints and lubricants. The residue left after the extraction of oil is known as the oil seed cake which is used as cattle feed. Total global production of Sesame seed sums upto around 30 lakh tonne annually. Sesame is produced in around 65 countries of the world. The world production of sesame is dominated by a few countries that lie in the African and Asian continents. China produces the maximum. The sesame plant owed its origin to the Indian subcontinent and that s why the crop has a vital link with the country. The weather conditions in India also suit the crop and that is why the country is one of the largest producers of sesame. The country is positioned at the second place in the list of largest sesame seed producing countries. India s annual average production hovers around 6,40,000 metric tonnes contributing to around 22% of the world s total sesame production ( ). Initially, India stood in first position in the list of major producers but China s improvement in the production and India s slow steady growth allowed China to take over the lead from India. The states of Gujarat, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Karnataka are the major producing states in India. In the world market for Sesame, India has a reputation of being a net exporter. The country is one of largest exporters of Sesame exporting between 5 lakh to 6 lakh metric tonne of Sesame annually. As the production in India 103

23 is sufficient to satisfy the domestic consumption demand, around 25% of the total production is exported to different countries. India exports sesame to Germany, Turkey, Netherlands, The USA, Greece, Hong Kong, Israel, China, the UK and the USE. Sesame seeds (approximately 50% oil and 25% protein) are used in baking candy making and other food industries. Oil from the seed is used in cooking and salad oils and making, and Margarine, and contains about 47% Oleic and 39% Linoleic acid. Sesame oil and foods fried in sesame oil do not become stale because the oil contains an antioxidant called Sesamol. The oil can be used in the manufacture of soaps, paints, perfumes, pharmaceuticals and insecticides. Sesame meal, left after the oil is pressed from the seed, is an excellent high-protein (34 to 50%) feed for poultry and livestock. Sesame seeds are rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fibers and other minerals and vitamins. In many of the cuisines over the world especially in Middle Eastern countries, it plays a quite significant role as many of the dishes are totally based on its crunchy flavor. The oil derived is needed for many a purpose, domestic, preparation of salads, industrial applications, margarine and pharmaceuticals. World trade figures in sesame seeds are 5 to 6 lakh tons annually. The production of this condiment is concentrated in a few countries; it has resulted in for the concentrated exports also. Only the major producing countries dominate sesame seed exports and the major exporters are India, China and Mexico. In India, Sesame is available throughout the year and it is grown both in winter as well as summer season, most of it cultivated as kharif crop Climatic Conditions Required Sesame grows in the plains and at elevations up to 1,200 m. it cannot withstand frost, continuous heavy rain or prolonged drought. It is grown in sandy-loam to heavy black soils. Most of the crop is confined to lighter soils 104

24 and its cultivation in heavy soils is limited to certain regions. The ph of sesame growing soils ranges from 5.5 to 8.2. the sesame growing soils are shallow to medium in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu and are deep in Rajasthan, In Gujarat and Maharashtra sesame is grown both as pure and mixed with other crops, whereas the semi-rabi and summer crops are taken as pure. The common component crops are red-gram (arhar) in Andhra Pradesh, bajra and red-gram in Gujarat, red-gram and jowar in Madhya Pradesh, cotton, groundnut and red-gram in Maharashtra, and black-gram, green-gram and horse gram in Orissa. 3.5 Area, Production and Yield of Sesame in India (Area = 000ha.; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) 7 Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation Source : Various issues of Area and Production of Principal Crops in India, Govt. of India, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2009, Hyderabad 105

25 3.5 AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SESAME IN INDIA AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) The above table and graphs indicate that compared to the initial year ( ) there was fluctuation in the area under the cultivation of Sesame from to Later during ( ) there was increase in the area under cultivation of Sesame compared to the initial year i.e Accordingly there was fluctuation in production during the period compared to the production in the initial year ( ).There was increase in production with the increase in the area under cultivation of Sesame from to It can be observed that yield (Kg/Ha) increased from to except for three years i.e and Idib. 106

