Janvier D. Nkurunziza, Commodities Branch, UNCTAD

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1 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 10th MULTI-YEAR EXPERT MEETING ON COMMODITIES AND DEVELOPMENT April 2018, Geneva Recent trends and outlook on commodity markets By Janvier D. Nkurunziza, Commodities Branch, UNCTAD The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNCTAD.

2 Multi-year Expert Meeting on Commodities and Development April 2018, Geneva Recent trends and outlook on commodity markets Janvier D. Nkurunziza Commodities Branch, UNCTAD

3 Background.

4 Two out of three developing countries are commodity dependent

5 40 Recent developments in global commodity markets Commodity prices are closely related to per capita growth in developing countries UNCTAD Non-oil Nominal Commodity Price Index and GDP per capita developing countries (annual % changes) Price index all commodities GDP per capita developing countries, right axis Correlation coefficient = 0.79

6 Recent developments in global commodity markets UNCTAD non-oil Commodity price index ALL FOOD - Food Wheat Maize Rice Sugar Bovine meat Bananas Pepper Soybean meal Fish meal - Tropical beverages Coffee Cocoa beans Tea - Vegetable oilseeds and oils Soybeans Soybean oil Sunflower oil Groundnut oil Copra Coconut oil Palm kernel oil Palm oil AGRICULTURAL RAW MATERIALS Linseed oil Tobacco Cotton Wool Jute Sisal Hides and skins Tropical logs Rubber MINERALS, ORES AND METALS Phosphate rock Manganese ore Iron ore Aluminium Copper Nickel Lead Zinc Tin Tungsten ore

7 Price trends.

8 Jan-00 Jun-00 Nov-00 Apr-01 Sep-01 Feb-02 Jul-02 Dec-02 May-03 Oct-03 Mar-04 Aug-04 Jan-05 Jun-05 Nov-05 Apr-06 Sep-06 Feb-07 Jul-07 Dec-07 May-08 Oct-08 Mar-09 Aug-09 Jan-10 Jun-10 Nov-10 Apr-11 Sep-11 Feb-12 Jul-12 Dec-12 May-13 Oct-13 Mar-14 Aug-14 Jan-15 Jun-15 Nov-15 Apr-16 Sep-16 Feb-17 Jul-17 Dec-17 The big picture Recent developments in global commodity markets Commodity prices trended downwards during H1, 2017, bringing the upwards trend of 2016 to a halt UNCTAD Non-oil Nominal Commodity Price Index (2000 = 100) From January to June 2017 the UNCTAD Non-oil Nominal Commodity Price Index decreased by 6% In the second half of 2017, the UNCTAD commodity price index showed an upwards trend - mainly driven by minerals, ores and metals

9 Recent developments in global commodity markets Commodity prices show a mixed picture in 2017 Prices of agricultural raw materials decreased by 8.7% from January to December 2017 Food prices decreased by 6.2% from January to December 2017 Prices of Minerals, Ores and Metals trended downwards during H1, but increased steeply in H2 - up 11.1% from July to December Food Agricultural raw materials Minerals, ores and metals

10 Recent developments in global commodity markets Commodity prices show a mixed picture in 2017 In 2017 prices of major commodities showed no common trend Prices of minerals, ores and metals generally fared better than other commodities Monthly price, January 2017 vs. December 2017 (% change) Rubber Sugar Cottonseed oil Coconut oil Coffee Palm oil Cocoa Iron ore Tobacco Maize Tin Soybeans Tea Soybean oil Cotton Rice Gold Wheat Tropical logs Lead Nickel Aluminium Zinc Copper

11 Commodity price developments 2016 vs Monthly price, January vs. December (% change) Rubber Sugar Cottonseed oil Coconut oil Coffee Palm oil Cocoa Iron ore Tobacco Maize Tin Soybeans Tea Soybean oil Cotton Rice Gold Wheat Tropical logs Lead Nickel Aluminium Zinc Copper Recent developments in global commodity markets Jan-Dec 2016 Jan-Dec 2017