26 SUNFLOWER Sunflower plant, originated in western North America, is grown throughout the world because of its relatively short span of growth and yield. The world estimated production of Sunflower seed in was at 33 million tonnes (increase of 23 per cent from ) and the area harvested was million hectare. Russia and Ukraine are the first and second largest producers respectively of Sunflower seed in the World. The other major producers are Argentina, France, Romania, Hungary, China, India and United States of America. Currently, sunflower seed accounts for around 8% of the world s total oilseed production and sunflower oil accounts for 9% of the global edible oil production. Sunflower is one of the important crops in India s oil seed production that contributed to rapid growth in oilseed production during late eighties and early 1990s. Sunflower is the oil of preference all over the world due to its health appeal and in India too, sunflower oil is the largest selling oil in the branded oil segment. Sunflower is also a crop of choice for farmers due to its wider adaptability, high yield potential, shorter duration and profitability. The crop, during , was cultivated in nearly 2.3 Mn Ha (Million Hectare) contributing to 1.4 Million MT of Sunflower seed production in the country. In India, edible oil consumption has been in growing pace at the rate of 6-8 per cent annually due to the rapid economic growth and increased consumption. Production in India has become stagnated and is unable to meet the domestic demand and thus zero import duty has favoured the import of edible oils. India imported 515, tonnes of sunflower seed oil crude in , registering per cent growth from the previous year, and the value of the import was at Rs208, lakh for India imports Sunflower Crude and edible oil mainly from Ukraine, Russia and Argentina in large quantities. Consequently the import duty for Crude Sunflower Oil is totally exempted and it is nil today as compared with 41.2% during

27 The Government, having convinced with the potential of Sunflower in contributing to self-sufficiency, has strongly encouraged cultivation of the crop on a large scale. This is done with a two pronged approach first by Technology Mission on Oilseeds which promotes scientific cultivation of Sunflower to improve productivity levels and secondly by restricting import of edible oils through import tariff interventions to ensure better commodity price for domestic Sunflower growers. Recently, the government has increased import duty on edible oils, up to 92% to ensure better commodity price to our farmers. Sunflower is a drought tolerant crop due to its deep tap root, which makes it the best substitute to all rain fed commercial crops. Sunflower seed has an oil recovery of 35%. The protein content is around 25% and Sunflower meal is used as a protein source in preparing animal feed. Sunflower oil contains more Vitamin E than any other vegetable oil and hence it is very much is used in food products. Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying medium, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient. Sunflower oil also contains Lecithin, Tocopherols, Carotenoids and Waxes. Its properties are typical of vegetable triglyceride oil. Sunflower seed production in India ranges from 10 to 15 lakh tonnes. The major part is produced in Karnataka (35%) and Andhra Pradesh (30%). While the lesser in Maharashtra (15%), Punjab (4%) and Haryana (4%). Indeed, two types of Sunflower are grown. The first is Oilseed, a small black seed, very high in oil content and is processed into Sunflower oil and meal. It is also the seed of choice in most of the bird feeders. The second type is Non-oilseed (confectionery Sunflower). This is a large black and white striped seed used in a variety of food products from snacks to bread. 108

28 Climatic Conditions Required Sunflower can be grown successfully in different seasons under varying conditions in tropical or sub-tropical. It grows when the sky is clear sky with occasional rain shower during early stages. This crop requires cool climate during germination and seedling stage and warm non-cloudy weather with high temperature during flowering stage. Sunflower can tolerate temperature range of 8 to 30 0 C but the temperature below 16 0 Cand above 40 0 C reduces yield and oil content. High temperature affects pollination and fertilization, and so care should be taken to adjust the sowing date in such a way that flowering does not coincide with high temperature. The optimum temperature for the best performance under controlled conditions is C. Sunflower can be planted successfully when soil temperature exceeds 10 0 C, though germination begins at C. Tender plants (1 or 2 pairs of leaves) can with stand frost to C. However, plants are sensitive to frost from 6-8 leaf stage until the stage of flowering finishes. But frost does not destroy the whole plant, only destroys the fruiting head, leading to increased branching, resulting in small heads with many empty fruits. During flowering, temperature should be between C. Goods yield can be obtained when the temperature is C and it is obvious the crop needs a warm climate. Average minimum temperature below 17 0 C between flowering and maturity is necessary to ensure best oil quality. The crop is grown from 45 0 S to 55 0 N but greater production is between CS. The crop can be cultivated upto an altitude of 2500 m but highest yield of oil is obtained below 1500m. Sunflower cannot tolerate frost and requires a frost free period of 120 days. It can resist drought but requires soil moisture for the best yield. Sunflower can thrive on a wide range of soils such as sandy loam, black soil and alluvial soil, but it grows better on sandy loam soil than on clay soil under similar conditions. However, good drainage is more important than soil type. Thus, fertile, well drained, medium textured soils having heavy water holding capacity are best suited for the cultivation of sunflower. Sunflower is 109

29 highly susceptible to water logging and so farmers avoid cultivation of sunflower on such soils affected by salts and with poor drainage. The optimum ph requirement for sunflower is 6.0 to Area, Production and Yield of Sunflower in india (Area = 000ha.; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) 7 Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation Source : Various issues of Area and Production of Principal Crops in India, Govt. of India Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2009, Hyderabad. 7 Idib 110

30 3.6 AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER IN INDIA AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) The above table and graph indicate that compared to the initial year of this study ( ) there was decrease in the area under the cultivation of Sunflower from to Later during ( to ) there was increase in the area under cultivation of Sunflower compared to Accordingly there was low production during the periods and compared to the production in There was increase in production with the increase in the area under cultivation of Sunflower from to It can be observed that yield (Kg/Ha) increased from 477 kg/ha to 639 kg/ha during and respectively. 111

31 NIGER Niger is grown as an oilseed crop in Ethiopia, India, Pakistan and Nepal. In India Niger is one of the nine major oil seeds despite its low production of lakh tones. There is no specific or preferential demand for this crop or its oil in the country. Its price is normally decided by the market on the basis of the prices of other oils and oil seeds in the country and also based on its exports from India. Niger is normally not cultivated in the same manner as other oil seeds in the country. The crop is mainly grown by tribal farmers as their traditional crop because it involves very less effort and is resistant to excessive rains as well as drought conditions, less susceptible to animals, sudden attacks and diseases. It is cultivated only in a small extent. It is mainly haphazard and self grown in the forests in some of the states viz. Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is mostly collected by tribals and sold to Tribal Marketing Co-operative Federation of India (TRIFED) and also various State Forest Departments, State Government Corporations and Agencies set up by different State Governments. The production of Niger in India went up from less than 1 lakh tones in to slightly less than 2 lakh tones in In India, Niger accounts for 2% of total oil seed production. The seed typically contains about 40% oil which is clear and slow drying, with a fatty acid composition of 75-80% Len oleic acid, which is used not only as edible oil but also as traditional medicine for Rheumatism. Niger seed oil of good quality with a pleasant taste is used as cooking medium, in soap making, paint and solvent extraction units. It is a better cattle and bird feed. Major portion of Niger seed is exported to The USA, Australia, Latin America and European Countries. US import the major quantity of 75% of India s total Niger production. Climatic Conditions Required: Niger is grown as a kharif crop under rainfed conditions. A moderate rainfall of 1, 00-1,250 mm suits this crop and as such, it is not cultivated in regions of heavy rainfall. 112

32 Light red soils and brownish loams with sufficient depth and good texture are considered suitable for this crop. It is, often, grown on poor soils of coarse texture. It can be grown on well-drained heavy soils too. 3.7 Area, Production and Yield of Niger in India (Area = 000ha.; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) 7 Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation Source: Various issues of Area and Production of Principal Crops in India, Govt. of India, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2009, Hyderabad. 7 Idib 113

33 3.7 AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF NIGER IN INDIA AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) From the above table and graph it can be identified that there was decrease in area under the cultivation of Niger from to ie. from 521 to 393 ( 000 ha). Accordingly there was decrease in the production of Niger from the year to ie 141 to 117 ( 000 Tonnes). But there was increase in yield during this period from 271 to 297 (Kg/Hectare). 114