12 Recent developments in global commodity markets Food and agricultural commodities Tropical beverages showed the steepest decrease losing 12.8 % from January to December 2017 Prices of vegetable oilseeds and oils decreased by 11.9% Price indices of food and agricultural commodity groups July 2010 December 2017 (2000=100) Prices of food commodities and agricultural raw materials dropped by 4.6% and 8.7%, respectively. 0 Food Vegetable oilseeds and oils Tropical beverages Agricultural raw materials

13 Recent developments in global commodity markets Prices of most food commodities dropped in sugar price hike triggered an expansion of supply: brought price down to 14.4 c/lb in December 2017 (-29.3% since January) price increase unlikely for the upcoming season unless adverse weather Price of rice rallied in May and June due to strong demand adjusted downward to 394 $/t in December (+7.1% Y-o-Y) Output for 2017/18 projected higher than demand; price increase unlikely Price of maize reached its lowest in more than a decade at 156 $/t in November (157 $/t in August) strong demand forecast projected to lead to a reduction of stocks mild price increase possible

14 Recent developments in global commodity markets Vegetable Oilseeds and Oils Prices of all individual oilseeds and oils trended downwards in 2017 Cottonseed oil (-28.4%) Palm kernel oil (-25.9%) Copra (-21.8%) Coconut oil (-19.8%) Palm oil (-16.9%) Forecasts predict abundant supply for major oilseeds, so prices are likely to remain low.

15 Tropical beverages Recent developments in global commodity markets Tea: price averaged 350 c/kg in December, down 5.5% from January Expected to remain volatile as weather-related risks in main growing regions make supply forecasts difficult Cocoa: in December price of beans stood at 87 c/lb, its lowest level in more than a decade Negative price development fuelled by significant production increases in West Africa and a record supply surplus Coffee: in December 2017, coffee price averaged 114 c/lb, down 13.4% yoy Forecasts of healthy production for 2017/18 Price increase unlikely over the medium-term unless unfavourable weather

16 Agricultural raw materials Prices showed a mixed picture in 2017 Recent developments in global commodity markets Rubber: after a brief surge at the beginning of the year due to floods in Thailand and Malaysia, the rubber price dropped to 169 c/kg in December 2017 (-33.9% from January) Demand growth expected to outpace production increases, hence mild price increases seem likely Cotton: the cotton price stood at 85 c/lb in December, 3.5% higher than in January Price could increase in 2018 due to strong demand forecasts and falling inventories

17 Jan2011 Apr2011 Jul2011 Oct2011 Jan2012 Apr2012 Jul2012 Oct2012 Jan2013 Apr2013 Jul2013 Oct2013 Jan2014 Apr2014 Jul2014 Oct2014 Jan2015 Apr2015 Jul2015 Oct2015 Jan2016 Apr2016 Jul2016 Oct2016 Jan2017 Apr2017 Jul2017 Oct2017 UNCTAD Minerals, Ores and Metals Price Index was down 5.5% in H From June 2017 to December 2017 the Price Index increased by 17.2% Minerals, ores and metals Recent developments in global commodity markets Prices of selected minerals, ores and metals January December Copper Aluminium, right axis Minerals, ores and metals index Nickel Zinc, right axis

18 Minerals, ores and metals Recent developments in global commodity markets Nickel: price surged 27.8% between June and December 2018 Further price increases likely in 2018 due to continued demand growth Iron ore: concerns over oversupply caused a drop to 62 $/t in August Prices expected to remain low due to favorable supply conditions Copper: price increased 18.1% from January to December 2017 Latest projections: deficit in 2017/18 so further price increases likely