34 CASTOR Castor is another important oilseed crop and is grown especially in arid and semi arid region. It is originated in the tropical belt of both India and Africa. Castor seed is cultivated in various countries that lie in the tropical belt of the world. The production of this crop is concentrated in the hands of a fewer countries and that is why the world production of castor and its derivatives is highly fluctuating. Any change in the trend of the production of any of those countries leads to change in the level of world production. The world production of Castor seed hovers around at average of 12.5 lakh tonnes and of Castor oil is 5.5 lakh tonnes. The major contribution is from India, China and Brazil 8. The first in the list is India with around 65% of the share in production followed by China 23% and Brazil 7% of the share. For a few years, the countries china and Brazil have been consuming a greater share of their production and exporting lesser leaving India to be the predominant exporter in the international market. Because of its unlimited industrial applications, Castor oil enjoys tremendous demands worldwide. The current consumption of castor oil and its derivatives in the domestic market is estimated at about 3,00,000 tonnes. India is the biggest exporter of Castor oil and its derivatives at 87% share of the international trade in this commodity 8. Castor crop plays an important role in the agricultural economy, getting substantial foreign exchange through export of both the Castor beans and oils. India s exports of Castor oil and derivatives are estimated at over Rs.800 crores per annum. The global castor derivatives market is highly dependent on India. India s export of Castor oil and derivatives was 2.6 lakh tones in In India, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Orissa, account for over 90% of the area and also production with 67.2%, 12.7%, 7.1% and 5.8% respectively. 8 report on Castor, National Multi Commodity Exchange of India 115

35 India is the first and foremost country in the world to exploit hybrid vigor on commercial scale in this crop. Major markets include The European Union, The USA, Japan and now China and Thailand. Castor is a plant that is commercially very important to the world. Castor seed oil cake is very useful manure to crops. It is a very good fertilizer alternative containing optimum levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium which is suitable for cultivation of Paddy, Wheat, Maize and Sugarcane.Castor oils application range is very wide-the uses range from medicines, cosmetics, paints, synthetic resins & varnishes, to the areas of national security involving engineering plastics, jet engine lubricants and polymers for electronics and telecommunications. The seeds and residual cake are highly poisonous and unless processed to remove the poisons cannot be fed to livestock. In some countries the cake is used as a fertilizer. Poisons contained in the cake include Ricin. Plant stalks are used as fuel or as thatching material or for preparing paper-pulp. In the silk producing areas, leaves are fed to the silkworms. Climatic Conditions Required It is originated in the tropical belt of both India and Africa. Castor crop needs a tropical type of climate to develop. That s why the castor crop is largely grown in the countries lying in the tropical belt of the world. In India, Castor planting season is during July or August and harvested around December or January. The seedpods are dried, de-podded and brought to the market yards during December or January for trading. Traditionally, castor is a kharif season crop. Sowing of castor with onset of monsoon is found most beneficial in rainfed condition. However, sowing can be done up to first fortnight of August without reduction in yield under irrigated condition. It grows best in regions where there is ample heat and humidity. India is gifted with an ideal climatic condition for castor crop. 116

36 3.8 Area, Production and Yield of Castor in India (Area = 000ha.; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) 7 Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation Source : Various issues of Area and Production of Principal Crops in India, Govt. of India, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2009, Hyderabad. 7. Idib. 117

37 3.8 AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF CASTOR IN INDIA AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) The table and graph depict that there were fluctuations in area under the cultivation of Castor from to Accordingly there was fluctuation in the production of Castor from the year to The yield (Kg/Hectare) in the initial year of study was 1231 Kg/Hectare but low yield was obtained from to compared to the yield obtained in There was increase in yield in the last two years of study period i.e and

38 SAFFLOWER Safflower is an annual crop belonging to the same family i.e. sunflower. It is a multipurpose crop for oil, medicinal and industrial uses.the important Safflower growing countries, besides India, are the USA, Argentina, Khazhakistan, Mexico, Ethiopia, Spain, the USSR and Australia. In India, it occupies 5, 90,000 hectares with a production of nearly 1, 30,000 tonnes. Over 98% of the area is concentrated in the states of Maharashtra (04.4%), Karnataka (26.0%) and Andhra Pradesh (8.0%) India is ranked number one in global Safflower production and acreage. However, owing to one of the poorest productivity, Indian safflower production at 1.89 lakh tonnes is only 29% of global production followed by the USA (17%), Argentina (13/%) and Khazhakistan (12%). Top five countries contributed more than 76% of world s production in 2009 with about 80% of global safflower acreage. The yields of Safflower in India are very low with an average productivity of 639 kg/ha compared to the global average of 893 kg/ha. China is the leader in productivity with an average productivity of 2518kg/ha follower by the US (1,639kg/ha), Argentina (897kg/ha) and Kazakhstan (750kg/ha). Safflower occupies seventh place in the area of oilseeds cultivation in India. Nearly 99 percent of the area under the crop is located in the southern plateau. However, area under safflower cultivation is continuously declining over the last 10 years, and has declined by 64% since Production has also declined by 41% during the same period. Major reasons for decline in area and production of Safflower are higher income from competing crops such as sorghum and gram, low price realization as compared to other oilseed crops, comparatively low oil content than other oilseed crops, susceptibility to various biotic and a-biotic stresses such as aphids and import of cheap palm oil. 119

39 In India, major Safflower producing states are Maharashtra and Karnataka contributing 55% and 31% respectively. Maharashtra, Karnataka along with Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh account for 94% of the total area under Safflower cultivation and about 99% of country s safflower production.gujarat has highest productivity (1,000 kg/ha) of Safflower in India followed by Karnataka (795 kg/ha), Maharashtra, (565 kg/ha) and Andhra Pradesh (462 kg/ha). Safflower is grown mostly as a mixed crop with wheat, barley, gram and rabi jowar, three rows of safflower being planted after every nine, 12 or more rows of the main crop sometimes, it is sown as border rows surrounding the crops of Wheat, Rabi, Jowar, etc. because being spiny, it protects the main crop against cattle trespass. As a pure crop, it is rotated with Wheat, Gram and Jowar. It being drought-resistant is cultivated on all types of soil, but it thrives best on water-retentive black soils and alluvial loams. The crop is fairly resistant to saline condition. The crop was originally grown for the flowers that were used in making red and yellow dyes for clothing and food preparation. However, now-a-days this crop is grown for oil, meal, birdfeed, and raw material for various industrial products. Use of safflower oil as cooking medium is increasing as it is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid (Linoleic acid), which play an important role in reducing cholesterol level and has lower saturated fats even lower than olive oil. The seeds are edible and are eaten after roasting. Their oil content varies from 24 to 36 percent, depending on the variety, soil, climate and other conditions. The cold pressed oil is golden yellow and is used for culinary purposes, or for making soap. The oil obtained by dry hot distillation is black and sticky and is used only for greasing well ropes and leather goods exposed to water. Safflower oil has also good drying properties and is therefore used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes and linoleum. It can be mixed with white paint to avoid colour fading. The cake particularly from decorticated seed, is used as a concentrated cattle feed, and that from unde-corticated seed is rich in 120

40 methionine and is useful as an ingredient in formulated poultry feed. The meal that remains after oil extraction is used as a protein supplement for livestock as it contains about 24% protein and a lot of fiber. The residue in oil processing is used in the process of soap manufacturing. Climatic Conditions Required The crop is grown during Rabi primarily as a rainfed crop, but in some areas it is grown under irrigation. At all stages of growth of the crop, excessive rainfall or humidity causes fungal diseases. Water-logging due to poor drainage or prolonged rains even for relatively short period can cause substantial fall in seed-yield. Being drought-resistant, it is cultivated on all types of soil, including sandy soil, but it thrives well on water-retentive black soils and alluvial loams. Another factor is that the crop is fairly resistant to saline condition. Year 3.9 Area, Production and Yield of Safflower in India (Area = 000ha.; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation

41 Source : Various issues of Area and Production of Principal Crops in India, Govt. of India Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2009, Hyderabad. 3.9 AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SAFFLOWER IN INDIA AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) From the above table and graph it can be identified that there was decrease in area under the cultivation of Safflower from to ie. from 440 to 295 ( 000 ha). Accordingly there was decrease in the production of Safflower from the year to ie 242 to 189 ( 000 Tonnes). But there was increase in yield during this period from 550 to 642 (Kg/Hectare). 7 Idib 122

42 LINSEED It is one of the important oil seed plant. Linseed oil is yellowish and is carefully extracted from the dried seeds of the linseed plant. In various regions of the world it is also known as flax seed. Linseed is extensively grown in the countries of the temperate zone as well as in those of the tropical zone. The major linseed-growing countries are Argentina, the USSR, India the USA, Canada, Pakistan and Australia.India accounts for about 1.9 million hectares, with a seed production of 4.98 lakhs of tones and occupies the third rand among the linseed-producing countries. Australia and Canada have the highest productivity of about 7 quintals per hectare, whereas India with an averages 255 kg /ha. This yield is the lowest in the world. Linseed occupies an important place among oilseeds, owing to its various uses and special qualities. In India, it is grown mainly for extracting oil. The oil content of the seed varies from 33 to 47%. Linseed oil is an excellent drying oil used in manufacturing paint and varnishes, oil cloth, water proof fabrics and linoleum and as edible oil in some areas. Linseed-cake is a very good manure and animal feed. Linseed straw produces fiber of good quality. It is also used in making paper and plastics. In India, Madhya Pradesh stands first in yield and acreage, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, Karnataka. West Bengal also grows linseed in large areas. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh together contribute to the national linseed production to the extent of about 70%. Linseed can be grown on different kinds of soils, except the sandy and badly drained heavy clays or clay loams. It does well on the deep clayey black soils of central and peninsular India and on the alluvium loams of the Indo- Gangetic Plains. 123

43 The average yield of the pure crop varies from 210 to 450 kg per ha of seed under rainfed cultivation. The crop in northern India generally gives higher yield than in central and peninusular India. The irrigated crop can yield to 1,500 kg per ha. In India the Linseed varieties are of two types i. Peninsular types which have deep root-system. ii. Alluvial types which are shallow-rooted and are characterized by produce tillering varieties which differ in maturity, growth habit, seed size and colour. The Linseed plant is grown as a rotating crop with the main winter crops in large quantities. In India linseed cultivation is done on a large scale. However due to soil type, climate and various other diversities the seeds differ in size, color and shape. The seeds range in a variety of colors like white, yellow, red and black. Oil is extracted from seeds and fiber from the stems. The Linseed fiber is used in weaving of the clothes. Climatic Conditions Required Linseed cultivation is confined to low elevations, but it can he successfully grown up to 777 metres. Areas with the annual rainfall ranging from cm are well suited for its cultivation. The crop gives more and more seed under moderate cold climate, but in the cool moist climates fibre becomes good output. In India, the crop is grown in the rabi season from September-October to February-March. Linseed can be grown on different kinds of soils, except the sandy and badly drained heavy clays or clay looms. It can well be cultivated on the deep clayey black soils of central and peninsular India and on the alluvium loams of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. 124

44 3.10 All India Area, Production and Yield of Linseed (Area = 000ha.; Production = 000 Tonnes; Yield = kg/ha) 7 Year Area Production Yield % Coverage under Irrigation Source: Directorate of Economics and statistics, Dept of Agriculture, GOI, Directorate of Agriculture of different states 7.Idib 125

45 3.10 AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF LINSEED IN INDIA AREA,PRODUCTION AND YIELD Area(000ha) Production(000T) Yield(kg/ha) From the above table and graph it can be observed that there was decrease in area under the cultivation of Linseed from to ie. from 749 to 408 ( 000 ha). Accordingly there was decrease in the production of Linseed from the year to ie 265 to 169 ( 000 Tonnes). But there was increase in the yield (Kg/Hectare) during this period from 353 to 415 (Kg/Hectare). 126