19 Jan2007 Apr2007 Jul2007 Oct2007 Jan2008 Apr2008 Jul2008 Oct2008 Jan2009 Apr2009 Jul2009 Oct2009 Jan2010 Apr2010 Jul2010 Oct2010 Jan2011 Apr2011 Jul2011 Oct2011 Jan2012 Apr2012 Jul2012 Oct2012 Jan2013 Apr2013 Jul2013 Oct2013 Jan2014 Apr2014 Jul2014 Oct2014 Jan2015 Apr2015 Jul2015 Oct2015 Jan2016 Apr2016 Jul2016 Oct2016 Jan2017 Apr2017 Jul2017 Oct2017 Energy Recent developments in global commodity markets Crude oil (petroleum), coal and natural gas prices, January 2007-December Crude oil, Brent ($/barrel) Coal, Australian thermal ($/ton) Natural Gas, Henry Hub ($/btu), right axis

20 Crude oil Crude oil prices highly volatile over the past decade: Between 01/2007 and 12/2017 spot price of Brent crude fluctuated between and 30.8 $/barrel. Agreement of OPEC and non-opec oil exporters to cut production has contributed to recent rise in oil prices

21 Natural gas Markets for natural gas regionalized due to physical limits to transport and different contractual arrangements The Henry Hub natural gas price reached lowest level in more than 20 years in 03/2016 at 1.70 $/million btu: Prices volatile in $2.76 $/million btu in 12/2017 Demand forecast to outpace supply in 2017 as well as 2018 leading to lower inventory levels Hence, an increases of the natural gas price is possible Over the medium to long term: rapid expansion of liquefied natural gas likely to lead to higher market integration global liquefaction capacity at 340 MTPA in 01/2017, almost double its value in 2005 construction of over 100 MTPA on the way in 2017 in 2016, LNG accounted for 32% of global trade in natural gas; increased LNG capacities could contribute to a convergence of natural gas prices

22 Coal Coal is primary fuel for electricity generation at global level: responsible for 45% of energy-related carbon emissions however, share of coal in the power generation is on a downward trajectory and expected to drop from 41% in 2014 to 36% in 2021 Coal prices volatile in 2017; stood at $102 per metric ton in December 2017 from $74.5 in May 2017 Tight supply (strikes in Australia & bad weather in Indonesia) & high demand in China contributed to price increase In 2018, price decline resulting from ample supply capacity Overall, a downward movement of the coal price seems likely

23 Renewable energy Recent developments in global commodity markets Renewables are expected to account for 60% of global power capacity growth through Annual growth rates of renewable energy consumption by type, Record growth in renewable electricity capacity in Solar PV with highest growth rate followed by wind China accounts for largest share of global renewables expansion, but renewables also growing in EU, US and India Solar Wind Geothermal, biomass and other Hydro

24 Markets to watch.

25 Commodity prices: role of emerging economies 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% % 10% 0% Iron ore Copper Iron ore Copper Iron ore Copper China United States EU28

26 Commodity prices: high demand from China Iron ore Nickel ores Copper ores Aluminium ores Natural rubber Cotton Coal Petroleum oils, crude 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

27 Volume Index (2005=100) Growth rate (%) Recent developments in global commodity markets Volume Index and volume growth rate of merchandise imports China Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Volume Index (2005=100) Volume growth rate over corresponding period of previous year

28 Volume Index (2005=100) Growth rate (%) Recent developments in global commodity markets Volume Index and volume growth rate of merchandise imports Developing countries excluding China Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Volume Index (2005=100) Volume growth rate over corresponding period of previous year

29 Conclusion.

30 Summary and outlook Recent developments in global commodity markets The general upwards trend in commodity prices that had started at the beginning of 2016 came to a halt in early 2017 Individual commodity markets have shown a mixed pattern in 2017 Prices of food and agricultural raw materials decreased Prices of minerals, metals, and ores have increased Overall, unlikely that commodity prices will return to anywhere close to their peak levels of 2011 in the near future

31 Thank you. Contact:

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